早熟鲜食葡萄新品种园香妃的选育

刘玉风1,徐卫东1,陆 慧2,袁建玉3*

1张家港市神园葡萄有限公司,江苏张家港 215600;2张家港市作物栽培技术指导站,江苏张家港 215600;3张家港市农业科技教育站,江苏张家港 215600)

摘 要:园香妃是以红巴拉多为母本、爱神玫瑰为父本杂交培育而成的极早熟玫瑰香型葡萄新品种。果穗大小中等,圆锥形,平均单穗质量550 g。果粒大小较均匀,卵圆形,着生中等紧密,平均单粒质量8.9 g。果皮红色至紫红色,薄,无涩味,果粉薄,果肉脆且有浓郁玫瑰香味,多汁,种子1~2粒,可溶性固形物含量(w)为21.5%。在江苏张家港避雨栽培条件下,3月下旬萌芽,4月底至5月初开花,7月上旬成熟,从萌芽至浆果成熟需107~110 d,属早熟品种,比夏黑(处理果)早上市12~15 d。植株生长势较强,花芽分化好,管理较简单,适合中国大部分葡萄产区种植。

关键词:鲜食葡萄;新品种;园香妃;早熟

中国自20 世纪50 年代开始鲜食葡萄的育种工作,其中杂交育种是葡萄育种的常规方法也一直是基础技术手段[1]。通过长期的育种资料的积累及遗传学理论的应用,人们已经掌握了葡萄的许多重要性状如成熟期、无核性状、果穗和果粒大小、果实和果汁颜色、含糖含酸量以及果实香味等的遗传规律[2],并强有力地指导着杂交育种实践,使所期望性状的获得有着最大可能。

中国主要是依靠政府部门支持从事葡萄育种工作,属于公益性研究。如最早开始葡萄育种且持续时间最长的研究机构中国科学院植物研究所,陆续培育了京系列鲜食葡萄品种;北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所培育的爱神玫瑰和4 个瑞都系列品种,以及中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所的鲜食品种红艳无核等。张家港市神园葡萄科技有限公司是一家江苏省民营企业,从1999年开展葡萄杂交育种工作,经过25 年的积累,神园已建成江苏省首家民营葡萄资源圃,通过有目的的控制花粉和选择亲本品种,累计获得杂种苗6万多株,陆续培育出了“园”“神”系列葡萄优良品种(系)51个,是中国南方地区最大的优质葡萄新品种示范及育苗基地。

玫瑰香型、早熟、大粒等类型的葡萄品种一直是中国葡萄育种的主攻方向[3],近几年也有很多此类优质新品种通过农业农村部的植物新品种授权,如大粒早熟的宝光[4],特早熟天工翠香蜜[5]等。神园葡萄与南京农业大学、日本植原葡萄研究所等联合建设葡萄高效数字化育种平台,开展早熟优质葡萄新品种的选育,葡萄育种效率提高一倍以上,陆续培育出了多个早熟优质葡萄新品种。

1 选育过程

葡萄早熟品种园香妃是以红巴拉多[6]为母本、爱神玫瑰[7]为父本进行杂交,2013 年进行去雄人工授粉杂交,当年共收获种子328粒,2014年播种发芽154 粒,移栽至科研圃,成活100 株,当年全部上架。2016年开始结果,于2017年选出综合表现优良的原始组合编号为14-1009-10、代号为16 东14-1009-10-1的单株。该单株极早熟,果实着色均匀艳丽,成熟时有明显玫瑰香气,果粒均匀无明显大小粒,皮薄肉脆,表现优良。当年在江苏张家港总部基地进行了嫁接扩繁,2018—2020年进行了DUS测试[8],2021—2022 年在江苏、云南等地进行区域试验,该优系产量和各性状表现稳定,优于对照品种红巴拉多,又因其香气浓郁,色泽艳丽,将其定名为园香妃(图1)。并在2022年获得农业农村部植物新品种权证书,品种权号[CNA20184206.0]。

图1 葡萄新品种园香妃
Fig.1 A new grape cultivar Yuanxiangfei

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

新梢梢尖半开张,无匍匐茸毛,新梢花青苷显色强度极弱。幼叶上表面有光泽,绿色带有红褐斑或浅红褐色,幼叶背面主脉上无直立茸毛,主脉间无匍匐茸毛。新梢节间背侧颜色红色,腹侧颜色绿色带红色条纹,无直立茸毛。成龄叶片五角形,5 裂,叶柄洼开张,基部U形,叶柄洼不受叶脉限制。锯齿两侧直,上表面泡状突起弱,正面主脉上花青苷显色强度极弱,背面主脉上无直立茸毛,主脉间无匍匐茸毛。上裂刻中等深。

2.2 果实经济性状

果穗大小中等,圆锥形,平均单穗质量550 g。果粒大小较均匀,果粒卵圆形,着生中等紧密,平均单粒质量8.9 g。果皮红色至紫红色,果粉薄,果皮薄,无涩味,果肉脆,有浓郁玫瑰香味,多汁,每果粒含种子1~2 粒,可溶性固形物含量为21.5%(表1)。

2.3 生长结果习性

植株生长势较旺,隐芽萌发力强。芽眼萌发率90.3%,结果枝率为95.1%。花芽分化好,每果枝平均着生果穗数为2.2 个。自然坐果较好,不易落果。该品种为红色品种,产量过高容易导致果穗上色缓慢或上色不均匀,影响成熟时间和果实品质。生产上每666.7 m2产量需要控制在1200~1500 kg。

表1 园香妃与父母本、对照夏黑(处理果)果实性状比较
Table 1 Main characteristics of Yuan Xiangfei,its parents and Summer Black

2.4 物候期

在江苏张家港地区避雨设施栽培条件下,该品种在3月下旬萌芽,4月底至5月初开花,7月上旬成熟,从萌芽至浆果成熟需107~110 d,属早熟品种。在同等栽培条件下,比夏黑(处理果)早上市12~15 d(表2)。该品种成熟后可以挂树15 d左右,裂果少,落粒少,软果少;采收后货架期5 d,冷库储藏2个月内风味不变。

表2 园香妃与父母本、夏黑物候期比较
Table 2 Phenology of Yuanxiangfei,its parents and Summer Black

2.5 抗逆性与栽培适应性

园香妃嫁接苗在3 个区试点(江苏涟水、张家港、云南建水)表现优良,树体健壮,成型快,结果性和产量均稳定,适应性较强。该品种较抗旱,耐高温高湿环境;较抗黑痘病,不抗白粉病、霜霉病,在田间对炭疽病,霜霉病和白粉病的抗性表现为中等,虫害主要为红蜘蛛、绿盲蝽、蛾类和蓟马等常见虫害,需要注意对病虫害及时进行防治。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 架式与整形

根据实际需要可采用“H形”“一字形”“王字形”等架形及整形方式,架高1.8~2.0 m,株距3~9 m,行距8 m,为方便新枝条绑缚,避免新枝条劈断,可将主蔓绑缚于棚架下10~15 cm处。“一字形”具有成效快、树形培养简单的特点,适合大面积生产应用;“H形”“王字形”具有美观、种植密度低等特点,更加适合于休闲观光采摘园。

3.2 绑枝摘心与花果管理

当新梢生长至第一道钢丝时及时绑缚。花序上留4~5枚叶片进行摘心以促进花序分离拉长,部分强旺结果枝可留两个花序,以果压树,控制其长势。待花序主轴自然分离后(一般在花前5~7 d)即可进行整穗处理,去掉副穗及较大的几个支穗,保留穗尖10~12 cm(可根据实际需求进行调整)。该品种无核化处理效果不佳,生产上不建议进行无核化处理。谢花后,距顶端副梢保留3~4枚叶片进行摘心,去除花序以下副梢,花序对面及以上副梢除顶端副梢外均留两叶绝后摘心。谢花后7~8 d 即可进行疏果,疏果宜早不宜迟,早期疏果有助于幼果的膨大。谢花后14~16 d 进行膨大处理,可选用5 mg·L-1 CPPU+25 mg·L-1 GA3作为果粒增大剂,处理一周后精修疏果。疏果相对其他品种较为简单,去除大小粒,疏除过密粒即可。疏果结束后进行套袋。采收前7~10 d,可拆开套袋底部或改套伞袋,并在地面铺设反光膜,促进增糖上色,直至采收结束。此外,由于该品种果皮较薄,成熟后应及时采收,不建议长时间挂树。

3.3 冬季修剪

冬季修剪时,因为该品种的花芽分化好,一般进行1~2 芽短梢修剪。若有缺枝缺芽现象,可适当多留芽,补齐空位,第二节及时进行处理,促进空缺部位芽的萌发。修剪结束后,及时绑缚到位,修剪时可让临时工进行第一次快速修剪,再让熟练工根据具体情况进行第二次复剪。

3.4 肥水管理

萌芽前灌透水,花前保证一定的供水量,谢花后3~5 d 每666.7 m2滴灌施入8 kg 硝酸铵钙肥料+1000 mL 碧隆,促进幼果快速膨大。一周后,为促进果实膨大,每666.7 m2施入20 kg 葡艳+2 kg 葡艳伴侣,每7~10 d使用1次,连续施用2次,同时保证水分供给。当果实开始软化时,每666.7 m2滴灌施入20 kg葡华+2 kg 葡华伴侣,每7~10 d 施用一次,连续施用2次,促进增糖与成熟。在保证水分供给的同时,要注意不能过度灌溉,以防发生裂果。采收前10~15 d控水控肥,促进成熟。采收后,即可准备秋施基肥(依据实际情况进行),每666.7 m2可施用有机肥(腐熟牛粪)2.5~3.5 t、加入微量元素肥(硼砂2 kg+硫酸镁2 kg+硫酸锌2 kg+硫酸亚铁2 kg+稀土肥1 kg)、保翠(长效钙镁肥)20 kg,均匀撒到垄上树的两侧离主干50 cm处,耕翻后浇透水。

3.5 病虫害防治

坚持以物理防治与生物防治为基础,结合化学防治进行综合防治。萌芽前(绒球期)用3~5°Bé的石硫合剂进行全园消杀;开花前后注意灰霉病、黑痘病的防治,以防花序染病影响产量;坐果后直至成熟前重点防治灰霉病、白粉病、炭疽病,以防叶片及果穗染病;成熟采收后至落叶前,重点防治白粉病、霜霉病,以免发生早期落叶。冬剪后进行清园处理,剥除主干老皮,架面树干及地面使用3~5°Bé石硫合剂进行全园消杀,并用涂白剂将架面以下主干涂白。整个生长季还需加强对绿盲蝽、红蜘蛛、叶蝉、蛾类和蓟马等虫害的防治,可悬挂杀虫灯、黄蓝板进行综合防治,也可选用捕食螨进行生物防治红蜘蛛。

4 综合评价

园香妃作为早熟欧亚种,在同等栽培条件下,比夏黑(处理果)早上市12~15 d,并具有颜色艳丽、穗形整齐、成熟一致、香气浓郁、皮薄肉脆、裂果少,落粒少,软果少等特点;且植株生长势较旺,隐芽萌发力强,花芽分化好,枝条成熟度高,管理较简便、丰产性好、抗逆性较强,适宜国内大部分葡萄产区栽培,雨水多的地区建议避雨栽培,冷凉地区可以露天栽培,具有较好的市场应用前景。

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A new early-ripening table grape cultivar Yuanxiangfei

LIU Yufeng1,XU Weidong1,LU Hui2,YUAN Jianyu3*

(1Zhangjiagang Shen Yuan Grape Company Limited,Zhangjiagang 215600,Jiangsu,China;2Zhangjiagang Crop Cultivation Guidance Station,Zhangjiagang 215600,Jiangsu China;3Zhangjiagang Agricultural Science and Technology Education Station,Zhangjiagang 215600,Jiangsu,China)

Abstract: Yuanxiangfei is a new early-maturing table grape cultivar bred by Shenyuan Grape Co.,Ltd.From a cross between Red Baraldo and Eros Rose.Our original goal was to obtain a table grape with a bright red color,a precocious characteristic and a rose-scented aroma.328 hybrid seeds were obtained through controlled artificial pollination in 2013.154 seedlings were obtained,and 100 plants were transplanted to a research nursery in 2014.The hybrid trees started fruiting in 2016 and a promising tree with good performance as early-maturing,brightly red color,and a rose-scented aroma was selected in 2017.regional tests were conducted in Zhangjiagang and Guanyun County of Jiangsu Province,Jianshui County of Yunnan Province etc.from 2018 to 2020.It was finally named Yuanxiangfei and given new plant patent by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC.The top of the new shoot was semi-open,without creeping hairs,and the main vein on the back of the young leaf had no upright hairs and no creeping hairs between the main veins.The color of the back of the internodes of the new shoot was red,and the ventral side was green with red stripes,without upright hairs.The mature leaves were pentagonal,5-lobed,with a widened petiole depression and a U-shaped base.The petiole depression was not limited by the leaf veins.The cluster was medium-sized,conical,with a weight of 450-650 g.The berrys were moderately dense,with uniform size,oval shape,red-purple peel.The everage weight of a single berry was 8.9 g.The berry powder was thin,the peel was thin and the peel and flesh were easily separated.The flesh was crispy,juicy,strongly aromatic and not astringent.Each berry contained 1-2 seed (s).The soluble solid content was 21.5%.The quality was medium to high.The plant growth potential was strong,and the hidden bud germination rate was high.The bud germination rate was 90.3%,and the fruiting branch rate was 95.1%.The flower bud differentiation was easy,and the average number of fruiting branches generated from a fruiting branch was 2.2.The natural fruit setting was fine,and fruit drop was rare.The yield should be controlled in 1200-1500 kg·666.7 m-2 to ensure good coloration.The branches were highly mature,and suitable to keep 2 buds in winter pruning.Under rainsheltered cultivation conditions in southern Jiangsu Province,the buds bursted in late March,the flower buds bloomed in early May,and the berrys matured in early July.Under the same cultivation conditions,the berrys would mature 12-15 days earlier than Summer Black.It would be suitably cultivated in most grape-producing areas in China.It is recommended to cultivate with rain shelter in the areas with abundant rainfall,and it could be cultivated in the open field in cool areas.

Key words: Table grape;New cultivar;Yuanxiangfei;Early-ripening

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)02-0353-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230430

收稿日期:2023-10-30

接受日期:2023-12-07

基金项目:江苏省农业重大新品种创制项目(PZCZ201724);江苏省现代农业(葡萄)产业技术体系综合示范基地(JATS[2023]23)

作者简介:刘玉风,女,乡村振兴技艺师,主要从事葡萄育种研究。E-mail:616687384@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:57410161@qq.com