突尼斯软籽石榴防寒越冬措施的防护效果

黄梦真1,关思慧1,柴亚倩1,许 静1,杨元玲1,刘慧英1,杨 磊2*,刁 明1*

1石河子大学农学院,新疆石河子 832003;2新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所,乌鲁木齐 830000)

摘 要:【目的】通过调查分析大田及冷棚突尼斯软籽石榴冬季不同防寒越冬措施的防护效果,筛选出适宜的防寒越冬措施,为突尼斯软籽石榴的安全过冬提供理论依据与技术支撑。【方法】以1年生突尼斯软籽石榴为试材,在12连设置露地3 种覆土厚度下的7 种物理保护措施共21 个处理,测定不同物理防寒措施下,石榴树体周围的温湿度变化情况,并调查分析翌年春季突尼斯软籽石榴的冻害情况;以3年生突尼斯软籽石榴为试材,在20连设置5种和19连设置2种防寒保护措施,调查分析翌年春季石榴的冻害情况,以筛选适宜的冬季防寒越冬措施。【结果】草帘+钢筋+覆土以及草帘+塑料膜+覆土的防寒措施对软籽石榴安全越冬效果较好,均可有效提高石榴树体微环境的湿度、日平均温度及日最低温度,且草帘+塑料膜+覆土15 cm 防寒措施下的突尼斯软籽石榴整体冻害最轻(冻害指数8.3%)。冷棚内不同覆盖方式中最好的物理保护措施是草帘+拱棚,突尼斯软籽石榴苗均未遭受冻害,保护效果较好的物理保护措施为毛毡和覆土。【结论】新疆冬季气候寒冷,在传统埋土防寒措施下,突尼斯软籽石榴仍发生严重冻害,需采取其他物理保护措施与覆土相结合的方式,才能有效地避免突尼斯软籽石榴遭受冻害。草帘+塑料膜+覆土15 cm 防寒措施下的突尼斯软籽石榴整体冻害最轻,可以在生产中推广应用。单纯的冷棚设施栽培并不能对突尼斯软籽石榴起到良好的防冻效果,在冷棚内搭建小拱棚并在其上覆盖草帘能够保证软籽石榴安全越冬。

关键词:突尼斯软籽石榴;防寒措施;冻害

石榴(Punica granatum L.)为石榴科(Punicaceae)石榴属(Punica L.)[1]亚热带植物,喜温畏寒,耐贫瘠,适宜在温暖气候条件下生长[2]。石榴在冬季休眠期可承受-16 ℃以上温度,-17 ℃受冻害,-20 ℃多数被冻死。突尼斯软籽石榴早熟、籽粒大、色泽鲜艳、籽粒软,深受消费者欢迎,但是该品种抗寒性弱,幼苗在气温-10 ℃以下易受冻[3]。石榴是新疆的传统特色果树,近年来随着新疆农业结构的调整,石榴产业发展较快,其中南疆为新疆石榴主要栽培区[4]。由于受冬季严寒、绝对低温低、持续时间长等因素影响,在新疆地区,石榴的种植通常采用匍匐栽培的方式,向南倾斜种植为新疆石榴常用的定植模式。向南倾斜避免了正午太阳对石榴苗主枝基部的直接照射,防止主枝基部被日灼烧伤从而诱发病害,倾斜角度为60°左右,以便于冬季下压埋土[5]。目前新疆石榴最安全的越冬方式是埋土[6],一般在10 月底至11 月中旬进行人工埋土,但随着冬季的到来,大量石榴苗遭受冻害甚至死亡,严重制约了石榴产业的健康发展。

国内学者针对石榴防寒措施进行了大量研究,但关于不同防寒措施下树体周围微环境温度的变化并结合实际冻害情况调查的研究鲜见报道。冯一峰等[7]采用3 种不同防寒措施对软籽石榴防寒进行研究,结果表明,秸秆加黑膜防寒效果最好,秸秆加棉被次之,覆土最差。唐海霞等[8]认为简易设施栽培可确保石榴安全过冬,突尼斯软籽石榴可以在棚膜保护下安全过冬,一般包裹防寒效果不佳。柴丽娜等[9]建议露地栽植的1~2 a(年)的突尼斯软籽石榴幼苗,可采用以防冻棉缠裹树干的方法防寒越冬。宋娟等[10]认为钢筋架加草帘和覆土对微域温度提升效果最好,钢架加草帘组成小拱棚不仅可以显著提高微域温度,还可以全面解决草帘单独覆土容易受潮腐烂等问题。

为解决生产中遇见的实际问题,笔者在本研究中以1 年生突尼斯软籽石榴为试材,在12 连设置3种覆土厚度下的7 种物理保护措施共21 个处理,测定在每种物理防寒措施下突尼斯软籽石榴树体周围的温湿度变化情况,研究不同防寒保护措施的保温效果;以3 年生突尼斯软籽石榴为试材,在20 连、19连冷棚内分别设置5 种、2 种防寒保护措施,调查分析翌年春季石榴的冻害情况,制定冻害等级,对不同冻害程度进行分析,梳理冻害规律,筛选防冻栽培模式,为实际生产提供指导。

1 材料和方法

1.1 石榴种植区概况

试验地选在新疆生产建设兵团第三师五十一团12 连、19 连和20 连,五十一团位于塔克拉玛干沙漠的西部边缘,属暖温带大陆性干旱荒漠气候,冬季寒冷,夏季炎热,秋季凉爽,平均年蒸发量2 178.5 mm。7月最热,平均气温25.6 ℃,月最高气温38.7 ℃;1月最冷平均气温-6.8 ℃,月最低气温-16.8 ℃。温差大,农作物生长季节积温比较高。盛行东北风,而最大风速风向以西北风为主,最大冻土层深度60 cm。

1.2 大田不同防寒措施下突尼斯软籽石榴防寒越冬效果研究

1.2.1 试验试材 采用1 年生突尼斯软籽石榴扦插苗,在12 连南北行向倾斜40°匍匐栽植,2021 年3 月定植,株行距2.0 m×5.0 m,供试植株生长健壮、规格一致,养护管理水平与植株的生态环境基本一致。

1.2.2 试验处理和方法 试验设置3 种覆土厚度下的7种物理保护措施,共21个处理,且均为全株覆土(表1)。每个处理下有3 株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴苗,并以在露地种植且无任何保护措施的突尼斯软籽石榴苗为对照。利用彭云物联S10A 遥控温湿度仪进行数据采集后,对比分析软籽石榴越冬过程中不同处理和对照的日最低温度、日温度变幅、日最高温度、日均温度和空气相对湿度的变化规律。对比发生极端最低温度时(12月31日),不同防寒措施处理情况下的树体周围温度日变化情况。

表1 大田不同防寒措施
Table 1 Different cold prevention measures

处理Treatments石榴区近地表(对照)Pomegranate area near the surface(control)草帘+覆土Straw curtain+soil cover/(15,20,30 cm)草帘+钢筋+覆土Straw curtain+rebar holder+soil cover/(15,20,30 cm)草帘+塑料薄膜+覆土Straw curtain+plastic film+soil cover/(15,20,30 cm)扣框+覆土Plastic basket+soil cover/(15,20,30 cm)防虫网+覆土Insect net+soil cover/(15,20,30 cm)双层毛毡+覆土Double felt/3 mm+soil cover/(15,20,30 cm)单层毛毡+覆土Single felt/1.5 mm+soil cover/(15,20,30 cm)具体方法The specific methods将温湿度计的监测探头固定在露天种植无任何覆盖的石榴树体上,在距离地面35 cm的位置进行测量The monitoring probe of the thermometer was fixed on the pomegranate tree without any coverage in the open air,35 cm from the ground在每株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方铺一层草帘后分别覆土15、20、30 cm Each creeping cultivation of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree was covered with 15 cm,20 cm or 30 cm soil after laying a grass curtain在每株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方先用两根钢筋搭建一个钢筋架,再铺一层草帘,最后分别覆土15 20、30 cm In each creeping cultivation of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree above the first with two steel to build a steel frame,and then lay a layer of grass curtain,finally covered with soil 15 cm,20 cm,or 30 cm在每株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方先铺一层草帘,然后再盖一层EVA 塑料膜,最后分别覆土15、20 30 cm In each creeping cultivation of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree above the first layer of straw curtain,and then covered with a layer of EVA plastic film,and finally covered with soil 15 cm,20 cm,or 30 cm在每株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方扣一个塑料框,再分别覆土15、20、30 cm A plastic frame was buckled on each creeping cultivation of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree, and then covered with 15 cm,20 cm or 30 cm soil在每株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方盖一层防虫网,再分别覆土15、20、30 cm A layer of insect-proof net was covered on each creeping cultivation of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree, and then covered with soil 15 cm,20 cm or 30 cm在每株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方盖一层3 mm厚的双层毛毡后再分别覆土15、20、30 cm In each creeping cultivation of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree above a layer of 3 mm thick double felt and then covered with soil 15 cm,20 cm,or 30 cm在每株匍匐栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方盖一层1.5 mm厚的单层毛毡后再分别覆土15、20、30 cm In each creeping cultivation of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree above a layer of 1.5 mm thick single layer felt and then covered with soil 15 cm,20 cm,or 30 cm、、

1.2.3 试验温湿度的测定 新疆生产建设兵团第三师五十一团石榴种植区的气象数据来源于欧洲中期天气预报中心的统计数据。利用彭云物联S10A 遥控温湿度仪,于2021年11月5 日起至2022 年3 月16日对12 连石榴栽培区域的近地面气温(对照)、7 种物理防寒措施和3 种覆土层厚度(15、20、30 cm)组合下的突尼斯软籽石榴树体微环境进行温湿度测定,全部数据均为持续测量,每3 min 自动进行一次记录,温度仪的测温探测器均置于离地面35 cm 的石榴主干上。

1.2.4 防寒越冬效果调查 (1)调查对象及调查内容:2022 年3 月17—20 日对12 连21 种不同防寒越冬措施下的突尼斯软籽石榴苗进行大田防寒越冬效果调查,每个处理随机抽样调查3 株。调查内容包括受冻等级、越冬埋土厚度、发黑枝条长度及粗度、发霉枝条长度及粗度。

(2)冻害等级程度的制定:通过选取突尼斯软籽石榴易于观察的冻害形态指标和生长指标,并参照冯玉增等[11]制定的冻害等级标准,设定5 个冻害等级,具体见表2。

表2 冻害分级标准
Table 2 The freeze injury classification standard

等级Grade 0级Grade 0Ⅰ级Grade ⅠⅡ级Grade ⅡⅢ级Grade ⅢⅣ级Grade Ⅳ植株表现Plant traits 1年生枝条无冻害,枝条颜色正常,树皮基本无开裂The 1-year-old branches had no frost damage,the color of the branches was normal,and the bark was basically free of cracking轻度受冻,1年生枝上部冻死1/4,树皮开裂颜色变黑,小枝干枯Mildly frozen, 1/4 of the upper part of the 1-year-old branch died, the bark cracked and the color became black, and the twigs dried up中度受冻,1年生枝条上部冻死1/2,树皮开裂,颜色变黑,韧皮部、木质部变褐,皮层凹陷Moderately frozen, 1/2 of the upper part of the 1-year-old branch was frozen to death, the bark was cracked, the color became black,the phloem and xylem became brown,and the cortex was depressed重度受冻,主枝上部及侧枝冻死1/2,枝条表现脱水缩干,树干形成层变褐Severely frozen, the upper part of the main branch and the lateral branch died of 1/2, the branches showed dehydration and shrinkage,and the trunk cambium became brown严重受冻,地上部植株整株冻害死亡,根颈部变褐,皮层和木质层分离,枝梢干枯,整株死亡It was severely frozen, and the whole plant above ground died of freezing injury.The root neck became brown, the cortex and wood layer were separated,the branches and shoots dried up,and the whole plant died

通过计算冻害率和冻害指数评价突尼斯软籽石榴冻害情况。

冻害率/%=(调查受冻株数/调查总株数)×100。

冻害指数/%=[∑(冻害等级×该级受冻株数)/(冻害最高级代表值×调查总株数)]×100。

抽条株率/%=抽条株数/调查株数×100。

1.3 冷棚不同防寒措施下突尼斯软籽石榴防寒越冬效果研究

1.3.1 试验试材 以3 年生突尼斯软籽石榴扦插苗为试材。

1.3.2 试验处理和方法 在20连冷棚内设置5个防寒越冬覆盖处理,在19 连设置2 个防寒越冬覆盖处理(表3)。

表3 冷棚不同防寒越冬措施
Table 3 Different cold prevention measures

地点Point 20连20 company处理Treatments无覆盖(对照)No coverage(control)草帘+塑料膜Straw curtain+plastic film双层毛毡+塑料膜Double felt+plastic film双层毛毡+拱棚Double felt+arched shed 19连19 company草帘+拱棚Straw curtain+arched shed棉被Quilts覆土Soil cover毛毡Felt具体方法The specific methods在冷棚内栽培且无覆盖其他物理保护措施Cultivated in a plastic greenhouse without covering other physical protection measures在冷棚内栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方先铺一层草帘,然后再盖一层EVA塑料膜The Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree planted in a plastic greenhouse was covered with a straw curtain and then covered with an EVA plastic film在冷棚内栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方先盖一层3 mm厚的双层毛毡,然后再盖一层EVA塑料膜A layer of 3 mm thick double-layer felt was covered on the top of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree cultivated in plastic greenhouse,and then a layer of EVA plastic film was covered.在冷棚内栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方先用两根钢筋搭建一个钢筋架,再盖一层3 mm厚的双层毛毡The Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree was planted in a plastic greenhouse.Above the pomegranate tree,two steel bars were used to build a steel frame,and then a 3 mm thick double felt was covered.在冷棚内栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方先用两根钢筋搭建一个钢筋架,再铺一层草帘The Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree was planted in a plastic greenhouse.Above the pomegranate tree,two steel bars were used to build a steel frame,and then a straw curtain was laid.在冷棚内栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方盖一层棉被A quilt is draped over the Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree planted in a plastic greenhouse在冷棚内栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方覆土Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees planted in plastic greenhouses are covered with soil在冷棚内栽培的突尼斯软籽石榴树上方盖一层1.5 mm厚的单层毛毡A layer of 1.5 mm thick single layer felt was covered on the top of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate tree cultivated in plastic greenhouse

1.3.3 防寒越冬效果调查 2023 年3 月16—23 日对20 连冷棚、19 连冷棚不同覆盖措施下3 年生突尼斯软籽石榴苗进行防寒越冬效果的调查。调查内容及冻害等级同1.2.4。

1.4 数据统计

采用Microsoft Excel 2021软件进行数据统计及图表制作。

2 结果与分析

2.1 石榴越冬期气象数据统计

石榴越冬期(2021 年11 月1 日—2022 年3 月10日)新疆生产建设兵团第三师五十一团每日气象低温见图1,旬平均最低温、旬极端低温以及极端低温出现的日期见表4。当地最低温度出现在2021年12月中旬至2022 年1 月上旬,12 月中旬平均最低温度为-10.9 ℃、12 月下旬平均最低温度为-11.0 ℃,次年1 月上旬平均最低温度为-10.9 ℃,极端最低温度为12月18 日的-14.0 ℃,在此期间日最低温度普遍低于-10 ℃。2021 年12 月上旬至翌年1 月下旬,旬最低温度的平均值均低于-7 ℃,其中2021 年12 月中下旬及2022 年1 月上中旬的旬最低温度的平均值均低于-9 ℃,2021 年12 月中旬极端最低气温为-14.0 ℃、12 月下旬极端最低气温为-13.0 ℃,表明石榴种植区种植的突尼斯软籽石榴已遭受严重冻害,需采取一定的防寒措施以保证突尼斯软籽石榴安全越冬。

图1 2021 年11 月1 日至2022 年3 月10 日石榴种植区每日最低温度
Fig.1 Minimum daily temperature in pomegranate growing areas from November 1,2021 to March 10,2022

表4 观测期气象最低气温
Table 4 The meteorological minimum temperature of during observation period℃

注:气象数据来源自欧洲中期天气预报中心。下同。
Note:Air temperature citing data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF).The same below.

项目Item旬平均最低温Ten-day average minimum temperature旬极端低温Decade of extreme low temperature极端低温日期Extreme low temperature date 11月Nov.上旬Early-0.9中旬Middle-3.3下旬Last-6.7 12月Dec.上旬Early-8.0中旬Middle-10.9下旬Last-11.0 1月Jan.上旬Early-10.9中旬Middle-9.5下旬Last-8.9 2月Feb.上旬Early-6.9中旬Middle-3.6下旬Last-2.1 3月Mar.上旬Early 1.6-5.7-4.6-8.5-11.9-14.0-13.0-12.2-11.5-11.7-9.0-5.7-5.2-0.4 11月8日Nov.8 11月12日Nov.12 11月24日Nov.24 12月3日Dec.3 12月18日Dec.18 12月31日Dec.31 1月3日Jan.3 3月5日Mar.5 1月15日Jan.15 1月25日Jan.25 2月1日Feb.1 2月12日Feb.12 2月21日Feb.21

2.2 大田不同防寒措施对突尼斯软籽石榴防寒效果的影响

2.2.1 大田不同防寒措施下突尼斯软籽石榴树体周围微环境的变化比较 如表5 所示,相对石榴近地表,不同防寒措施均提高了突尼斯软籽石榴树体周围的日平均温度,但降低了日最高温度、日温度变幅和温差,极大地增加了树体微环境空气的相对湿度,且相对湿度均接近100%。草帘+覆土、草帘+钢筋+覆土、草帘+塑料薄膜+覆土这3 种物理防寒措施在3 种覆土厚度下均有效提高了树体周围微环境的日平均温度和日最低温度,增温效果较好,其中草帘+钢筋在3 种覆土厚度下的日平均温度均在0 ℃以上,草帘+钢筋+覆土15 cm 的日平均温度最高(2.03 ℃),草帘+钢筋+覆土30 cm的日最低温度最高(-3.20 ℃)、日温度变幅最小(19.40 ℃)。而双层毛毡+覆土15 cm、单层毛毡+覆土20 cm 及防虫网+覆土15 cm 的日最低温度分别为-10.10 ℃、-10.60 ℃、-12.40 ℃,均低于石榴近地表的日最低温度(-9.50 ℃)。双层毛毡+覆土15 cm 下的微环境温度于2021 年12月31 日11:50—12:50(持续时间1 h)≤-10 ℃;单层毛毡+覆土20 cm下的微环境温度于2021年12月30日11:30—14:00(持续时间2.5 h)、2021 年12 月31日10:00—14:30(持续时间4.5 h)、2022 年1 月1 日12:30—13:30(持续时间1 h)及2022 年1 月3 日11:20—14:00(持续时间2 h 40 min)均≤-10 ℃;防虫网+覆土15 cm 下的微环境温度于2021年12月30日06:45—15:30(持续时间8 h 15 min)、2021年12月31 日05:24—15:30(持续时间约10 h 6 min)、2022年1 月1 日08:00—15:30(持续时间7.5 h)及2022年1 月3 日09:00—15:10(持续时间6 h 10 min)均温≤-10 ℃且日平均温度(-2.24 ℃)最低,接近于石榴近地表日平均温度(-2.61 ℃),增温效果最差。随着覆土厚度的增加,日平均温度及日最低温度略微上升,保温性能增强,但保温性能增强幅度并不大。

表5 不同防寒措施树体周围微环境比较
Table 5 Microenvironment in different winter protection methods

防寒措施Winter protection methods覆土厚度Cover thickness/cm日最高温度Daily maximum temperature/℃日平均温度Daily mean temperature/℃日最低温度Daily minimum temperature/℃日温度变幅Daily temperature fluctuation/℃平均湿度Average humidity/%石榴区近地表Pomegranate area near the surface草帘+覆土Straw curtain+soil cover 0 28.80-2.61-9.50 38.50 45.09草帘+钢筋+覆土Straw curtain+rebar holder+soil cover草帘+塑料薄膜+覆土Straw curtain+plastic film+soil cover扣框+覆土Plastic basket+soil cover防虫网+覆土Insect net+soil cover双层毛毡+覆土Double felt+soil cover 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 14.50 15.00 19.00 23.30 18.50 16.20 17.30 13.20 20.10 17.80 16.00 15.50 19.70 22.70 22.10 21.30 18.20 16.80 17.00 21.40 16.80-31 00:0-3.9100-31 00:2-3.9100-31 00:3-3.9100单层毛毡+覆土Single felt+soil cover 0.13-0.21-0.67 2.03 0.64 1.84-1.28-0.35-0.52-0.57-0.64-0.38-2.24-0.30 1.01-0.93-1.20-1.38-0.95-0.71-1.77-5.80-5.80-5.70-6.90-5.90-3.20-6.30-4.80-5.20-8.80-7.20-7.40-12.40-9.10-8.90-10.10-8.80-8.80-7.40-10.60-9.30 20.30 20.80 24.70 30.20 24.40 19.40 23.60 18.00 25.30 26.60 23.20 22.90 32.10 31.80 31.00 31.40 27.00 25.60 24.40 32.00 26.10 98.07 99.90 99.89 98.72 99.92 98.75 98.56 96.03 99.02 94.06 99.43 99.86 99.99 99.66 99.37 99.90 99.99 99.99 99.90 99.86 99.99

2.2.2 大田不同防寒措施下突尼斯软籽石榴树体周围微环境的温度日变化 比较在越冬期极端低温天气时(2021 年12 月31 日),突尼斯软籽石榴在不同防寒措施下的树体微环境温度日变化情况(图2、图3、图4)。石榴区近地表温度于00:00—08:00 不断缓慢下降,于08:00降至一天中的最低温度-16.56 ℃,接着由于日出后太阳辐射的作用迅速升温,于16:00到达一天中的最高温度3.07 ℃,接着又迅速降温,昼夜温差大。而各种防寒处理下的树体微环境温度变幅基本相同,均于00:00—12:00 缓慢下降,后缓慢升温,一天结束时温度最高,不仅有效提高了树体微域的温度,且降低了昼夜温差,覆土厚度越厚,日温度变化幅度越平缓,不同覆盖材料下树体微环境之间的温差也越小,30 cm 覆土厚度下不同防寒措施树体微环境的温度均保持在-10 ℃以上。由此可见,通过覆盖埋土防寒层,可以有效减少树体微环境温度随时间变化的波动,从而提高微域温度并减小昼夜温差。草帘+覆土、草帘+钢筋+覆土、草帘+塑料薄膜+覆土这3 种物理防寒措施在3 种覆土厚度下均有显著的保温效果。防虫网+覆土、单层毛毡+覆土和双层毛毡+覆土相比其他防寒措施,日温度变化幅度较大,温度回升快,下降也快,保温效果较差。

图2 15 cm 覆土厚度下不同防寒措施树体微环境温度日变化
Fig.2 Diurnal variation in tree microenvironment temperature under different cold protection measures under 15 cm soil cover

图3 20 cm 覆土厚度下不同防寒措施树体微环境温度日变化
Fig.3 Diurnal variation in tree microenvironment temperature under different cold protection measures under 20 cm soil cover

图4 30 cm 覆土厚度下不同防寒措施树体微环境温度日变化
Fig.4 Diurnal variation in tree microenvironment temperature under different cold protection measures under 30 cm soil cover

2.2.3 大田不同防寒越冬措施下突尼斯软籽石榴冻害情况调查 12 连21 种不同覆盖材料下突尼斯软籽石榴1年生树苗的防寒越冬效果见表6。1年生突尼斯软籽石榴树体冻害较重,多数冻害发生在Ⅳ级。保护效果最好的物理保护措施为草帘+塑料膜+覆土15 cm,冻害指数8.3,冻害率66.7%。保护效果较好的物理保护措施为草帘+覆土30 cm,冻害指数16.7,冻害率66.7%;草帘+塑料膜+覆土30 cm冻害指数33.3,冻害率66.7%。笔者在本次冻害调查中发现,突尼斯软籽石榴受冻部位主要是根颈部和枝条。石榴根颈处于根系和主干之间,最晚进入休眠,又位于地上,因此其耐寒能力较弱,一旦气温突然变化,易发生冻害。在防虫网+覆土15 cm 防寒措施下,突尼斯软籽石榴发生Ⅳ级冻害,根颈处皮层发生冻裂呈褐色。突尼斯软籽石榴在遭受严重冻害后,其枝条因失水而抽干,导致皮层和木质部出现分离现象,木质部形成层呈深褐色。此次冻害调查中,突尼斯软籽石榴1 年生树苗无枝条发黑现象,14 株石榴苗枝条发霉(表7),其中在毛毡覆盖方式下,因透气性较差,枝条发霉情况最为严重,由此可见,单层毛毡和双层毛毡的物理防冻覆盖保护措施相对其他覆盖方式较易引发突尼斯软籽石榴苗枝条发霉,且覆盖土层越厚,枝条发霉现象越严重。

表6 大田不同防寒措施下突尼斯软籽石榴树体受冻情况调查
Table 6 Investigation of freezing injury of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees under different cold protection measures in the field

覆盖方式Coverage methods覆土厚度Cover thickness/cm调查株数Plant number of surveys不同冻害级别受冻数Frozen plant number at different frost levels 0级Grade 0Ⅰ级GradeⅠⅡ级Grade ⅡⅢ级Grade ⅢⅣ级Grade Ⅳ冻害指数Frostbite index扣框+覆土Plastic basket+soil cover防虫网+覆土Insect net+soil cover单层毛毡+覆土Single felt+soil cover双层毛毡+覆土Double felt+soil cover草帘+覆土Straw curtain+soil cover草帘+钢筋+覆土Straw curtain+rebar holder+soil cover草帘+塑料膜+覆土Straw curtain+plastic film+soil cover 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 15 20 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 75.0 91.7 66.7 100.0 66.7 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.3 100.0 100.0 50.0 16.7 66.7 50.0 33.3 8.3 41.7 33.3冻害率Frost damage rate/%100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 100.0 100.0 66.7 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 66.7 66.7

表7 突尼斯软籽石榴树枝条发霉调查
Table 7 Investigation on mouldy branches of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate

覆盖方式Coverage methods扣框+覆土Plastic basket+soil cover防虫网+覆土Insect net+soil cover单层毛毡+覆土Single felt+soil cover覆土厚度Cover thickness/cm 15 20 20发霉枝条的粗度Roughness of moldy branches/mm 9 8 30双层毛毡+覆土Double felt+soil cover 15 20 12 8 15 10 14 12 11 30发霉枝条的长度Length of moldy branches/cm 24 50 43 28 65 23 45 40 44 18 17 21 20 24 6 8 7 10 8

2.3 冷棚不同防寒措施对突尼斯软籽石榴防寒效果的影响

冷棚内7 种不同覆盖方式下3 年生突尼斯软籽石榴苗树体受冻情况见表8,对照组即种植在冷棚内但无任何物理覆盖的突尼斯软籽石榴苗全部受冻且冻害最严重,均为Ⅳ级冻害(严重受冻)。保护效果最好的物理保护措施是草帘+拱棚,石榴苗未受冻害,而在其他物理保护措施下石榴苗均受冻害,保护效果较好的物理保护措施为毛毡(冻害指数11.0)和覆土(冻害指数17.3)。

表8 冷棚不同防寒越冬措施下突尼斯软籽石榴树体受冻情况调查
Table 8 Investigation on freezing of Tunisia Soft-seed pomegranate trees under different measures of cold overwintering in cold shed

位置Placement覆盖方式Coverage methods调查株数Plant number of surveys不同冻害级别受冻株数Frozen plant number at different frost levels 0级Grade 0Ⅰ级GradeⅠⅡ级Grade ⅡⅢ级Grade ⅢⅣ级Grade Ⅳ冻害指数Frostbite index冻害率Frost damage rate/%20连冷棚20 company plastic sheds 3 6 5 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 100.0 100.0无覆盖(对照)No coverage(control)草帘+塑料膜Straw curtain+plastic film双层毛毡+塑料膜Double felt+plastic film双层毛毡+拱棚Double felt+arched shed草帘+拱棚Straw curtain+arched shed棉被Quilts覆土Soil cover毛毡Felt 0 3 0 2 0 0 7 7 0 3 3 1 0 3 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37.5 100.0 60.0 100.0 33.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 19连冷棚19 company plastic sheds 26 25 18 16 50.0 17.3 11.0 100.0 42.3 36.0

3 讨 论

3.1 突尼斯软籽石榴冻害与低温的关系

温度是影响石榴冻害发生的主要因素,在冬季气温正常降低时,冻害的发生与绝对低温、低温持续时间、降温幅度及短时间降温强度有关。冯玉增等[11]认为,石榴冻害的致害低温是在冬季正常降温条件下,当旬最低气温平均值低于-7.0 ℃、极端最低气温低于-13.0 ℃时发生冻害;当旬最低气温平均值在-9.0 ℃以下、极端最低气温在-15.0 ℃以下时出现毁灭性冻害。而当寒潮提前来临、出现非正常降温时,旬最低气温平均值为-1.0 ℃,旬极端最低气温为-9.0 ℃,同样会对石榴造成冻害。胡园春等[12]认为,在石榴生长过程中,温度是影响其生长的重要环境因素,在冬季正常降温条件下,若最低温平均值低于-7 ℃,极端最低气温低于-17 ℃,或连续5 d 最低气温低于-13 ℃,将导致露地栽培的石榴大面积冻死。王宇翔等[13]研究表明,软籽石榴冻害的农业气象指标是非嫁接苗在温度低于-9 ℃时遭受的冻害程度较为严重,而在-13 ℃时遭受的冻害程度更为严重;嫁接苗在-11 ℃时,出现了轻微的冻害现象。

2021 年石榴越冬期为2021 年11 月1 日至2022年3月10日,石榴种植区2021年11月8日至2022年2 月25 日,日最低气温均低于0 ℃,12 月中旬至1 月中旬日最低气温普遍低于-10 ℃,而温度低于-10 ℃超过12 h突尼斯软籽石榴即发生冻害,12月18日出现极端低温-14 ℃的情况。2021年12月上旬至次年1 月下旬,旬最低温度的平均值均低于-7 ℃,其中2021年12月中下旬及2022年1月上中旬的旬最低温度的平均值均低于-9 ℃,2021年12月中旬极端最低气温为-14 ℃、12 月下旬极端最低气温为-13 ℃,可见石榴种植区的突尼斯软籽石榴遭受了严重冻害。

3.2 不同物理防寒措施对石榴树体微环境的影响

在新疆,冬季气候寒冷,最低温度低且持续时间长,而在南疆极度干旱的气候条件下,低于-14 ℃即有冻害现象的发生,必须采用埋土的方式才能安全越冬。李敏[14]研究发现将石榴树体地上部全部埋入土中是最有效的物理防护措施。根据2022年3月17—20日的冻害调查,石榴种植区(冻害指数97.0)的突尼斯软籽石榴经匍匐栽培埋土越冬后,冻害情况仍非常严重,这是因为新疆南疆地区冬季气温低,而新疆土壤的主要成分是砂粒,结构较疏松,含水量较少,干燥速度快,热容量小,昼夜温度变幅大,故采取传统的埋土防寒的方式对幼龄突尼斯软籽石榴树苗并不能起到良好的防寒效果,需采取其他物理保护措施与覆土相结合的方式,才能更好地避免石榴受冻。

12 连不同防寒措施下突尼斯软籽石榴防寒越冬试验的研究结果及2022 年3 月17—20 日大田越冬情况的调查表明,草帘+钢筋+覆土、草帘+塑料薄膜+覆土是试验中效果较好的物理保护措施,且草帘+塑料膜+覆土15 cm 防寒措施下覆盖的突尼斯软籽石榴整体冻害最轻(冻害指数8.3%)。扣框+覆土中等,单毛毡+覆土、双毛毡+覆土以及防虫网+覆土这3 种防寒措施的保护效果较差。埋土使土层和大气之间形成隔离层,减弱了太阳辐射,减少了进入土层中的热量,降低了土层下石榴树体微环境的日最高温度,保持了内部气温的相对稳定性,而草帘具有疏松多孔的结构,稻秆中存有空气,稻秆之间的间隙也充满空气,透气性比毛毡和塑料薄膜强,导热系数小,因此草帘的保温能力最强,在草帘上覆土极大地提升了石榴树体微环境的日最低温度和日平均温度,缩小了日温度变幅,且随覆土厚度的增加,冻害指数和冻害率均下降。在钢筋架上覆盖草帘,形成了一个类似于小型温室大棚的结构,组成具有一定空间的相对稳定的局部小气候。新疆冬季低温多雪,在草帘外覆塑料薄膜,可以增强防水及保温性。毛毡的结构相对草帘密实、空隙较小,保温效果不及草帘,毛毡覆盖对土壤温度的影响不是增温而是起温度缓冲作用并将土壤温度保持在一个相对平稳的区间内[15],但易引起软籽石榴枝条发霉,就材料价格而言,毛毡的价格略高于草帘,但其效果却不及草帘。防虫网非常薄,保温效果相对甚微,但可以在埋土和撒土时减少对软籽石榴枝蔓的伤害[16]。试验中的所有物理防寒措施均极大地提高了石榴树体周围微环境的空气湿度和土壤湿度,不仅增强了果树抗冻能力,还可预防冬季与早春干旱,而且还能因为土壤含水量的升高,利于根系吸收水分与养料[17]

新疆冬季低温多雪,冷棚起到了类似挡风墙与防护林的保护作用,可使树苗免受雨雪的侵蚀,与露地栽培相比可降低风速,提高空气温度及湿度,提高土壤温度,从而减轻冻害的发生程度。冷棚虽然有一定保温性,但是棚内温度随外界气温上升而上升,随外界气温降低而降低,昼夜温差大。根据2023 年3 月16—23 日突尼斯软籽石榴冻害情况调查,对照即在冷棚内无任何覆盖措施的情况下,突尼斯软籽石榴均遭受了严重冻害,而草帘+小拱棚为最有效的物理保护措施,在钢筋架上覆盖草帘,有效减少热量散失,此物理保护措施相当于多层覆盖保温栽培,能够有效保温增温,起到良好的防冻效果,保证了突尼斯软籽石榴安全越冬,草帘相对毛毡透气性更好,导热系数更小,保温性更好,因此在小拱棚上覆盖草帘比覆盖毛毡具有更好的抗寒效果。在冷棚内对突尼斯软籽石榴苗进行埋土越冬是较为有效的物理保护措施,埋土给突尼斯软籽石榴苗创造密闭的土壤小气候,收到蓄水保墒、增加土温、缩短土壤冻结期、促进软籽石榴苗根系早期活动、吸收更多水分、排除冻旱不利影响等作用。

突尼斯软籽石榴在越冬过程中应采取必要措施进行防护,没有防护措施或者防护能力不够强的情况下,遇到低温会给突尼斯软籽石榴幼树带来危害,探讨不同物理防寒措施对突尼斯软籽石榴防寒效果产生的影响在实践中具有重要意义。

4 结 论

在大田条件下草帘+覆土、草帘+钢筋+覆土、草帘+塑料薄膜+覆土这3 种物理防寒措施在3 种覆土厚度下均有显著的保温效果,保护效果最好的物理保护措施为草帘+塑料膜+覆土15 cm。在冷棚内无任何覆盖措施的情况下,突尼斯软籽石榴均遭受了严重冻害,而在冷棚内搭建小拱棚并在其上覆盖草帘是最为有效的防止冻害发生的物理保护措施。

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Study on the protective effect of cold-proof and wintering measures on Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate

HUANG Mengzhen1, GUAN Sihui1, CHAI Yaqian1, XU Jing1, YANG Yuanling1, LIU Huiying1, YANG Lei2*,DIAO Ming1*

(1College of Agriculture,Shihezi University,Shihezi 832003,Xinjiang,China;2Institute of Horticultural Crops,Xinjiang Academy of Agri‐culture Sciences,Urumqi 830000,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Using Tunisia soft-seed pomegranates as experimental materials, we performed 21 treatments,involving 7 physical protection measures at 3 soil thickness.The temperature and humidity changes around the Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees under various physical measures were measured, and the heat preservation effects of different measures were studied.Freezing damage of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees at different ages was studied and freezing damage grade formulated.Moreover, the different freezing damage levels were analyzed, and the patterns of freezing damage were examined.Eventually, the anti-freezing cultivation modes were summarized so as to provide guidance for production practice.【Methods】Seven physical protection measures under three soil cover thickness were adopted in the experiment, with a total of 21 treatments, in which all of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees were entirely covered with soil.There were 3 creeping cultivated Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate seedings under each treatment, and the seedlings planted in the open field without any protection measures were used as the control group.The daily minimum temperature,daily temperature variation range, daily maximum temperature, daily mean temperature and air relative humidity around the trees were compared and analyzed.The daily variation of temperature around the trees treated with different cold-proof measures was compared when the extreme minimum temperature (December 31) occurred.3-year-old Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate were utilized as the experimental materials.Five coldproof measures were set in the cold sheds of Company 20 and 2 cold-proof measures in the cold shed of Company 19 and freezing damage on pomegranate trees in the following spring was recorded so as to screen the suitable cold-proof and overwintering measures.【Results】The winter temperature in southern Xinjiang was relatively low,and the cold-proof effect of the traditional soil bury method was not satisfactory.The Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees still suffered severe freezing damage, and the frozen parts were mainly the root necks and branches.The older the trees were,the lighter the freezing damage was.Through this experiment,it was found that the seven physical protection measures could effectively increase the daily average temperature around the Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees,reduce the daily maximum temperature, daily temperature variation amplitude, and the temperature difference, and greatly increase the relative humidity in the tree microenvironment, which was close to 100%.The thicker the covering soil was,the gentler the daily temperature change was,and the smaller the temperature difference between the tree microenvironments under different covering materials.Covering with soil cold-proof layer effectively reduced the temperature fluctuation in the tree microenvironment with time, thereby increasing the micro-domain temperature and reducing the daily range.Among the seven physical protection measures,the cold-proof measures with straw curtain+covering soil,straw curtain+steel rebar holder + covering soil, and straw curtain + plastic film + covering soil had better effects in safe overwintering of the pomegranate trees and markedly increased the daily average temperature and daily minimum temperature around the pomegranate trees.In the field freezing damage investigation experiment, the Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees covered by straw curtain + plastic flim + covering soil 15 cm cold-proof measures had the lightest overall freezing damage(freezing damage index around 8.3).The best physical protection measure among the different covering methods in the cold sheds was straw curtain + arched shed,in which none of the Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate seedlings were frozen,and the physical protection measures that were more effective were felt (freezing damage index 11.0)and soil cover (freezing damage index 17.3).Burying Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate seedlings under the soil to overwinter in the cold sheds reduced the degree of freezing and drought, which was a more effective physical protection measure.【Conclusion】The winter climate of Xinjiang is very cold.Even with the traditional cold-proof measure of soil cover,Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate still suffered severe freezing damage.It is necessary to take other physical protection measures combined with soil covering to avoid freezing damage.The freezing damage in trees of Tunisia soft-seed pomegranates covered with straw curtain + plastic film + soil covering 15 cm was the lightest (frost damage index 8.3%), which could be popularized and applied.The cultivation in cold sheds alone does not have a good anti-freezing and drought-resistant effect on Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate trees, and the construction of small arches in cold sheds and the covering of grass curtains on them improves the safe overwintering of softseeded pomegranate trees.

Key words: Tunisia soft-seed pomegranate;Cold protection treatments;Frost damage

中图分类号:S665.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)05-0929-12

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230502

收稿日期:2023-11-30

接受日期:2024-01-25

基金项目:新疆生产建设兵团重大科技项目(2021AB015)

作者简介:黄梦真,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为设施园艺。E-mail:3291716112@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:yanglei9961@163.com;E-mail:diaoming@shzu.edu.cn