云南梨地方品种果实表型性状多样性分析

梁艳萍1,董 菲2,黄文静1,陈 瑶1,丁仁展1*,李坤明1*

1云南省农业科学院园艺作物研究所,昆明 650205;2普洱学院茶叶咖啡学院,云南普洱 665000)

摘 要目的】深入了解云南梨地方品种果实表型性状的变异特点和多样性。【方法】以云南有代表性的61个梨地方品种为试验材料,对果实16个描述型性状和7个数量型性状进行变异类型和多样性分析,利用电子鼻技术检测果实香气并进行主成分分析。【结果】云南梨地方品种果实的16个描述型性状变异类型丰富,其中果实形状和果实成熟期的变异类型最多。各描述型性状的多样性指数(H’)在0.45~1.88 之间。19 个梨地方品种果实在成熟时果皮分别着鲜红、淡红、粉红、暗红等不同盖色。7个数量型性状变异系数在11.25%~61.79%之间,单果质量的变异系数最高;多样性指数(H’)为1.676~2.080,果实纵径、果柄长度、可溶性固形物含量、果实横径、果形指数的多样性指数均大于2.0。电子鼻技术可以区分供试地方品种,WⅠW(硫化氢类)、W5S(氮氧化物)、W2W(芳香成分和有机硫化物)等3个传感器在模式识别中起主要作用。【结论】云南梨地方品种果实描述型性状变异类型丰富,数量型性状多样性指数较高。筛选出会泽火瓢梨等7个果皮着鲜红色的品种可作为红色梨选育的优异资源。电子鼻技术可以区分61个云南梨地方品种,可用作地方品种鉴定的辅助手段。

关键词梨;云南;地方品种;果实性状;多样性;电子鼻

作物种质资源的表型性状包括形态学、生育期、产量、品质和抗性等,受作物基因型与环境相互作用的影响。对表型性状进行鉴定可以提高对种质资源的遗传多样性和基础性的认识,为培育新品种奠定基础[1]

果实性状是鉴定梨种类和品质的重要表型特征。在《梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准》[2]中,梨果实性状主要包括果实形状、果皮颜色、果面盖色、果点大小等描述型性状以及单果质量、果实横径、果实纵径、果心大小、果梗长度、果梗粗度、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量等数量型性状。梨果实表现的性状因种类与环境不同而有所差异。张莹等[3]对11 种梨果实的数量性状进行评价,发现软肉型梨(秋子梨和西洋梨)的平均可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量高于脆肉型梨。长江中下游等南方地区是我国砂梨优势产区[4]。范净等[5]研究了不同地方砂梨果实的石细胞含量,发现云南地方品种的平均石细胞含量最多和变异系数最高,浙江地方品种的含量最少,四川地方品种的多样性指数最高,广东地方品种的变异系数最低。云南梨属植物种质资源丰富,在长期栽培驯化过程中,已形成了适应湿热、干热、温凉等多种气候类型的砂梨品种(系)约200 多个[6]。其中云南火把梨类红色砂梨地方品种(类型)的数量居全国首位[7-8]。虽然资源丰富,但是目前关于云南梨地方品种果实表型性状的研究仍很少,极大地限制了优异种质资源的挖掘和利用。因此,开展云南梨地方品种果实表型性状多样性研究,了解果实表型性状变异特点及多样性,并从中筛选出优异资源,对种质资源的挖掘和利用具有重要意义。

本研究是在云南省第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动的基础上,筛选出代表性的61个地方品种,对果实形状、果实底色、风味、成熟期等16 个描述型性状以及果实单果质量、纵径、横径、可溶性固形物含量等7个数量型性状进行变异类型及多样性分析,并利用电子鼻检测果实香气特征,旨在揭示云南梨地方品种果实表型性状的变异特点及多样性,以期筛选出一些优异资源,为进一步开展地方特色梨种质资源创新和利用奠定基础。

1 材料和方法

1.1 供试材料

试验于2020—2022年在国家云南特有果树及砧木种质资源圃中进行,供试61 个梨地方品种来自云南7个不同州(市)22个县(区),详见表1。

表1 供试的61 个云南梨地方品种种质资源来源地及种质名称
Table 1 Locations and germplasm name of 61 pear landraces in Yunnan

来源地Origin昆明市Kunming编号No.来源地Origin曲靖市Qujing玉溪市Yuxi 123456789昭通市Zhaotong大理州Dali 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31种质名称Germplasm name呈贡泡梨Chenggongpaoli呈贡酸大梨Chenggongsuandali呈贡宝珠梨Chenggongbaozhuli宣威青皮梨Xuanweiqingpili陆良晚秋红梨Luliangwanqiuhongli陆良蜜香梨Luliangmixiangli陆良大酸梨Luliangdasuanli会泽火瓢梨Huizehuopiaoli通海涩梨Tonghaiseli通海茶皮梨Tonghaichapili通海大黄梨Tonghaidahuangli永善香水梨Yongshanxiangshuili大理冬梨Dalidongli洱源红糖梨Eryuanhongtangli洱源木瓜梨Eryuanmuguali洱源甘汁梨1号Eryuanganzhili No.1洱源甘汁梨2号Eryuanganzhili No.2洱源甘汁梨3号Eryuanganzhili No.3洱源香水梨Eryuanxiangshuili洱源车轮梨Eryuanchelunli洱源火把梨Eryuanhuobali洱源芝麻梨Eryuanzhimali弥渡火把梨Miduhuobali弥渡玉梨Miduyuli弥渡红香酥Miduhongxiangsu弥渡小红梨Miduxiaohongli弥渡雪梨Miduxueli巍山老蛮梨Weishanlaomanli巍山红雪梨Weishanhongxueli巍山火把梨Weishanhuobali巍山十全大美梨Weishanshiquandameili楚雄州Chuxiong红河州Honghe编号No.32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61种质名称Germplasm name祥云金窝梨1号Xiangyunjinwoli No.1祥云金窝梨2号Xiangyunjinwoli No.2祥云本地梨1号Xiangyunbendili No.1祥云本地梨2号Xiangyunbendili No.2祥云酸冬梨Xiangyunsuandongli祥云火把梨Xiangyunhuobali漾濞玉香梨Yangbiyuxiangli漾濞蜜梨Yangbimili云龙红皮梨Yunlonghongpili云龙蜜香梨Yunlongmixiangli永平老品种梨Yongpinglaopinzhongli永平冬梨Yongpingdongli永平大棠梨Yongpingdatangli姚安酸扁梨Yao’ansuanbianli姚安黄皮梨Yao’anhuangpili楚雄小红梨Chuxiongxiaohongli楚雄老冬梨Chuxionglaodongli阿朵红梨Aduohongli个旧鲁沙梨Gejiulushali建水酸梨Jianshuisuanli建水小甜梨Jianshuixiaotianli建水本地梨Jianshuibendili开远葫芦梨Kaiyuanhululi开远涩梨Kaiyuanseli开远黄皮梨Kaiyuanhuangpili泸西水梨Luxishuili泸西蜜香梨Luximixiangli蒙自清水梨Mengziqingshuili蒙自磨盘梨Mengzimopanli蒙自香酥梨Mengzixiangsuli

1.2 试验方法

1.2.1 果实描述型性状观测 在各品种果实生理成熟期,每个样品采集10~20 个成熟果实带回室内保鲜贮藏,参照《梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准》[2]和《中国梨遗传资源》[9],采用目测观察法进行果实形状、果实底色、果点明显程度、果面光滑度、梗洼深度、萼洼深度、萼洼状态、果肉颜色、果心大小等性状鉴定。采用感官评价法鉴定果肉质地、果肉类型、石细胞数量、汁液、果实风味、涩味,通过田间观测鉴定果实成熟期。

1.2.2 果实数量型性状测定 选取果形良好、大小基本一致、无机械损伤的10个果实测量单果质量、纵径、横径、果柄长度、粗度、可溶性固形物含量等数量型性状指标。用天平测量单果质量,用游标卡尺测量果实纵径、横径、果梗长度、粗度,并计算果形指数,用手持糖度计测定可溶性固形物含量。每个数量型性状测定10次重复,取平均值。

1.2.3 电子鼻检测果实香气 利用PEN3便携式电子鼻检测果实香气。电子鼻(electronic nose)又可称为人工嗅觉分析系统,它包含一个传感器阵列,可用于识别和检测复杂风味及大多数挥发性成分。各传感器名称及性能描述见表2。在果实成熟期,选取果形良好、大小基本一致、无机械损伤的10个果实,取果实中部果肉混匀后称取50 g,加入100 mL蒸馏水用手持式搅拌机打碎,过滤到烧杯中,用保鲜膜进行密封。密封后静置于室温环境20 min,使样品气体能充分挥发。检测前对电子鼻的气室和气道进行清洗。检测时,将进气针和排气针同时插入保鲜膜封闭的烧杯内,电子鼻吸取气体样品,采集时间为60 s。

表2 PEN3 传感器名称及性能描述
Table 2 PEN3 sensor name and description of performance

序号No.S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10传感器名称Sensor name W1C W5S W3C W6S W5C W1S W1W W2S W2W W3S性能描述Description of performance芳香苯类传感器Sensor of aromatic benzene氮氧化物类传感器Sensor of NOx compounds氨类传感器Sensor of ammonia氢气传感器Sensor of hydrogen烷烃传感器Sensor of arom-aliph甲烷类传感器Sensor of methane compounds硫化氢类传感器Sensor of hydrogen sulfide乙醇传感器Sensor of broad-alcohol芳香成分与有机硫化物类传感器Sensor of aroma composition and organic sulfide芳香烷烃传感器Sensor of methane-aliph

1.3 数据处理及分析

采用Excel进行数据的整理。描述型性状以各类型相应赋值计算变异类型频率分布和多样性指数。数量型性状根据平均数(x)、标准差(σ)将材料划分为10 级,1 级为<x-2σ,10 级≥x+2σ,中间每级相差0.5σ,用每一组的相对频率计算多样性指数(H’)。计算公式如下:

变异系数(CV)=标准差/平均值;

H’=-∑Pi ln(Pi)。

其中Pi指该性状第i个类型种质份数所占总份数的百分比,ln为自然对数[10]

采用PEN3 便携式电子鼻自带的Winmuster 分析软件进行数据处理,利用供试品种在46~50 s 的响应信号值进行负荷加载分析和主成分分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 61个云南梨地方品种果实描述型性状分析

61个云南梨地方品种果实的16个描述型性状共有63个变异类型,平均变异类型接近4.0个,表明云南梨地方品种果实描述型性状变异类型丰富多样。其中果实形状和果实成熟期的变异类型最多,其次为果实风味(表3)。如图1 所示,各描述型性状的多样性指数(H’)为0.45~1.80,果实成熟期的多样性指数最高,其次是果实风味和果实底色,最小为果实萼洼状态。

图1 61 个云南梨地方品种果实16 个描述型性状变异类型频率分布及多样性指数
Fig.1 Frequency distribution and diversity index of 16 descriptive phenotypic traits in 61 pear landraces

色块1~8 分别代表表3 中各性状的不同变异类型,每个色块长度代表变异类型频率(左侧Y 轴);折线表示多样性指数(右侧Y 轴)。
The color blocks 1-8 represent the distinct variant types as listed in Table 3, with the length of each block indicating the frequency of that variant type(on the Y-axis labeled on the left)and the line depicting the diversity index(on the Y-axis labeled on the right).

表3 梨种质资源果实16 个描述型性状及分级标准
Table 3 16 descriptive phenotypic traits and classification of pear germplasm resources

性状Character形状Fruit shape底色Ground color果点明显程度Dot obviousness果面光滑度Degree of fruit skin smoothness梗洼深度Depth of stalk cavity萼洼深度Depth of eye basin萼洼状态Relief of area around eye basin果肉颜色Flesh color果肉质地Flesh texture果肉类型Flesh texture type果心大小Fruit core size石细胞数量Amount of stone cells汁液Juiciness of flesh风味Flavor涩味Astringency果实成熟期Date of maturity各类型分级标准Classification of each type 1.扁圆形;2.圆形;3.长圆形;4.卵圆形;5.倒卵形;6.圆柱形;7.纺锤形;8.葫芦形1.Oblate;2.Globose;3.Long globose;4.Ovate;5.Obovate;6.Cylindrical;7.Spindle-shaped;8.Pearformed 1.褐色;2.黄褐;3.绿色;4.黄绿;5.绿黄;6.黄色1.Russet;2.Light russet;3.Green;4.Yellow green;5.Green yellow;6.Yellow 1.明显;2.中等;3.不明显1.Conspicuous;2.Medium;3.Obscure 1.粗糙;2.中等;3.平滑1.Rough;2.Medium;3.Smooth 1.无或极浅;2.浅;3.中;4.深1.Absent or extremely shallow;2.Shallow;3.Medium;4.Deep 1.平或极浅;2.浅;3.中;4.深1.Flat or extremely shallow;2.Shallow;3.Medium;4.Deep 1.平滑;2.皱缩1.Smooth;2.Corrugated 1.绿白色;2.乳白色;3.白色1.Greenish white;2.Creamy white;3.White 1.粗;2.中;3.细1.Coarse;2.Medium;3.Fine 1.脆;2.疏松1.Crisp;2.Crisp to soft 1.大;2.中;3.小1.Large;2.Medium;3.Small 1.多;2.中;3.少1.Heavy;2.Medium;3.Light 1.中;2.多1.Medium;2.Juicy 1.酸;2.微酸;3.甜酸;4.酸甜适度;5.酸甜;6.淡甜;7.甜1.Sour;2.Slightly sour;3.Sweet-sour;4.Sour and sweet;5.Sour-sweet;6.Light sweet;7.Sweet 1.有;2.无1.Present;2.Absent 1.8月中旬;2.8月下旬;3.9月上旬;4.9月中旬;5.9月下旬;6.10月上旬;7.10月中旬;8.10月下旬1.Mid August; 2.Late August; 3.Early September; 4.Mid September; 5.Late September; 6.Early October;7.Mid October;8.Late October

在果实外观描述型性状方面,61个云南梨地方品种果实形状以倒卵形居多,占36.07%;其次是扁圆形和圆形,分别占26.23%和21.31%。果皮底色以黄绿色和绿色为主,共占49.18%。果点明显和不明显的均为21个,果点中等有19个。果实光滑度大多数表现为平滑,占77.05%。果实梗洼深度以浅和无或极浅为主,共占86.88%。果实萼洼浅和中各有20个,萼洼深的有19个,无或极浅的有2个。萼洼状态平滑的占83.61%。

在果实品质描述型性状方面,61 个云南梨地方品种果肉颜色主要为乳白色,占75.41%;其次是白色,占19.67%。果肉质地有粗、中、细3 大类型,分别占50.82%、36.07%、13.11%。果肉类型主要表现为脆和疏松两种,前者占75.41%,后者占24.59%。果心大小有大、中、小3 个类型,其中果心小的占60.66%。果肉石细胞数量中和少占90.12%,石细胞多的占9.84%。果实汁液主要有中和多两大类,汁液中的占34.43%,汁液多的占65.57%。果实风味类型较多,其中风味酸甜居多,占36.07%;其次是甜,占18.03%;风味为酸的占16.69%。果肉无涩味有48 个占78.69%,有涩味的是13 个,占21.31%。

在果实成熟期方面,61 个品种果实成熟期从8月中旬至10 月下旬,整体偏向于中晚熟,主要集中在8月中旬及9月上、中和下旬4个时期,这4个时期成熟的品种分别占供试品种的14.75%、18.03%、19.67%、29.51%,共占81.96%。

在61 个云南梨地方品种中,有19 个地方品种在成熟时果皮着不同盖色,着色类型和数量分别是鲜红色7个,淡红色6个,粉红5个,暗红1个。果面着色程度均为部分着色,着色类型均为片红(表4)。会泽火瓢梨、弥渡火把梨、弥渡红香酥、弥渡小红梨、巍山红雪梨、巍山火把梨、洱源火把梨等7 个品种果皮着鲜红色(图2),可作为红色梨选育的优异资源。

图2 7 个红色梨地方品种
Fig.2 7 local varieties of red-skinned pear

表4 19 个云南地方品种梨果实着色情况
Table 4 Fruit coloring of 19 pear landraces in Yunnan

来源地Origin曲靖市Qujing大理州Dali楚雄州Chuxiong红河州Honghe种质名称Germplasm name会泽火瓢梨Huizehuopiaoli弥渡火把梨Miduhuobali弥渡红香酥Miduhongxiangsu弥渡小红梨Miduxiaohongli祥云火把梨Xiangyunhuobali巍山红雪梨Weishanhongxueli巍山火把梨Weishanhuobali洱源甘汁梨1号Eryuanganzhili No.1洱源甘汁梨2号Eryuanganzhili No.2洱源甘汁梨3号Eryuanganzhili No.3洱源火把梨Eryuanhuobali漾濞玉香梨Yangbiyuxiangli漾濞蜜梨Yangbimili云龙红皮梨Yunlonghongpili楚雄小红梨Chuxiongxiaohongli阿朵红梨Aduohongli个旧鲁沙梨Gejiulushali蒙自清水梨Mengziqingshuili开远葫芦梨Kaiyuanhululi果面盖色Over color鲜红Bright red鲜红Bright red鲜红Bright red鲜红Bright red粉红Pink鲜红Bright red鲜红Bright red淡红Light red淡红Light red淡红Light red鲜红Bright red粉红Pink暗红Dark red粉红Pink淡红Light red粉红Pink粉红Pink淡红Light red淡红Light red着色程度Relative area of over color部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial部分着色Partial着色类型Type of over color片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky片红Flaky

2.2 61个云南梨地方品种果实数量型性状分析

61个云南梨地方品种果实的7个数量型性状变异系数在11.25%~61.79%之间,多样性指数(H’)为1.676~2.080(表5)。其中单果质量变异系数最高,为61.79%,多样性指数为1.891。单果质量最大的是巍山十全大美梨,为519.78 g,最小的是建水小甜梨,仅为22.02 g。果实纵径、横径的变异系数分别为21.20%,22.59%;多样性指数分别是2.080、2.011。纵径和横径最大的分别是巍山老蛮梨和巍山十全大美梨,最小的均为建水小甜梨。果形指数的变异系数最小,仅为11.25%,多样性指数是2.006。果形指数最大的是个旧鲁沙梨,最小的是蒙自磨盘梨和洱源车轮梨。

表5 61 个云南梨地方品种果实7 个数量型性状多样性分析
Table 5 Diversity analysis of 7 quantitative characters of 61 pear landraces in Yunnan

指标Ⅰndex平均数Mean最小值Min.最大值Max.标准差s变异系数CV/%多样性指数Diversity index,H’单果质量Single fruit weight/g 166.32果实纵径Fruit vertical diameter/cm 6.29果实横径Fruit transverse diameter/cm 6.52果形指数Fruit shape index 0.97果梗长度Fruit stalk length/cm 3.16果梗粗度Fruit stalk roughness/cm 0.30 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%10.45 22.02 3.33 3.38 0.79 1.49 0.15 7.63 519.78 9.29 10.40 1.19 4.50 0.87 13.59 102.76 61.79 1.891 1.33 21.20 2.080 1.47 22.59 2.011 0.11 11.25 2.006 0.76 24.21 2.060 0.10 32.32 1.676 1.23 11.75 2.022

在果梗形态方面,果梗长度和粗度的变异系数分别为24.21%和32.32%,多样性指数分别为2.060和1.676。果梗长度最长的是洱源甘汁梨1号,最短的是永平大棠梨。果梗最粗的是呈贡宝珠梨,最细的是建水小甜梨。

61 个云南梨地方品种可溶性固形物含量均值为10.45%,变异系数为11.75%,多样性指数(H’)为2.022。可溶性固形物含量最高的地方品种是祥云金窝梨2号,为13.59%,最低的品种是永平老品种梨,仅为7.63%。

2.3 61个云南梨地方品种果实香气分析

电子鼻传感器负荷加载分析可以区分不同传感器在识别香气物质中的作用。响应值越高,识别能力越强。由图3 可以看出,第一主成分传感器和第二主成分传感器贡献率分别为95.62%和3.82%,总贡献率为99.44%,表明这两个主成分可代表供试品种香气物质的主要特征。其中WⅠW(硫化氢类)传感器对第一主成分贡献率大,W5S(氮氧化物)对第二主成分贡献率大,这两个传感器对区分梨地方品种香气物质的贡献较大。W2W(芳香成分和有机硫化物)传感器识别作用次之,其他传感器响应值接近0,识别作用较小。

图3 传感器负荷加载分析
Fig.3 Sensor loading analysis

W5S.氮氧化物类传感器;W1S.甲烷类传感器;W1W.硫化氢类传感器;W2S.乙醇传感器;W2W.芳香成分与有机硫化物类传感器;W3S.芳香烷烃传感器。
W5S.Sensor of NOx compounds;W1S.Sensor of methane compounds;W1W.Sensor of hydrogen sulfide;W2S.Sensor of broad-alcohol;W2W.Sensor of aroma composition and organic sulfide;W3S.Sensor of methane-aliph.

对样品进行主成分分析可直观地看到各品种的差异。图4中的每个圆形区域代表一个梨地方品种果实香气物质的数据采集范围,每个圆圈之间可以区分开,说明供试品种之间特征香气物质存在差异,利用电子鼻技术可以区分61 个云南梨地方品种。结合第一主成分和第二主成分,永平大棠梨、永善香水梨、通海茶皮梨、建水小甜梨、巍山十全大美梨、漾濞蜜梨、祥云本地梨1 号、祥云本地梨2号、洱源甘汁梨3 号、蒙自香酥梨等10 个品种与其他品种均无重叠且相距较远,区分度较高。

图4 61 个云南梨地方品种果实香气PCA 分析
Fig.4 PCA analysis of fruit aroma of 61 pear landraces in Yunnan

3 讨 论

种质资源的鉴定评价是认识和利用种质资源的基础。通过对种质资源性状的鉴定评价,可了解其变异特点及多样性[11-13],筛选出优异资源[14],为种质资源的合理利用提供依据[15]。在本研究中,61 个云南梨地方品种果实形状和成熟期的变异类型最多。果实形状以倒卵形、扁圆形和圆形为主,成熟期集中在9月份。以果肉乳白色、质地粗、脆、果心小、汁液多、风味酸甜、无涩味为主,分别占75.41%、50.82%、75.41%、60.66%、65.57%、36.07%、78.69%。曾少敏等[16]研究发现福建省地方梨以果点明显、果锈多、果面粗糙、果肉脆、风味酸甜、无涩味、果心小和成熟期为9月的种质居多。笔者在本研究中得出的结果与其研究结果相似,原因可能是云南梨地方品种和福建地方梨多属于砂梨,同一类型梨在一些性状如成熟期、风味上相对保持一致。

变异系数(CV)和多样性指数(H’)是评价种质资源多样性的重要指标,H’值越大表明性状的多样性越丰富[10]。在本研究中,61 个云南梨地方品种的7 个果实数量型性状多样性指数为1.676~2.080,果实纵径、横径、果柄长度、果形指数及可溶性固形物含量等5个性状的H’值均为2.0以上,分别为2.080,2.011,2.060,2.011,2.022。前人研究结果显示福建省梨地方种质果实数量性状的H’为1.698~2.074[16];广西12 个砂梨地方品种果实品质性状的H’为1.827~2.037;国家果树种质武昌砂梨圃中砂梨种质资源果实品质性状的H’为1.761~2.051[17]。通过比较,发现云南梨地方品种果实数量型性状具有较高的多样性,这可能与云南多样的气候条件有关。云南地处低纬度高原,地形地貌复杂,气候区域差异和垂直变化十分显著[18]。本研究供试品种来源地主要位于滇南的红河州(平均海拔1800 m)、滇中的昆明市和楚雄州(平均海拔1982 m),以及滇西北的大理州(平均海拔2100 m),海拔可能对梨果皮着色有所影响。研究表明高海拔地区苹果着色程度和果皮花青苷含量显著高于低海拔地区[19-20]。本研究19个着色品种中,来自大理州的地方品种普遍着鲜红色,来自红河州的地方品种着色较浅。目前关于不同海拔对梨果皮着色的研究还很少,后续可利用云南的立体气候条件开展相关研究。

电子鼻包含一个传感器阵列,可迅速对气味进行感知和分析,并通过模式识别系统获得被测样品香气的整体信息,可用于不同类型或品种材料的鉴定[21-22]。与传统感官评价果实香气的方法比较,电子鼻技术更为精确和客观[23],已越来越多的应用于果实成熟度检测[24-25]、果实贮藏品质变化[26]以及水果品种区分鉴定等[27-29]。曾辉等[28]利用电子鼻对4 个品系8 个品种的苹果香气进行识别,发现电子鼻能较好地区分部分苹果品种,W1W、W5S、W2W 传感器在识别中贡献较大。魏鑫等[29]通过对20 个蓝莓品种的电子鼻检测数据进行主成分分析和判别分析,发现电子鼻可以较好地区分部分蓝莓品种,W1W、W1S、W5S、W2W、W2S 和W1C 6 个传感器对区分香气物质的贡献较大。笔者在本研究中的结果显示利用电子鼻可以区分61 个云南梨地方品种,且W1W、W5S、W2W 传感器在模式识别中起主要作用,与前人的研究结果一致。虽然通过电子鼻技术无法区分香气组分差异较小的品种,且不能对香气进行定性定量分析,但可以快速检测出样品整体的特征香气,因此也可作为利用香气特征进行地方品种鉴定的一种辅助手段。

4 结 论

综上所述,云南梨地方品种果实描述型性状变异类型丰富,数量型性状多样性指数较高。根据果皮着色情况,会泽火瓢梨、弥渡火把梨、弥渡红香酥、弥渡小红梨、巍山红雪梨、巍山火把梨、洱源火把梨等7个果皮着鲜红色的品种可作为红皮梨选育的优异资源。电子鼻技术可以区分61 个云南梨地方品种,可用作地方品种鉴定的辅助手段。

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Fruit phenotypic characters diversity analysis of pear native varieties in Yunnan

LⅠANG Yanping1,DONG Fei2,HUANG Wenjing1,CHEN Yao1,DⅠNG Renzhan1*,LⅠKunming1*

(1Institute of Horticultural Research,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming 650205,Yunnan China;2School of Tea and Coffee,Puer University,Puer 665000,Yunnan,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The abundance of germplasm resources of pear in Yunnan is notable.Ⅰn excess of 200 distinct pear varieties(types)have been domesticated and adapted to varying climatic conditions over long periods of cultivation, attesting to their diversity and adaptability.Despite the abundance of genetic resources,research on fruit traits of local pear varieties in Yunnan is still limited.Therefore,the aim of this study was to investigate the fruit characteristics and diversity of these varieties in order to provide valuable references for their exploitation and utilization in the future.【Methods】Ⅰn this study,a total of 61 distinct local pear varieties were collected from primary pear-growing areas in Yunnan.A comprehensive assessment of sixteen descriptive traits and seven quantitative characters of the fruit were conducted to evaluate the diversity and variant types of the species.The sixteen descriptive phenotypic traits included fruit shape,ground color,dot-obviousness,smoothness of the fruit skin,stalk-cavity depth, eye-basin depth, relief of area around eye basin, flesh color, texture, texture-type, fruit-core size,stone-cell amount,juiciness-of-flesh,flavor,astringency,and fruit maturity date.The seven quantitative characteristics were fruit-single weight, fruit-vertical diameter, fruit-transverse diameter, fruitshape index,fruit-stalk length,fruit-stalk roughness,and soluble-solid content.Furthermore,electronicnose detection of fruit aroma was performed, and principal-component-analysis was applied to analyze the data.The electronic nose incorporated a sensor array detecting the chemical compounds in an aroma mixture,and then converted electronic output signals from all sensors.Collectively,these signals generated a unique digital pattern known as the Electronic Aroma Signature Pattern (EASP) highly specific to the gas mixture being analyzed.Consequently, the instrument output generated a distinctive aroma signature or smell-print useful in identifying the particular type and variety of fruit.【Results】The phenotypic traits of 61 pear local varieties exhibited a wide range of variation , and totally 63 variations were observed.On average, 4.0 variations per trait were identified.The diversity index (H’) ranged from 0.45 to 1.88, indicating the high level of diversity presented in these varieties.The diversity of fruit shape and ripening stage were notably apparent among the various types.Obovate, Oblate, and Globose were the most common fruit shape observed.The majority of fruit ripening dates occurred between mid-August and September,comprising 81.96%of the total ripening dates.A total of nineteen local pear varieties had been identified, with distinct kinds of red-skin, such as bright red, light red, pink or dark red.Out of the seven local pears, including Huizehuopiaoli, Miduhuobali, Miduhongxiangsu,Miduxiaohongli, Weishanhongxueli, Weishanhuobali, and Eryuanhuobali, notably standed out for their bright red skin,offering an excellent resource for the selection and breeding of red-skinned pear.The coefficient of variation for seven quantitative traits ranged between 11.25%and 61.79%,while the diversity index(H’)varied from 1.676 to 2.080.The coefficient of variation of the single fruit weight was extremely high,61.79%.The heaviest single fruit was Weishanshiquandameili,with a weight of 519.78 g.Conversely, the smallest fruit was Jianshuixiaotianli, with a weight of 22.02 g.The fruit vertical and transverse diameter, fruit shape index, stalk length, and soluble solids content showed a high degree of diversity with H’values exceeding 2.0.Among the local varieties, the largest vertical fruit diameter was observed in Weishanlaomanli,while the longest transverse fruit diameter was observed in Weishanshiquandameili.Ⅰn contrast, Jianshuixiaotianli exhibited the smallest vertical and transverse diameters.Xiangyunbendili 2 possessed the highest soluble solids content, with a value of 13.59%, while Yongpinglaopinzhongli exhibited the lowest value, with only 7.63%.The results from electronic nose technology revealed that WⅠW(hydrogen sulfide sensor),W5S(NOx compound sensor),and W2W(organic sulfide sensor)were very important in pattern recognition.The principal component analysis showed that it was possible to distinguish all cultivars through analyzing specific aroma compounds.【Conclusion】61 pear local varieties in Yunnan are rich in fruit descriptive traits and have high diversity index of quantitative traits.Seven varieties with bright red peels, including Huizehuopiaoli, could be used as excellent resources for red-skin pear breeding.The electronic nose technology could be used as an auxiliary means for local variety identification.

Key words:Pear;Yunnan;Landrace;Fruit phenotypic characters;Diversity;Electronic nose

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2024)01-0041-11

DOⅠ:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230292

收稿日期2023-08-03

接受日期:2023-11-15

基金项目中华人民共和国科学技术部国家园艺种质云南特有果树及砧木分库运行服务项目(NHGRC2022-NH19);农业农村部特有果树及砧木种质资源安全保存(19230833);农业农村部普查资源协助繁种编目入圃-云南特有果树及砧木种质资源繁种编目入圃(19230795);云南省财政厅基于全基因组重测序的云南砂梨种质资源群体遗传研究(2023KYZX-16)

作者简介梁艳萍,女,助理研究员,研究方向为果树种质资源收集、保存、鉴定、评价。E-mail:360131575@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:13888447027@139.com;E-mail:15925209220@163.com