不同类型果袋对天使红石榴果实品质的影响

王璐伟1,陈利娜1,李好先1,刘锐涛1,李松开2,杨庆华2,杨雪花2,严 琼2,鲁振华1*

1中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009;2蒙自市果蔬技术推广站,云南蒙自 661100)

摘 要目的】果实套袋是提高果实品质的关键技术措施之一,研究不同类型果袋处理对天使红果实品质的影响,旨在选出合适的果袋类型,为天使红石榴的栽培管理提供参考。【方法】以5年生嫁接天使红为试验材料,以不套袋为对照,利用6种不同类型果袋对石榴果实进行套袋处理,比较不同处理后果实的内、外在品质,选出适宜天使红石榴套袋的果袋类型。【结果】白袋和灰袋能增加果实单果质量和百粒质量;其中灰袋处理较对照果实单果质量增加20%,百粒质量增加25%,效果最显著,但同时果皮厚度较对照显著增加30%;其他处理果皮厚度较对照果实无显著差异。不同处理间果实可溶性固形物含量无显著差异。除白袋、蓝袋外,其他4种果袋处理果实维生素C含量均高于对照果实;其中透明袋处理果实维生素C含量较对照增加20%,效果最显著。套袋果实苹果酸含量较对照增加12%~45%,其中灰袋效果最显著;透明袋、蓝袋、绿袋、灰袋处理果实柠檬酸含量较对照增加5%~13%,其中透明袋效果最显著。着色方面,灰袋处理果实a值最小,着色最浅;其中透明袋处理果实a值与对照差异最小,且显著高于其他果袋处理;除此之外,比较了果实成熟后不同时期果袋保鲜效果,发现透明袋保鲜性能显著优于其他果袋。【结论】通过比较不同果袋处理后的果实品质,透明袋能有效保护果实免受伤害,延长果实挂树期,增加果实维生素C含量且对其他感官品质无显著影响,其可作为天使红石榴优质生产栽培中的主要果袋类型。

关键词天使红石榴;套袋处理;果实品质

石榴(Punica granatum L.)属石榴科(Punicaceae)、石榴属(Punica L)落叶果树,原产波斯(伊朗)地区,最早由张骞出使西域引入我国。石榴果实富含人类所需的维生素C、果胶、多酚和花青素等物质[1],具有食用、药用、观赏等多种价值,因此备受人们喜爱。近年来我国石榴栽培面积不断扩大,主栽区主要集中在云南、安徽、河南、四川等地[2]。随着石榴产业规模不断扩大,市场和消费者对果实品质要求不断升高,选育品质优良的品种是育种家的主要任务。

除遗传因素外,栽培管理措施也会影响果实品质形成。果实套袋作为一种十分有效的物理保护措施,能保护果实在生长发育过程中免遭外界环境的伤害,有效减少果面机械损伤和果实病虫害、降低药物残留和裂果率、维持果面干净整洁,从而提升果实品质[3];此外,果实套袋在一定程度上改变了果实周围的温、光、水、气等微环境,从而对果实内在品质产生影响。目前,果实套袋技术在桃[4-5]、葡萄[6-8]、苹果[9-10]、梨[11-12]、石榴[13-14]、枇杷[15]、柚[16-18]、猕猴桃[19]等果树上均已被试验并广泛应用,但不同物种果实套袋后的表现不尽相同。研究表明套袋能显著改善苹果外观品质、提高果皮花色苷含量和果实单果质量,但套袋后果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量均有所降低[20]。而牛茹萱等[21]对陇蜜9 号桃进行套袋处理,发现套袋能显著增大桃果实单果质量,降低果实可溶性固形物含量,提高果实维生素C 含量和果皮光亮度,降低果实着色程度。李凡松等[22]通过套袋处理发现不同果袋均能改善中秋酥脆枣的外观品质,且能防止果斑发生、显著降低生理落果。林玲等[23]用3种果袋分别对大五星枇杷果实进行套袋处理,结果发现套袋能显著提升枇杷单果质量、维生素C 含量,降低果实可滴定酸含量和锈果、裂果、日灼的发生率;但对果实质地无显著影响。此外,果袋类型也是影响果实品质的关键因素之一。试验表明果袋透光率越高李果实果皮表面越红,成熟期果实果皮中花色素苷含量与纸袋透光率成正比[24]。单层纸袋和无纺布袋均能增大映霜红桃的单果质量和着色面积、改善果实外观、降低裂果率,其中单层纸袋对果实着色影响更显著,但套袋处理对桃果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量无显著影响[25]

综上,果实套袋技术在果树实现优质高产中十分重要。在石榴栽培生产中也存在机械损伤、裂果、烂果等产业问题。目前已有不少研究者以不同栽培品种为试材对石榴套袋进行了研究,发现石榴套袋能显著降低裂果率[26-27]、提高果实外观品质并对内在品质产生影响[28-29]。突尼斯石榴是目前主栽的软籽石榴品种,但其环境适应性不强,且成熟期籽粒易糖渍化,果皮着色不均,外观一般。天使红石榴是由中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所选育的超软籽石榴新品种,其适应性强,成熟期果面和籽粒均为鲜红色,富含花青素,风味甜软,品质优;但果皮较薄,果实生长后期易出现果皮干裂等现象,最终影响果实品质和商品价值。笔者在本研究中利用6种不同果袋对天使红石榴进行套袋处理,以未套袋处理果实为对照,通过测定并比较不同果袋处理后果实的单果质量、百粒质量、果皮厚度、果皮着色度、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量和主要有机酸含量等生理指标,筛选出合适的果袋类型,为天使红石榴实际生产栽培提供参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 供试材料

供试材料为天使红石榴5 年生嫁接苗,郑州地区9 月中下旬成熟。6 种果袋分别为白色塑料袋(16 cm×19 cm)、单层白色纸袋(16 cm×19 cm)、白色无纺布袋(25 cm×32 cm)、单层蓝色纸袋(25 cm×34 cm)、单层绿色纸袋(25 cm×34 cm)、外灰内黑双层纸袋(16 cm×19 cm)。

1.2 试验园概况

试验于2022 年在中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所干果种质圃(东经34.71°,北纬113.70°)进行。果园采取行间生草、树下铺防草膜的种植模式,园内土壤为砂壤土;果树采取“Y”字整形模式,南北方向种植,行距2 m,株距1 m;植株间树势基本一致,果园肥水进行常规管理。

该地区属北温带大陆性季风气候,冷暖气团交替频繁,春夏秋冬四季分明。春季干燥少雨多春旱,冷暖多变大风多;夏季比较炎热,降水高度集中;秋季气候凉爽,时间短促;冬季漫长而干冷,雨雪稀少。全年平均气温15.6 ℃;8 月份最热,月平均气温25.9 ℃;1月份最冷,月平均气温2.15 ℃。全年平均降水量542.15 mm,无霜期209 d,日照时长1 869.7 h。

1.3 试验方法

试验共设置7 个处理,分别为未套袋处理(对照)、白色塑料袋处理(透明袋)、单层白色纸袋处理(白袋)、白色无纺布袋处理(无纺袋)、单层蓝色纸袋处理(蓝袋)、单层绿色纸袋处理(绿袋)、外灰内黑双层纸袋处理(灰袋)。选相邻两行长势一致果树进行处理,每株树随机选取不同冠层不同方位果实进行套袋;每种处理随机选取20 个果实,确保均匀分布于不同树冠。于9 月中下旬成熟期摘取果实,每种处理最少选取5 株树,随机摘取发育正常的10 个果实进行生理指标测定。

1.4 百粒质量、单果质量和果皮厚度测定

用1/1000 电子秤称取果实单果质量和百粒质量;用游标卡尺测量果皮厚度。分别对每种处理的10 个果实进行称质量,取其平均值作为单果质量;每种处理10个果实各剥取1/2籽粒混匀,随机取100粒籽粒称质量,3 次重复,平均值作为百粒质量;随机选取每种处理10个剥下果皮的果实测定厚度,取平均值作为果皮厚度。

1.5 果皮着色度测定

用手持色差仪(CS-10)分别对7 种处理各10 个果实三个侧面的L值(亮度)、a值(红绿色差)和b值(黄蓝色差)进行测定,取平均值进行分析。其中L为亮度值,亮度越高,果实表面光亮度越高;a 是红绿色差,其正值为红色,负值为绿色,绝对值越大红色或绿色越深;b 值是黄蓝色差,正值为黄色,负值为蓝色,绝对值越大黄色或蓝色越深。

1.6 可溶性固形物、维生素C和有机酸含量测定

在同一处理不同果实剥取的混合籽粒中随机挑取3 个籽粒挤出汁液,用手持折光仪(BK-506)进行可溶性固形物含量测定,每种处理测定3次,取平均值进行分析。将同一处理不同果实剥取的混合籽粒随机分成3 份,送至中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所果品质量检测研究中心对维生素C、柠檬酸、苹果酸含量进行测定,取平均值进行分析。

1.7 数据分析

采用Excel 2010 和SPSS 22.0 软件进行数据的统计和分析,均数比较采用LSD检验(p≤0.05)。

2 结果与分析

于2022年9月28日上午,每种处理随机摘取10个发育正常且完好的果实带回调查室进行各项生理指标测定;剩余果实令其挂树期延长至11 月份,观察不同果袋处理的果实状态。比较不同处理不同时期果实外观品质,发现9 月底不同套袋处理的果实表面均较干净整洁,着色均一;而11 月份,7 种处理相比透明袋保鲜和着色效果最好,其他6 种处理果皮失水严重,果实外观已不具良好的商品性(图1)。

图1 7 种不同处理下不同时期果实外观
Fig.1 Fruit appearance at different periods under 7 different treatments

第一行为7 种不同果袋处理;第二行为不同处理下9 月28 日果实外观;第三行为不同处理下11 月11 日果实外观。
The first row is 7 different fruit bag treatment; The second row is fruit appearance on September 28 under different treatments.The third row is fruit appearance on November 11 under different treatments.

2.1 百粒质量、单果质量和果皮厚度

结果表明,白袋和灰袋处理较对照能显著增大果实单果质量,透明袋、无纺袋、蓝袋和绿袋虽能在一定程度上增大果实单果质量,但在p≤0.05水平上不显著;6种果袋处理均能显著增大果实百粒质量,其中灰袋处理效果显著高于其他5种处理(图2)。灰袋处理果实果皮厚度均显著大于其他6种处理(图3)。

图2 7 种不同果袋处理的果实单果质量和百粒质量
Fig.2 Single fruit mass and 100 grain mass of 7 different fruit bags

图3 7 种不同果袋处理的果实果皮厚度
Fig.3 Peel thickness of 7 different fruit bags

2.2 果实色度

对7种处理果实表面色度进行测定,发现不同处理果皮表面b 值均较小,a 值均较大,说明天使红果实表面呈红色,花青苷含量较高。其中对照和透明袋处理果实a值显著高于其他4种处理,着色最深;灰袋处理果实a值最小,且显著低于其他6种处理,着色最浅。灰袋处理果皮亮度最大,显著高于其他6种处理,白袋处理果皮亮度最低(图4)。综上,相比对照处理,透明袋对果皮着色影响最小;除灰袋外的6种果袋处理果实亮度相对较低,果皮着色深红;单层果袋(白袋、透明袋、无纺袋、蓝袋、绿袋)相比双层袋(灰袋)更有利于果实着色。

图4 7 种不同果袋处理的果实果皮色度
Fig.4 Fruit skin color of 7 different fruit bags

2.3 可溶性固形物、维生素C和有机酸含量

对测定数据进行统计分析,发现不同处理间果实可溶性固形物含量无显著差异。除白袋、蓝袋外,透明袋、无纺袋、绿袋和灰袋处理果实维生素C含量显著高于对照,其中透明袋处理果实维生素C 含量最高,较对照增加20%,无纺袋次之;白袋处理果实维生素C含量较对照降低7%,蓝袋处理果实维生素C含量与对照无差异(图5)。有机酸中,6种果袋处理的果实苹果酸含量均显著高于对照,灰袋、无纺袋、绿袋和蓝袋处理间无显著差异;其中灰袋处理果实苹果酸含量较对照增加45%,无纺袋次之;透明袋、白袋处理果实苹果酸含量较对照分别增加30%和12%,虽显著高于对照,但显著低于其他4 种处理。7种处理果实柠檬酸含量也存在差异,其中透明袋、蓝袋和绿袋处理果实柠檬酸含量显著高于其他4种处理,白袋、无纺袋处理果实柠檬酸含量较对照无显著差异;透明袋处理果实柠檬酸含量较对照增加13%,蓝袋、绿袋次之(图6)。

图5 7 种不同果袋处理的果实可溶性固形物和维生素C 含量
Fig.5 Soluble solids and vitamin C content of fruit treated with 7 different fruit bags

图6 7 种不同果袋处理的果实有机酸含量
Fig.6 Organic acid content of 7 different fruit bags

3 讨 论

果实套袋是一项能有效改善果实外观、提高果实商品价值、生产优质无公害果品的重要技术措施[30]。研究表明,套袋通过改变果实周围包括光照、温度、湿度等微域环境,从而对果实外在和内在品质产生一定影响[31]。目前国内外学者以不同石榴品种为对象对套袋或喷施保护剂等物理措施的效果进行了探究[32-34];但果实套袋是一项因地制宜、因品种特性而变化的保护措施,天使红作为超软籽石榴新品种,需要配套的技术措施促进品种推广。

笔者在本研究中利用6种不同果袋对天使红石榴进行处理,发现与对照果实相比,6种果袋处理的果实单果质量均有升高,其中灰袋处理较对照最显著;这与秦改花等[35]、申东虎[26]、Wu等[36]的研究结果一致,分析认为这是由于果袋为果实提供了良好的生长环境,延长了果实生长期,最终导致果实质量增加;而笔者在本试验中发现双层果袋处理效果比单层果袋明显,可能主要与果袋内温度有关。果实着色方面,透明袋处理果实a 值最大,显著高于其他6种处理且与对照无显著差异,白袋、无纺袋、蓝袋、绿袋次之,灰袋果实a 值显著低于其他6 种处理;说明果实着色与果袋透光率有关,这与张学英等[24]在李上的研究结果一致。而王苗等[37]利用单层塑料内膜袋、单层白色纸袋和二者结合共三种套袋模式对青皮软籽石榴进行套袋处理,发现白色纸袋果皮a 值最大,促进果皮着色效果最明显,这可能与青皮软籽品种本身特性有关,透光率和温度共同影响了青皮软籽石榴果皮中花青苷的积累。研究结果表明套袋处理不会影响果实可溶性固形物含量,但会对果实维生素C、苹果酸、柠檬酸含量产生影响。其中,透明袋、无纺袋处理果实维生素C 含量显著高于对照和其他4 种果袋处理的果实,而白袋维生素C 含量最低,可能与果袋透光率有关,但果实维生素C含量调控路径复杂,需进一步探究;刘金奎[38]通过对比不同时期拆袋后净皮甜石榴的维生素C 含量差异,发现8 月下旬拆袋时果实维生素C 含量最高,说明在果实生长发育至成熟过程中维生素C含量是动态变化的。6种果袋处理的果实苹果酸含量均显著高于对照,与韩春红[11]梨果实套袋处理结果相同。透明袋、蓝袋、绿袋处理果实柠檬酸含量显著高于其他4种处理,无纺袋处理果实柠檬酸含量最低;说明石榴果实有机酸含量受多因素影响,其背后复杂的调控机制需进一步探究。对于果实的外观品质,研究套袋结果显示透明袋处理果实表面着色均匀,无明显机械损伤,且挂树期延长至11月中旬果皮无失水现象,一定程度上延长了果实商品期。陈延惠等[39]对5种不同果袋内微环境进行调查,发现套袋均会增加袋内温度、降低光照,袋内湿度在下午高于袋外;本研究中透明袋较纸袋透光率高,且保湿性能优于纸袋;韩效先[40]认为膜袋内果实一直处于高湿状态,且一天之中袋内湿度变化较小,有效降低了果实水分的蒸腾速率,避免了果实受高温强光及湿度剧烈变化的刺激,这可能是本研究中膜袋比其他果袋保鲜期长的主要原因。

4 结 论

本试验以超软籽石榴天使红为材料,探究6 种不同果袋对其果实品质的影响。试验结果表明透明袋较其他处理能显著提高果实维生素C 含量;对比不同处理果实外观,发现透明袋处理的果实果皮着色均匀、干净整洁、无机械损伤。果实挂树期延长至11月份时透明袋处理果实外观显著优于其他6种处理果实外观。综上,透明袋能保护果实免遭病虫害入侵和机械损伤,在一定程度上提高了果实品质,且能延长果实商品期,可应用于天使红石榴的优质栽培生产。

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Effects of different types of fruit bags on fruit quality in Tianshihong pomegranate

WANG Luwei1,CHEN Lina1,LⅠHaoxian1,LⅠU Ruitao1,LⅠSongkai2,YANG Qinghua2,YANG Xuehua2,YAN Qiong2,LU Zhenhua1*

(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China;2Mengzi Fruit and Vegetable Technology Promotion Station,Mengzi 661100,Yunnan,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Fruit bagging, as a physical protective measure, can effectively avoid mechanical damage during fruit growth and development,prevent from the attack by diseases and pests,reduce drug residues and fruit cracking rate,and maintain the fruit surface clean and tidy.Ⅰn addition,fruit bagging changes the micro-environment such as temperature, light, moisture and air around the fruit to a certain extent, thus affecting the internal quality of the fruit, and is a key technical measure to improve the fruit quality.Tianshihong is a new super-soft-seed pomegranate bred by Zhengzhou Fruit ResearchⅠnstitute,CAAS.Ⅰt has wide adaptability and bright red fruit surface and seeds at maturity,and is rich in anthocyanins with sweet and soft flavor and excellent quality.However, the fruit skin is thin, and the phenomenon of dry and cracked skin is easy to appear in the later stage of fruit growth, which affects the commercial value.Therefore, the effect of different fruit bag treatments on the quality of Tianshihong fruit was studied to select the appropriate type of fruit bag and provide technical reference for the promotion and application to Tianshihong super-soft-seed pomegranate.【Methods】Ⅰn June 2022, five years old grafted Tianshihong trees were used as experimental materials in Zhengzhou area,and six different types of fruit bags were used to bag fruits, including transparent bag, white bag, nonwoven bag,blue bag,green bag and gray bag.Fruits on different canopy layers in different directions were randomly selected from each tree for bagging, and 20 fruits were randomly selected from each treatment.Ten fruits were randomly selected from each treatment at the maturity stage in mid-to-late September 2022,and physiological indexes such as single fruit weight, hundred kernel weight, peel thickness, peel color difference(a,b,c values),soluble solid content,organic acid content and Vitamin C content were determined.The type of suitable fruit bags for Tianshihong pomegranate was selected by comparing various fruit indexes under different treatment conditions.【Results】White bag and grey bag could increase the single fruit weight and hundred-grain weight.The single fruit weight and hundred kernel weight with the gray bag increased by 20%and 25%,respectively,compared with CK.However,the peel thickness with the grey bag significantly increased by 30% compared with CK.There was no significant difference in peel thickness between the rest treatments and CK.Different types of fruit bags had no significant effect on soluble solid contents in the fruit.Except white bag and blue bag,the Vitamin C contents in other 4 treated fruits were higher than CK fruits.Among them,the Vitamin C content of fruits treated with transparent bag increased by 20%compared with CK,and the effect was the most significant.The content of malic acid in bagged fruits increased by 12% to 45% compared with CK, and the effect of grey bags was the most significant.The citric acid content of fruits treated with transparent bag, blue bag, green bag and gray bag increased by 5% to 13% compared with CK, and the effect of transparent bag was the most significant.Ⅰn terms of coloring, the a value of fruits treated with gray bag was the lowest and the color was the brightest.The difference in fruit color values was the smallest between transparent bag and CK, which was significantly higher than the rest treatments.Ⅰn addition, the freshkeeping effect of fruit bags at different periods after fruit ripening was compared,and it was found that the fresh-keeping performance of transparent bags was significantly better than other fruit bags.【Conclusion】By comparing the quality of fruits treated with different bags, it is found that transparent bags can effectively protect fruit from damage,improve the fruit appearance,and increase the commerciality of Tianshihong fruit.Ⅰt could prolong the fruit hanging period on the tree and increase the Vitamin C content in the fruit,but there was no significant difference in other sensory qualities.The results showed that transparent bags can be used as the main fruit bag type in the high-quality production and cultivation of Tianshihong pomegranate.

Key words:Tianshihong pomegranate;Bagging treatment;Fruit quality

中图分类号:S665.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)01-0113-09

DOⅠ:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230351

收稿日期2023-09-08

接受日期:2023-11-25

基金项目国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1600802);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTⅠP-2023-ZFRⅠ)

作者简介王璐伟,女,硕士,研究方向为果树遗传育种。E-mail:15839552412@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:luzhenhua@caas.cn