高油核桃新品种陇薄丰1号的选育

辛 国,徐 丽*,朱建朝,任志勇,郑小平,张 波

1甘肃省陇南市经济林研究院核桃研究所,甘肃武都 746000;2甘肃省核桃工程技术创新中心,甘肃武都 746000)

摘 要:陇薄丰1 号是从陇南穗状核桃实生群体中选育的早熟、丰产、高油核桃新品种。坚果圆形,单果质量10.6~12.7 g,单个核仁质量5.8~8.1 g,壳厚0.94~1.15 mm,出仁率55.0%~63.6%。果壳光滑,纵径33.8~35.3 mm,横径30.1~33.6 mm,侧径31.0~35.2 mm。缝合线平,结合紧密。核仁饱满,浅黄色,脂肪含量68.6%,蛋白质含量17.3%,风味油香,无涩味。在甘肃武都,9月上旬果实成熟;雌雄异花、同株,雄先型。陇薄丰1号对核桃细菌性黑斑病、炭疽病、褐色顶端坏死病表现为抗病,耐干旱、耐瘠薄能力较强。适宜在秦巴山区及立地条件相近地区发展,在甘肃省陇南地区可进行生产性栽植。栽植第2年挂果,高接大树第4年和第5年平均666.7 m2产量各为188.32 kg、230.12 kg。

关键词:高油核桃;新品种;陇薄丰1号

核桃是国内目前栽培面积最大的木本油料树种,也是国家重点扶持的产业[1]。2023年中央1号文件明确提出,要大力支持木本油料发展,而核桃油是核桃产业的战略性核心产品。因此,发展油用核桃产业,对保障中国食用油安全、把“油瓶子”攥在自己手上至关重要;对于实现核桃高质量发展、巩固脱贫攻坚成果与实现乡村振兴、提高食用油的供给保障能力具有重要意义。陇南市经济林研究院核桃研究所选育出核桃新品种陇薄丰1 号,具有丰产、高油、早熟、风味佳、抗病等优点,在核桃生产中有较大的推广价值。

1 选育过程

2011年6 月甘肃省陇南市经济林研究院核桃研究所在进行核桃种质资源调查时,在陇南市武都区角弓镇甘谷堆村的一处农田中发现1 株实生核桃树,结果量大,极丰产,呈穗状结果特点,遂选为优株,并通过嫁接方法建立无性系。通过4 a(年)的连续观测,该优株早熟、丰产、优质。2014 年3 月初采集接穗高接到陇南市经济林研究院核桃种质资源圃中,进行无性系观察、评价,2016 年被选为优系,暂命名为甘谷堆穗状。2017—2023 年在陇南市武都、成县等地进行复试,综合性状表现优良,该优系植物学特征和生物学特性均保持一致,稳定性好,具有明显的特异性,表现出丰产、抗病、早熟、高油、风味佳等优点。2023 年12 月获得国家林业和草原局授予的植物新品种权,命名为陇薄丰1 号(图1、图2),新品种权号:20230686。

图1 陇薄丰1 号坚果及核仁
Fig.1 Nuts and kernels of Long Bofeng No.1

图2 陇薄丰1 号结果状
Fig.2 Fruit-bearing of Long Bofeng No.1

2 主要性状

2.1 坚果经济性状

如表1 所示,陇薄丰1 号青果圆形,平均青果质量55.97 g,青皮厚5.43 mm;坚果圆形,果壳光滑,纵径33.8~35.3 mm,横径30.1~33.6 mm,侧径31.0~35.2 mm。缝合线平,结合紧密。坚果单果质量10.6~12.7 g,单个核仁质量5.8~8.1 g,壳厚0.94~1.15 mm,出仁率55.0%~63.6%。核仁饱满,浅黄色;脂肪含量68.6%,符合GB/T 26909—2011高油核桃品种要求;蛋白质含量17.3%,风味油香,无涩味。

表1 陇薄丰1 号与对照品种清香果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of nut economic characters between Long bofeng No.1 and control Qingxiang

注:不同小写字母表示在p<0.05 差异显著。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant differences at p<0.05.

品种Cultivar陇薄丰1号Long Bofeng No.1清香Qingxiang坚果果形Fruit shape圆形Circular阔椭圆形Broad oval-shaped壳面Appearance光滑Smooth光滑Smooth单果质量Single fruit mass/g 10.6~12.7壳厚度Thickness of shell/mm 0.94~1.15出仁率Kernel rate/%55.0~63.6 w(脂肪)Fat content/%68.6±1.2 a w(蛋白质)Protein content/%17.3 10.5~14.0 1.00~1.30 49.6~57.9缝合线Suture窄平结合紧密Narrow flat tight union微凸结合紧密Microconvex tightly bound 65.4±0.9 b 17.7

2.2 植物学特征

落叶乔木,树体中等,树姿半开张,树冠呈自然半圆形,生长势强。1 年生枝平均长27.04 cm,平均粗1.06 cm,平均节间长4.98 cm;多年生枝呈褐色,皮孔稀少,无茸毛。混合芽呈圆形,雄花芽为裸芽,圆柱形,呈鳞片状。奇数羽状复叶,复叶长为47.3 cm,复叶轴长为27.42 cm,小叶数7~11 枚,多9 枚;小叶长椭圆形,长17.18 cm,宽7.85 cm,厚0.26 mm;叶面深绿色,叶尖微尖,全缘。雌雄异花、同株,雄先型;雄花序为葇荑花序下垂,平均长12.6 cm,花药黄色;雌花序穗状,雌花双生或群生,柱头浅绿色,2裂呈羽状反曲。多数果序呈穗状结果,果实圆形,果面无茸毛,呈绿色,果实表面着黄白色果点,较密。

2.3 生物学特性

2.3.1 物候期 在甘肃陇南市武都区,陇薄丰1号3月中旬萌芽,3 月下旬为雄花盛期,4 月上旬为雌花盛期,9月上旬果实成熟,11月下旬落叶。

2.3.2 生长结果习性与产量 树体中等大,幼树干性适中,萌芽力中等,成枝力强,幼树以中、短果枝结果为主。配置温185、强特勒(Chandler)、土莱尔(Tulare)等品种作为授粉树,丰产性强,大小年结果现象不明显[1]。高接大树,第2 年树高达3.2 m,结果25个左右;第3年平均结果156个,平均株产1.83 kg;第4 年平均结果732 个,平均株产8.56 kg,平均666.7 m2产量188.32 kg;第5 年平均结果894 个,平均株产10.46 kg,平均666.7 m2产量230.12 kg。

2.3.3 陇薄丰1 号适应性及抗病情况 (1)适应性。陇薄丰1 号品种核桃适应性强,在甘肃省的武都、成县、天水等地生长结果情况均表现优良。该品种极丰产,早熟、高油、风味好,出仁率高,耐贮藏。(2)抗病性。经过田间抗病性调查,陇薄丰1 号的果实、叶片对核桃细菌性黑斑病(Xanthomonas arbori‐cola)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和顶端褐色坏死病(brown apical necrosis)等病害均表现为高抗病水平[2]

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 定植时间、栽植密度与方式

陇薄丰1 号在秋季嫁接苗落叶后至土壤结冻前或春季土壤解冻后至嫁接苗发芽前均可定植。冬季不太寒冷的地区适宜于秋季栽植,秋季栽植的苗木根系伤口愈合早、发芽早、缓苗快,有利于定植后的苗木生长。冬季寒冷多风的地区适宜于春季栽植,一般以3 月上中旬嫁接苗发芽前定植为宜。株行距一般为平地栽植(7~8)m×(7~8)m,丘陵、山地栽植(5~6)m×(6~7)m。整地方式常采用穴状整地,定植穴规格为1.0 m×1.0 m×1.0 m。

3.2 授粉品种的配置

陇薄丰1号核桃属于雄先型品种,雌花盛期为4月上旬,因此可选择红仁核桃(Robert Livermore)、强特勒(Chandler)、霍华德(Howard)、温185 等核桃品种作授粉品种;陇薄丰1 号与授粉品种配置比例为(5~8)∶1,即每5~8 行主栽品种,需配置1 行授粉品种[3]

3.3 整形修剪

一般在2 月下旬至3 月初结合采集接穗进行修剪,陇薄丰1 号干性强,树形常采用疏散分层形,定干高度一般为1.2~1.5 m。

3.4 土肥水管理

陇薄丰1 号核桃丰产性强,成熟早,加强土肥水管理是其实现丰产优质高效栽培的关键技术措施。核桃园地切忌草荒,可在行间覆盖黑色地膜或园艺地布,以除草保墒。5年生以上的成龄树年施肥管理可分3 次进行,秋季每株施腐熟的农家肥40~50 kg作基肥,春季发芽前每株施磷酸二铵等复合肥1.2~2.5 kg,5 月下旬株施1.5~2.5 kg 复合肥。以后随树龄、树体产量增长施肥量应逐年增加。施肥方法以环状沟或条状沟施肥为佳。为降低施肥成本,提高施肥效率,每年秋季对盛果期树可采用开沟施肥机或地钻打孔(直径15 cm,深度40~60 cm)等机械施基肥。有灌溉条件的核桃园,每年结合施肥浇灌萌芽水、花后水、越冬水。

3.5 病虫害防控

冬季清园时将核桃园的枯枝落叶集中烧毁,用涂白剂或林木长效保护剂涂抹树干。核桃萌芽前用5°Bé 石硫合剂喷洒树体,消灭越冬病虫。从5 月中下旬开始,每隔10 d,采用植保无人机“一喷三防”技术,采用细菌性杀菌剂(3%中生菌素水剂、4%春雷霉素水剂、5%噻霉酮悬浮剂)、真菌性杀菌剂(40%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、45%咪鲜胺水剂、5%已唑醇悬浮剂)、杀虫剂(3.2%甲维嗪·氯氰微乳剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、7.5%氯氟·吡虫啉悬浮剂)、叶面肥(99%速溶磷酸二氢钾)混配的方法,连喷3 次,可有效防控核桃黑斑病、炭疽病、桑盾蚧、举肢蛾、桃蛀螟、云斑天牛、刺蛾等病虫害,并达到防落果的目的,实现防病、防虫、防落果[4]

4 综合评价

陇薄丰1 号新品种核桃,在生产中表现出抗核桃细菌性黑斑病和炭疽病、丰产、高油、早熟、风味佳等优点,具有良好的推广应用前景,适于秦巴山区及立地条件相近地区发展。

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Breeding report of a new high-oil-content walnut cultivar Long Bofeng No.1

XIN Guo,XU Li*,ZHU Jianchao,REN Zhiyong,ZHENG Xiaoping,ZHANG Bo

(1Walnut Research Institute,Longnan Academy of Non-wood Forest,Wudu 746000,Gansu,China;2Gansu Walnut Engineering Technolo‐gy Innovation Center,Wudu 746000,Gansu,China)

Abstract: Long Bofeng No.1 is an early-ripening,high-yield and high-oil-content walnut.The seedling was selected from the‘Longnan spike walnut population’.It was initially selected in 2011 for its extremely high yield and spike-bearing-fruit trait.In 2016, it was selected as the superior line and temporarily named as Gangu Dui Spike.From 2017 to 2023,retests were carried out in Wudu,Chengxian and other places in Longnan City,and the comprehensive characteristics were excellent.In December 2023,it was granted the Plant Variety Rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration and named as Long Bofeng No.1.This cultivar is a deciduous tree with medium size, semi-open posture and natural semi-circular crown.Mixed buds are round,and male flower buds are bare buds,cylindrical and scaly.Odd pinnate compound leaves are 47.3 cm long,compound petiole is 27.42 cm long,the number of leaflets is 7-11, and most ones are more than 9.Leaflets are long oval, 17.18 cm long, 7.85 cm wide, and 0.26 mm thick.Leaf is dark green with slightly-pointed tip and entire margin.Most of the fruits are spike-bearing status, and fruit surface is green without hair, but with yellow-white and denser fruit dots.The nut is round, the nut weight is from 10.6 g to 12.7 g, the kernel weight is from 5.8 g to 8.1 g, the shell thickness is from 0.94 mm to 1.15 mm, and the kernel ratio accounts for 55.0% to 63.6%.The nut shell is smooth, the longitudinal diameter is from 33.8 mm to 35.3 mm, the transverse diameter is from 30.1 mm to 33.6 mm,and the side diameter is from 31.0 mm to 35.2 mm.The suture is flat and tightly combined.The kernel is full,light yellow colored and oily flavored without astringency.The fat content is 68.6%,the protein content is 17.3%,and the nut quality is excellent.The bud break of the cultivar happens in middle March,the male flowers enter full bloom in late March,the female flowers enter full bloom in early April, the fruits mature in early September, and the leaves fall in late November in Wudu, Gansu province.Long Bofeng No.1 shows resistance to Xanthomonas arboricola,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Brown apical necrosis diseases.The tree has strong tolerance to drought and barren conditions.The tree of Long Bofeng No.1 is suitable for planting in Qinba Mountainous Areas and somewhere with similar ecological conditions.It can be planted productively in Longnan, Gansu province.This variety can bear fruits next year after planting, and has high yield potential.The average yield per 666.7 m2 in the fourth and fifth year after grafting is 188.32 kg and 230.12 kg,respectively.Long Baofeng No.1 can be planted after the grafted seedlings have dropped leaves in autumn before the soil freezes or after the soil thaws in spring before the bud break of grafted seedlings.The planting spacing in plain land is generally(7-8)m×(7-8)m,and that in hilly and mountainous areas is (5-6) m × (6-7) m.The preparation of big planting hole is often required, and the size should be 1.0 m×1.0 m×1.0 m.

Key words: High-oil-content walnut;New variety;Long Bofeng No.1

中图分类号:S664.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)05-1023-04

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240053

收稿日期:2024-02-02

接受日期:2024-02-20

基金项目:甘肃省科技计划项目东西协作专项(23CXNK0004);甘肃省林业科技项目(2015kj028)

作者简介:辛国,男,正高级林业工程师,主要从事核桃遗传育种与栽培技术研究。E-mail:735234615@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:1374250593@qq.com