软枣猕猴桃新品种湘猕枣的选育

牟建莉1,黄晗羽1,陈梦洁1,唐育辉2,王仁才1*,罗飞雄1*

1湖南农业大学园艺学院,长沙 410128;2浏阳市育林水果种植专业合作社,长沙 410308)

摘 要:湘猕枣是从湖南浏阳市大围山野生软枣猕猴桃群体中选育出的新品种。果实呈长柱形,果肉绿色,成熟后果皮呈紫红色,种子附近果肉呈紫红色。果皮光滑无毛,表面蜡质具果粉。平均单果质量为25.18 g,最大单果质量为28.33 g,果形指数为1.37。花后100 d采收时的可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为13.13%,总酸含量为1.13%,后熟期果实可溶性固形物含量最高可达26.5%,平均可溶性固形物含量为23.34%,干物质含量为22.28%。单个果实平均含有种子130粒,维生素C含量为36 mg∙100 g-1,果柄长度为11.14~26.29 mm。该品种抗逆性强,溃疡病抗性强于米良1号,可作为鲜食和加工品种。

关键词:软枣猕猴桃;新品种;湘猕枣;抗溃疡病

中国软枣猕猴桃分布范围较广,主要分布于东北、华北、西北、长江流域以及台湾地区,东北软枣猕猴桃种质资源最为丰富[1]。软枣猕猴桃果实表面光滑无毛,大部分果皮为绿色,维生素C含量较高,果实较美味猕猴桃系列品种小,是一个经济潜力巨大的种。相较于美味猕猴桃和中华猕猴桃,软枣猕猴桃品种相对较少,其果皮较薄、贮藏性差,国内选育的优良软枣猕猴桃品种主要分布在东北地区,如泉蜜[2]、丹阳[3]、馨绿[4]、魁绿[5]、佳绿[6]等。其他地区品种较少,如华中地区猕枣2号[7]和金香红[8],西南地区的宝贝星[9]等。软枣猕猴桃虽然比较耐寒,但其花芽分化需要一定的需冷量,从东北地区引入华中、华南地区的品种可能会因冬季需冷量不足而影响花芽分化。软枣猕猴桃后熟期短,不耐运输,东北产区的软枣猕猴桃果实运输到华中、华南地区难以保持品质。因此,加强选育适宜华中、华南地区栽培、货架期长、耐贮性强、外形美观的优良软枣猕猴桃新品种可促进软枣猕猴桃产业在长江以南地区的发展。

1 选育过程

2010 年,在湖南省长沙市浏阳市大围山海拔1300 m 处发现1 株表现优异的软枣猕猴桃单株。2011 年5 月初,通过扦插或嫁接对该优异单株进行扩繁,选取采自大围山的野生美味猕猴桃作为砧木,在大围山海拔650 m左右山地建园种植。通过多年试验,该品种各项农艺性状表现稳定,其果实成熟后果皮及种子附近果肉为紫红色。通过使用7个简单重复序列标记(simple sequence repeat,SSR)[10]鉴定该优异单株,结果表明与其他软枣猕猴桃相比,存在显著遗传差异。果实采收期为8 月中下旬,稍早于中华猕猴桃红阳。通过2017—2023 年连续7 a(年)田间观察评价测试,该单株的综合农艺性状表现一致且稳定。2020 年9 月获得国家植物新品种权证书,命名为湘猕枣,品种授权号:CNA20172705.1。

2 主要性状

2.1 生物学特性

2.1.1 树势和枝条生长状态 当年生枝条为灰白色,树势偏弱,以春梢为主。新梢和1年生枝条为紫红色,枝条表面分布白色皮孔较为明显。1 年生枝条较细,皮孔多且较大,呈长梭形(图1-A),新梢颜色较1年生枝深,无茸毛、表面光滑(图1-B)。

图1 湘猕枣生物学性状
Fig.1 Biological characteristics of Xiangmizao

A.结果枝形态;B.叶片和嫩枝形态;C.花序形态;D.授粉后63 d 果实。
A.Fruiting shoots appearance; B.Leaf blades and young shoots appearance; C.Ⅰnflorescence appearance in full bloom; D.Berry appearance 63 days after pollination.

2.1.2 叶片性状和颜色 幼叶尖端为红色,叶片为黄绿色。成熟叶片为深绿色,叶柄为红色,随着叶脉向叶片延伸,红色逐渐变浅。成熟叶片为卵圆形,边缘具锯齿,叶痕较深。幼叶尖端极尖,叶片无茸毛(图1-B)。

2.1.3 花序类型及颜色 湘猕枣花序为二歧聚伞花序,花序花朵数量较多(图1-C)。花瓣为白色,花瓣数为5 个。湘猕枣的花药为灰黑色,花丝和花柱为白色,花柱水平。萼片基部为绿色,尖端为紫红色。湘猕枣的花从结构上看是具有雌蕊和雄蕊的完全花,但雄蕊败育产生无生活力的花粉。使用碘-碘化钾染色法及花粉萌发检测表明花粉无活力[11],人工授粉坐果率为75.13%。

2.2 果实特征

2.2.1 果实形态观察 果实为长柱形,果实后熟后使用色差仪检测果皮颜色[12-13],果皮呈紫红色,果肉颜色为绿色,种子周围的果肉为紫红色(图2)。果实表面光滑无毛,表面具蜡质,无棱,果皮带果粉。果实带有浓香,肉质多汁可口。单果质量19.93~28.33 g,纵径37.12~45.51 mm,横径24.32~33.35 mm,果形指数为1.37。花后100 d 采收时,可溶性固形物(w,后同)含量为13.13%,总酸含量为1.13%,后熟果实可溶性固形物含量最高可达26.5%,平均可溶性固形物含量为23.34%,总酸含量为1.12%(表1)。单个果实平均种子数为130粒,果柄长度为11.14~26.29 mm,维生素C含量为36 mg∙100 g-1

表1 湘猕枣果实采收时及其后熟品质
Table 1 Berry quality of Xiangmizao just after harvest and postharvest ripening

时期Stage采收Harvest后熟Postharvest w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%13.13±1.62 23.34±1.87 w(总酸)Titratable acids/%1.13±0.30 1.12±0.05硬度Fruit firmness/N 43.21±0.68 2.40±0.46果形指数Shape index of fruit 1.37±0.08-单果质量Single berry mass/g 25.18±2.46-w(干物质)Dry matter content/%-22.28

图2 湘猕枣果实采收时和贮藏后形态对比
Fig.2 The comparison of berry appearance between after harvest and six-day in storage for Xiangmizao

A.采收时果实外观和纵切、横切图;B.常温贮藏6 d 后果实外观和纵切、横切图。标尺为1 cm。
A.Berry appearance and their longitudinal and cross-section diagrams just after harvest;B.Berry appearance and their longitudinal and cross-section diagrams after six days in room temperature storage.Bar=1 cm.

2.2.2 果实生长动态 盛花期授粉后,花后7 d 开始,分别在花后7、14、21、28、35、42、49、59、69、79、89 d 测量一次果实纵横径。果实纵径、横径在生长初期增长较快,后期不增长或增长较慢(图3-A)。果实生长初期颜色为黄绿色,随着果实生长黄色逐渐减少,果实由黄绿色转为翠绿色,后熟后果实转色为紫红色(图3-B)。

图3 湘猕枣果实生长动态
Fig.3 Berry growth dynamics for Xiangmizao

A.果实纵径、横径生长量;B.盛花期后果实生长过程。DAF.盛花期后天数;DAP.采收后天数。
A.Berry longitudinal and transverse diameter growth within growing season; B.Berry growth dynamics after full bloom.DAF.Days after full bloom;DAP.Days after postharvest.

2.2.3 果实采后表现 采收时果皮颜色为翠绿色,后熟6 d后,果皮由绿色转为紫红色(图2-B)。C*值从21.82 下降至9.4,从178.52 下降至0.99(表2),表示果皮颜色由绿色转变为红色。果皮颜色由采收时亮度高的绿色转变为亮度低且暗沉的红色。花后100 d 左右,果实种子变褐,可溶性固形物含量为8%~13%,干物质含量≥15%时采收果实风味最佳。后熟后可溶性固形物含量最高可达26.5%,硬度为2.4 N,干物质含量为22.28%,果实采收后可常温贮藏5~7 d。

表2 湘猕枣采收时及后熟果皮色度值
Table 2 Berry skin coloration just after harvest and postharvest ripening for Xiangmizao

时期Stage采收Harvest后熟Postharvest L*a*b*C*H°41.01±0.9 29.69±2.15-1.93±1.52 4.74±1.37 21.68±1.44 7.80±2.53 21.82±1.43 9.40±1.80 178.52±1.24 0.99±0.23

2.3 湘猕枣遗传特异性鉴定

经流式细胞仪测定湘猕枣为四倍体,使用7 个SSR 标记检测湘猕枣的遗传特异性,这7 个标记分别为UDK-096、UDK-103、UDK-125、UDK-128、UDK-143、UDK-154 和UDK-158[10],根据标记位点遗传多态性信息使用PowerMarker[14]和MEGA11[15]进行聚类分析,用算术平均法(UPFMA)进行聚类分析,通过Tree plot模块生成聚类图(图4)。

图4 湘猕枣与21 份猕猴桃的UPGMA 聚类分析
Fig.4 The dendrogram indicates genetic relationship between 21 Actinidia individuals and Xiangmizao

A21、A33、A59 和A71 为中华猕猴桃。
A21,A33,A59 and A71 are Actinidia chinensis.

结果表明湘猕枣与其他软枣猕猴桃存在显著遗传差异。湘猕枣与采自大围山其他野生软枣猕猴桃单株聚类在一起,中华猕猴桃聚为一大类,京梨猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃分别单独聚为一类。

2.4 物候期观察

湖南省浏阳市大围山在海拔650 m 处建果园,通过2017—2023年共计7 a田间观察,湘猕枣植株4月中旬左右萌芽,展叶抽梢,4 月底现蕾,5 月初开花,8月中下旬果实达到采收成熟度,落叶期为10月下旬。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 苗木繁殖

以硬枝扦插、嫩枝扦插、嫁接等无性繁殖方式为主,也可采用嫩枝茎段作为外植体的方式,通过组织培养生产脱毒苗。

3.2 建园

建园宜选择山地阴凉、黏沙质土壤、靠近水源、排灌方便的地方建园。建议湘猕枣在海拔较高地区建园,该品种在长沙市低海拔区(海拔<50 m)果园表现为生长量过小,成花率降低。建园时根据地形对园地进行撩壕深翻,全园翻土,全园撒施有机肥,每666.7 m2施3000~4000 kg 腐熟农家肥,施肥后进行土地平整,以达到地块相对平坦、土壤疏松保水为宜。建园时应规划好园区道路、灌溉和排水系统。行株距3 m×1.8 m,平棚架式栽培。需配置授粉雄树,雌雄比例为6~8∶1,授粉品种最好为软枣猕猴桃雄株,中华猕猴桃或其他同属种雄株存在亲和性差的问题,且要求授粉品种与湘猕枣花期基本相遇、花粉量大、亲和性强。

3.3 灌溉施肥

10 月底落叶后,施基肥1 次,建议重施基肥,每株施用腐熟农家肥约50 kg 或商用有机肥每株约30 kg,同时混合过磷酸钙或钙镁磷肥每株约1 kg。采用两树之间挖条状沟施肥或者撒施方式,后根据植株生长状态施用萌芽肥和壮果肥。湘猕枣喜湿润环境,大围山野生湘猕枣母株生长在小溪边,靠近水源。坐果期需注意土壤墒情,及时灌水。采用树体滴灌、简易管道灌溉、挖穴埋槽、控穴覆膜集雨、树盘覆盖等节水灌溉与保水技术。园区种植湘猕枣必须根据降雨量及土壤施肥量及时灌溉,以满足该品种的生长需求。

3.4 整形修剪

湘猕枣树体生长势较为中庸,建议平地栽培采用平棚架,坡地栽培建议采用“T”形棚架。树体可整形为树高1.2~1.6 m,四面留2~4 个主枝40~60 cm的“开心形”树形,也可采用常见的棚架栽培,树形为“一干两蔓”,干高一般为1.4 m左右,且主干直立,两蔓在架下20~30 cm 左右呈“Y”形延伸,根据株行距与栽培密度,每主蔓配置8~12个侧枝。冬季修剪主要对1年生枝条短截,留强枝去弱枝,保留足够的结果母枝,同时疏除过密和细弱枝条。春夏季修剪摘心、除萌及绑缚,及时抹除主干的萌芽,特别是花后对结果枝及时摘心处理,前端花上留4~5枚叶片,防止因枝条营养生长过旺导致的花后落果现象。

3.5 越冬管理

湘猕枣在大围山地区种植冬季不需做防寒处理,在大围山海拔650 m种植园区可自然越冬。

3.6 病虫害防治

湘猕枣抗性较强,在浏阳大围山地区栽培无严重病虫害及冻害发生,其溃疡病抗性稍强于米良1号。生长季节4—9月,重点防治金龟甲类、叶蝉类、斜纹夜蛾等害虫,还需关注并防治病害如猕猴桃花腐病、根腐病、黑斑病等。需及时清除园区地内恶性杂草,如丝茅草、水花生、香附子等,保证园区果园通风透光,加强水肥管理,保持良好的树势。根据树势调整挂果数量,避免因营养生长与生殖生长不平衡引起病害发生。冬季修剪后注意及时清除园内各类枯枝落叶和杂草,并集中烧毁。清园后全园喷施3~5°Bé石硫合剂,用波尔多浆刷白树干或用3°Bé石硫合剂涂树干。

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Breeding report of a new Actinidia arguta cultivar Xiangmizao

MOU Jianli1,HUANG Hanyu1,CHEN Mengjie1,TANG Yuhui2,WANG Rencai1*,LUO Feixiong1*
(College of Horticulture,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128,Hunan,China;2Yulin Fruit Production Professional Cooperative of Liuyang City,Changsha 410308,Hunan,China)

Abstract: Xiangmizao is a new tara vine cultivar, which was selected from the wild tara vine population growing at Dawei Mountain,Liuyang city,Hunan province.Ⅰn early May of 2011,this single individual was propagated via cuttings or grafting,and cuttings were grafted on individuals of Actinidia deliciosa collected from Dawei Mountain.After 6-year field trial, clones of this individual showed stable performance for all horticultural attributes.The tree vigor is moderate and most new shoots grow out in spring.These new shoots are purple red with dense white lenticels distributing on the surface.Newly formed leaves are yellowish green with red tips.Mature leaves are dark green with red petioles and ovate blades with serrated edges.The inflorescence is dichasium.The long columnar berry shows green skin and flesh just after harvest.Berry skin becomes purplish red after storage and berry flesh near seeds is purplish-red.Berry skin is smooth and covered with fruit wax.The berry shape index is 1.37,the average berry weight is 25.18 g,and the maximum berry weight is 28.33 g.Soluble solids content of berry is 13.13% at just harvest time.The total acid content is 1.13%, the soluble solids content could reach up to 26.50% after storage, and the average soluble solids content is 23.34% and the dry matter content is 22.28%.The average seed number is about 130 per berry.The vitamin C content is 36 mg per 100 g fresh weight,and the fruit stalk is 11.14-26.29 mm in length.The proper harvesting period is mid to late August, which is slightly earlier than early season and red-fleshed A. chinensis cultivar Hongyang.This individual performs consistently and stably through six-consecutive-year field trial from 2017 to 2023.The individual is mainly propagated by asexual propagation methods such as hardwood cuttings, softwood cuttings and grafting.This desirable individual prefers growing environment with shading and cool climate.This new cultivar is suitable to be planted in areas with higher altitudes and relatively cool climate.Xiangmizao is mainly planted in a terraced orchard at Dawei Mountain Scenic Area with 650 meters altitude in Liuyang city.The proper male pollinator has been selected for this new cultivar, which is a male individual collected from Dawei Mountain.This male pollinator shows the overlapped blooming time with Xiangmizao and produces relatively large number of flowers with quality pollen resulting in the best fruit quality for this female cultivar.Ⅰrrigation mainly adopts drip irrigation and soil is covered with grass residuals to collect rainfall.Ⅰrrigation needs to be carried out according to rainfall and fertilizer application schedule.The vine of Xiangmizao is trained into an open-heart system without supporting trellis.Ⅰn spring and summer, actively growing shoots are required to be pinched in time to maintain the balance of vegetative-reproductive growth.Protection facilities or practices from possible low temperature are not required in winter at the Dawei Mountain growing area and the new cultivar could naturally live through the winter at 650 meters in altitude.This new A.arguta cultivar has showed resistance to various biotic and abiotic environmental factors,and particularly its resistance to kiwifruit bacterial canker is better than Miliang No.1, a major kiwifruit cultivar grown in Hunan province.Xiangmizao is suitable for both fresh-eating and processing.

Key words:Actinidia arguta;New cultivar;Xiangmizao;Bacterial canker resistance

中图分类号:S663.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)01-0187-06

DOⅠ:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230352

收稿日期2023-09-08

接受日期:2023-11-13

基金项目国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1200503);国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-29-zp-9)

作者简介牟建莉,女,在读硕士研究生,主要从事果树遗传育种研究。E-mail:1356826113@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:409600160@qq.com;E-mail:781304265@qq.com