中晚熟蟠桃新品种中蟠104的选育

潘 磊,牛 良,孙世航,段文宜,崔国朝,王志强,曾文芳*

(中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009)

摘 要: 中蟠104是通过多代人工杂交聚合选育的中晚熟黄肉蟠桃新品种,其母本为晚熟黄肉桃优系‘06-3-137’,父本为早熟黄肉蟠桃优株‘07北5-60’。花为蔷薇型,粉红色花瓣,花瓣数5片,花粉多,自花结实,丰产稳产。在郑州地区果实8月上旬成熟,果实生育期137 d左右。单果质量241 g,果实扁平,果顶闭合性好;果皮茸毛短,底色黄色,果面全红;套袋后果面全黄;果肉黄色,硬溶质,黏核;肉质细腻,可溶性固形物含量(w)15.2%,风味甜香。

关键词:蟠桃;新品种;中蟠104;黄肉;硬溶质;中晚熟

桃是中国主要的落叶果树之一,中国桃栽培面积和总产量均居世界首位[1]。桃是典型的呼吸跃变型果实,果实的货架期较短,不耐贮藏,市场连续供应主要依靠不同成熟期品种的熟期配套进行调节[2]。近几年国内的主要桃育种单位也先后释放出了一些中晚熟的黄肉蟠桃新品种,如中蟠102[3]、中蟠13号[4]、中蟠17号[5]和瑞蟠101号[6]等,但是由于桃具有明显的地域适应性[7],因此培育大果、着色漂亮、硬溶质、耐贮运的中晚熟优质黄肉蟠桃新品种,仍是目前育种工作者的主要育种目标之一。中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所经过多年的筛选,获得成熟期比中桃黄金蜜5 号早10 d,能自花结实,产量、外观、鲜食品质等综合性状优良的中晚熟黄肉蟠桃新品种中蟠104。在河南黄桃主产区作为熟期配套新品种的栽培试验中,综合表现优秀,呈现出较好的发展前景。

1 选育过程

中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所于2012年3月20 日,选用笔者单位保存的晚熟黄肉桃优株06-3-137 为母本、早熟黄肉蟠桃优株07 北5-60 为父本进行人工杂交,品种系谱图如图1 所示。2012 年8 月从母树采集的杂交果中取出种胚,经过杀菌剂处理,置于4 ℃冷库沙藏处理,经过约4个月的沙藏,待种胚开始萌发,播种于营养钵中进行温室培养,当种苗生长到10~15 cm时移栽到大营养钵中,继续进行温室培养。2013 年4 月下旬将高度约50 cm的杂种幼苗连同根部基质直接移栽到育种圃内,种植的密度为1.0 m × 3.0 m,后期待苗长大后按主干形整形。2015年该杂交组合的杂交苗开始结果,经过对组合的调查,发现单株3-29-11为蟠桃,果形扁平,果顶显著凹陷,梗洼深、宽,果个大,品质优,极丰产。花为蔷薇型,花瓣5 枚,粉色,花粉多,自花结实。果较大,大果180 g,肉质较硬,丰产。2015年9月下旬进行高接扩繁,2016 年建立了优良株系试验园,并在河南新郑、新乡市桥北乡和焦作市武陟乡等地设点进行区试种植。经过多年的观察,优株3-29-11在河南地区表现为自花结实性强、丰产稳产、品质优、果实商品率高,具有较大发展潜力。2021年将黄肉蟠桃优系3-29-11 定名为中蟠104(图2),2023 年12 月12 日获河南省林木品种审定委员会林木良种审定证书,良种编号为豫S-SV-PP-003-2023。

图1 中蟠104 的系谱关系
Fig.1 The pedigree of flat peach Zhongpan 104

图2 中晚熟鲜食黄肉蟠桃新品种中蟠104
Fig.2 A mid-late ripe yellow flat peach cultivar Zhongpan 104

A.中蟠104 果面着色情况;B.中蟠104 套袋果实成熟时除袋后表型;C.中蟠104 果实丰产性。
A.Coloration of fruit surface of Zhongpan 104;B.Ripe fruit(take off yellow bag)of the Zhongpan 104;C.Yielding ability of the Zhongpan 104.

2 主要特性

2.1 植物学特征

中蟠104 树体长势强健,具有较高的萌芽率与成枝率。长果枝、中果枝、短果枝均能结果,复花芽居多。夏季树体叶片平均长18.10 cm,宽为4.22 cm,叶柄长为0.75 cm。花萼绿色至紫红色,萼片5 片;花朵粉红色,为蔷薇型花,5 片花瓣;雄蕊花丝为淡粉红色,花药为深紫红色,花粉量大,呈黄色;花柱淡绿色,柱头黄绿色。

2.2 物候期特征

中蟠104在郑州地区3月中下旬进入初花期,盛花期在3 月下旬(表1),花期持续8~10 d;果实成熟期8月8—12日,果实发育期为137~142 d,不同年份之间有所差异。

表1 中蟠104 与中桃黄金蜜5 号果实主要经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of main fruit characters between Zhongpan 104 and Zhongtao huangjinmi No.5

品种Cultivar中蟠104 Zhongpan 104中桃黄金蜜5号Zhongtao Huangjinmi No.5始花日期Ⅰnitial bloom date 3月22日Mar.22 3月24日Mar.24成熟期Maturing date 8月上旬Early Aug.8月中下旬Mid-to-late Aug.平均单果质量Single fruit mass/g 241 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%15.2 w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)7.99 308核黏离性Stone adherence to flesh黏核Cling stone黏核Cling stone 14.2 8.54

2.3 果实性状

中蟠104 成熟时果实扁平,缝合线两端对称,果顶显著凹陷,闭合性良好,果柄长度中等,梗洼浅,缝合线中等深度;平均单果质量241 g,大果质量可达389 g。果皮覆盖短茸毛,果皮底色为黄色,果面近全红;果肉黄色,果肉中部没有花青苷,近核处也没有花青苷,该品种为硬溶质肉质,耐贮运性比较好;果肉中汁液较多,果肉纤维少且细腻;果实风味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w)15.2%,黏核。果实综合性状优良(表1、表2)。

表2 中蟠104 在河南新郑、新乡和焦作的生产示范试验结果
Table 2 Productive testing of Zhongpan 104 in Xizheng city,Xinxiang city and Jiaozuo city of Henan province

试验地点Test location河南新郑Xinzheng,Henan河南新乡Xinxiang,Henan河南焦作Jiaozuo,Henan成熟日期Maturing date 08-08 08-11 08-12单果质量Single fruit mass/g 236 245 256肉质Texture硬溶质Firm texture硬溶质Firm texture硬溶质Firm texture果面着色Fruit color 95%红95%red flush 90%红90%red flush 95%红95%red flush w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%14.1 14.8 13.9每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg 1899 2074 1921

2.4 产量性状

黄肉蟠桃新品种中蟠104 花粉量大,自花结实性好,实际生产过程中需进行疏果和控制产量,从而维持商品果果实大小和树体长势。对河南省3个县市中蟠104 新品种示范基地的产量实测表明,进入盛果期后,桃园每666.7 m2产量可达2000 kg(表2)。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 整形修剪和树势调控

中蟠104适用各种树形,主推两主枝树形,株行距2 m×5 m;也可以采用主干形树形,推荐株行距1.5 m×3.0 m。中蟠104幼树的长势较旺,应重视夏剪,通过修剪,疏除徒长枝、过密枝,通风透光,缓和树势。进入盛果期后,可采用疏枝与短截等方式更新结果枝组。

3.2 肥水管理

该品种丰产性很好,应重视肥水管理。秋施基肥以腐熟的有机肥为主,辅助部分氮磷钾肥,于9—10 月在果园开沟施用;在果实成熟前1 个月,每株施2 kg腐熟的饼肥和少量钾肥。对于降雨量大的地区,桃园应注意排水系统的建设,防止涝害。夏季根据降水情况,适时灌水以保证树体生长和果实发育,并控制树体过旺生长。

3.3 疏花疏果

中蟠104成花容易,坐果率高,需要进行严格的疏花疏果。疏果通常在落花后40 d、果实达到比拇指稍大时开始,疏除畸形果、病虫果和并生果,长果枝留果2~3 个,中果枝留1~2 个,短果枝留1 个或不留,盛果期每666.7 m2产量控制在2000 kg为宜。该品种成熟较晚,须进行套袋栽培,可在疏果的同时进行套袋。果实成熟后可以不用去袋,收获纯黄桃果实。也可以采前1周去袋促进上色。

3.4 病虫害防治

为减少越冬害虫和病源基数,宜在萌芽前喷施一次石硫合剂。树体生长期间,注意防治蚜虫、潜叶蛾、梨小食心虫、天牛、炭疽病、穿孔病等枝叶病虫害;果实发育期间,注意橘小食蝇、桃蛀螟、褐腐病等果实的病虫害防治。应重视夏季修剪,保持树体通风透光,在有利于果实着色和品质提高的同时,降低病虫害发生概率。

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Breeding report of a mid-late ripening yellow flat peach cultivar Zhongpan 104

PAN Lei,NⅠU Liang,SUN Shihang,DUAN Wenyi,CUⅠGuochao,WANG Zhiqiang,ZENG Wenfang*
(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou 450009,Henan,China)

Abstract: Zhongpan 104 is a mid-late ripening yellow flesh peach released from the Peach Breeding Research Group of Zhengzhou Fruit Research Ⅰnstitute(ZFRⅠ),Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS).Ⅰt was derived from a cross of 06-3-137×07 North 5-60 made in 2012.The female parent,06-3-137,is a yellow-fleshed peach plant,which is late maturing and has a bright red skin,and the pollen parent, 07 North 5-60, is a yellow-fleshed flat peach, which is early-maturing and has a bright red skin. The progeny consisted of 148 seedlings. Ⅰt was named Zhongpan 104 in 2021. The flowers of Zhongpan 104 were pink,showy and self-pollinating with a lot of pollen.The average full bloom date in Zhengzhou was late March,and the flowering period duration was 7 to 10 days.There was no significant difference in bloom date between Zhongpan 104 and Zhongtao Huangjinmi 5.The average harvest date was 8 Aug at Zhengzhou in the observational plots. Zhongpan 104 usually ripened 10 d earlier than Zhongtao Huangjinmi 5. Ⅰts fruit development period was 137 d. The fruit of Zhongpan 104 was flat round,and the sutures were symmetrical on both sides.Zhongpan 104 was a low-acid clingstone peach with yellow,hard-melting flesh that was crispy at early ripening and became soft when fully ripe.The average fruit weight was 241 grams,and the maximum weight was 389 grams.The pericarp had short hairs with bright red color.The fruit was sweet and juicy,and the soluble solid content was 15.2%.The flesh of the fruit is fine and clingstone.The leaves are yellowish green.The field trials were conducted in Xinzheng, Xinxiang and Jiaozuo in Henan Province.The fruit yield of each experimental station was relatively stable,ranging from 1898 to 2073 kg per 666.7 m2.flower and fruit thinning was necessary for ensuring the quality of the fruits. Generally, 2-3 fruits should be retained on the long fruit branch, 1 fruit should be retained on the short fruit branch.Cultivation with bagging should be suggested after spraying insecticides and fungicides at the young fruit stage to ensure high commercial rate of the fruits.

Key words: Flat peach;New cultivar;Zhongpan 104;Yellow flesh;Hard-melting;Middle to late ripening

中图分类号:S662.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)04-0777-04

DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240019

收稿日期:2024-01-08

接受日期:2024-02-26

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目(CARS-31-1);中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTⅠP-2023-ZFRⅠ)

作者简介:潘磊,男,副研究员,博士,从事桃抗性遗传育种及栽培研究。E-mail:panley@126.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.Tel:0371-65330988,E-mail:zengwenfang@caas.cn