抗枯萎病中秆香蕉新品种桂蕉8号的选育

周 维,韦绍龙*,韦莉萍,韦 弟,李朝生,覃柳燕,田丹丹,李佳林,何章飞,黄素梅*

(广西农业科学院生物技术研究所·国家热带果树品种改良中心广西香蕉分中心·香蕉品种遗传改良和栽培技术国家地方联合工程研究中心(广西),南宁 530007)

摘 要:桂蕉8号香蕉(ΑΑΑ Cavendish)是从引进香蕉品系GCTCⅤ-217-1不定芽通过60Co-γ辐射诱变,再经病原菌高压筛选选育而成。桂蕉8号新植蕉株高为252.7 cm,叶柄长度约32.4 cm,假茎中围、基围分别为45.3 cm、66.4 cm。假茎底色为深绿色。叶姿直立,雄花蕾形状为卵圆形。果穗呈长圆柱形,把间距稍短,果把紧凑。常规种植条件下,新植蕉平均株产可达21.5 kg,宿根蕉平均株产可达23.9 kg,生果皮颜色为绿色,熟果皮颜色为金黄色,果肉颜色为黄白色。果实可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为20.10%,可溶性总糖含量为19.42%,总酸含量为0.26 g·100 g-1,淀粉含量为1.05 g·100 g-1,维生素C含量为11.0 mg·100 g-1,蔗糖含量为4.80 g·100 g-1,钾含量为332.00 mg·100 g-1。盆栽及大田抗枯萎病试验评价,桂蕉8号均表现为高抗。

关键词:香蕉;新品种;桂蕉8号;中秆;抗枯萎病

香蕉是世界上仅次于水稻、小麦、玉米的第四大粮食作物,也是世界水果贸易量最大的鲜果[1]。全球香蕉栽种地分布在南北纬度30 ℃以内的热带、亚热带地区,世界上栽种香蕉的国家有130多个,主要集中在亚洲、非洲和南美洲。在我国,香蕉主要产区分布在广东、广西、云南、海南和福建等省份。据联合国粮农组织2020 年统计,全球香蕉收获面积达520.35 万hm2,产量达11 983.37 万t[1]。据国家统计局数据,2022 年我国香蕉种植面积达33.67 万hm2,产量达1 177.68 万t。香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense,简称Foc4 号生理小种)浸染引起的,是香蕉病害中危害最为严重的一种毁灭性土传病害,具有发病迅速、蔓延快、危害严重、危害范围广等特点。香蕉枯萎病于1874年在澳大利亚首次被发现;1910年在巴拿马暴发,导致大面积的蕉园因感染香蕉枯萎病而被摧毁;曾造成世界第二大香蕉生产国乌干达香蕉产量下降40%,第四大香蕉生产国巴西香蕉产量减少约70%。1996 年,在我国广东番禺万顷沙镇民建村首次发现该病,之后迅速蔓延扩展,导致发病最早的广东、海南香蕉种植面积锐减,大面积蕉园废弃或改种,香蕉产业不断萎缩。2006 年在广西发现该病,2008年传入云南,之后几年不断蔓延,目前广西、云南香蕉产区枯萎病大暴发,许多蕉园失收、荒废或改种其他作物。广西香蕉种植面积已由高峰时期的12万hm2锐减到4.67万hm2,枯萎病已经成为广西乃至全世界香蕉产业发展的最大威胁[2]

香蕉枯萎病虽然可以通过农艺措施、化学防治、生物防治等途径进行一定程度的防治,但至今尚未研制出高效、彻底的防治方法,选育抗枯萎病品种被认为是最有效的防控途径之一。目前我国选育的抗枯萎病香芽蕉(Musa ΑΑΑ Cavendish)品种主要有台湾GCTCⅤ品系、桂蕉9 号、南天黄、宝岛蕉、中蕉系列、热科系列、粤科系列、中热系列品种等;抗枯萎病粉蕉(Musa ΑBB Pisang Αwak)主要有粉杂1号[3];抗枯萎病贡蕉(Musa acuminata,ΑΑ)主要有海贡、佳丽蕉[4]等。目前我国大面积推广种植的是香芽蕉品种,但广西、云南两地产区易发生寒害,因此推广应用多为短生育期的中抗品种,高抗性的品种相较于主栽品种存在果实产量、果指梳形等经济性状差以及生育期长的缺陷,远未达到产业应用的要求。另外这些品种植株高度普遍较高,易受台风等自然灾害影响,且导致收蕉难等人工成本增加的问题。因此,选育出适宜在广西产区种植、经济性状好、高度适中、生育期接近主栽品种的高抗枯萎病香蕉新品种是产业急需。在此背景下,笔者研究团队通过引入台湾省GCTCⅤ-217-1矮秆抗枯萎病香蕉品系,经辐射诱变、大田压力筛选等方法,选育出高抗香蕉枯萎病、中秆优质香蕉新品种桂蕉8号,供生产上应用。

1 选育经过

GCTCⅤ-217-1是从北蕉筛选获得的矮秆香牙蕉(ΑΑΑ Cavendish)的优良品系,其株高1.80~2.10 m;假茎粗壮,果皮坚韧,耐贮运;耐瘦瘠,抗寒性较强,较抗倒伏,中抗枯萎病,抗叶斑病;生育期9~11 个月。2013年,广西农业科学院生物技术研究所引进台湾省GCTCⅤ-217-1抗枯萎病香蕉品系,以其不定芽为材料,经60Co-γ辐射,辐射强度为40 Gy,选出15个株系进行抗病压力筛选。2014—2016年,将辐射诱变株系在广西桂洁公司(武鸣)重病区蕉园连续试验种植3 a(年),观察并筛选株高、产量等园艺性状优、抗病性强的株系,收集到6个单株并进行组培扩繁。2017 年,用1.2×106 Foc4 孢子悬浮液接种组培杯苗,进行香蕉枯萎病抗性评价,筛选获得枯萎病抗性较强的2 个单株。2018 年,分别将这2 个单株的组培苗(田间代号分别为T3-3、T3-4)在广西百色田阳镇、玉林兴业县葵阳镇及广西南宁的武鸣县宁武镇、坛洛镇等地的香蕉枯萎病区或重病蕉园进行种植试验,并以常规感病品种桂蕉6号、巴西蕉等作为对照品种,发现T3-3 株系田间抗病性表现最强,园艺性状及果实经济性状最优。2019—2021 年,对T3-3 株系开展多年多点品种比较试验、区域试验、生产试验,结合组培杯苗香蕉枯萎病抗性评价,决选出枯萎病抗性强,产量、品质等综合性状表现优良,株高适宜且具有良好遗传稳定性的优良单株T3-3-3。采用ISSR分子标记进行鉴定(引物为UBC814),发现在1500~2000 bp间其遗传背景与亲本GCTCⅤ-217-1品系存在一定差异(图1)。2021 年,将该单株定名为桂蕉8 号(图2)。与亲本GCTCⅤ-217-1 品系相比,桂蕉8号抗病性等级为高抗,产量及生产园艺性状都优于原品系(图3)。2022 年桂蕉8 号获得国家植物新品种权(CNΑ20211000785)。

图1 桂蕉8 号与亲本GCTCV-217-1 品系DNA 分子鉴定结果
Fig.1 DNA identification of Guijiao No.8 and GCTCV-217-1

M.DL2000 DNΑ Marker;1.GCTCⅤ-217-1 ΑΑΑ Cavendish;2.桂蕉8号。
M.DL2000 DNΑ Marker;1.GCTCⅤ-217-1 ΑΑΑ Cavendish;2.Guijiao No.8.

图2 香蕉新品种桂蕉8 号
Fig.2 A banana new cultivar Guijiao No.8

Α.果穗;B.果梳。Α.Ears;B.Fruit.

图3 桂蕉8 号与亲本GCTCV-217-1 品系植株对比
Fig.3 Comparison of Guijiao No.8 and GCTCV-217-1

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

与亲本GCTCⅤ-217-1 品系相比(表1),桂蕉8号属于中秆品种,新植蕉田间假茎高度约252.7 cm,亲本约180.2 cm,比亲本高40.2%。叶柄长度约32.4 cm,亲本约28.0 cm,比亲本长15.7%。叶片长度约198.5 cm,宽度为90.5 cm,长宽比为2.2,叶片较亲本长且宽。叶距较亲本疏,亲本叶距密。假茎中围、基围分别为45.3 cm、66.4 cm。假茎底色为深绿色,花青苷显色中等。基部叶鞘内侧表面呈紫红色。叶姿直立,叶柄边缘为红色,叶背有蜡粉,中脉为绿色。雄花蕾形状为卵圆形。桂蕉8号2代宿根植株假茎高度可达291.8 cm,假茎中围、基围分别为46.5 cm、68.6 cm。叶柄长34.7 cm,叶片长度为222.8 cm,叶片宽度为88.6 cm。

表1 桂蕉8 号香蕉与亲本品系重要性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of important traits between Guijiao No.8 and GCTCV-217-1

品种Cultivar桂蕉8号Guijiao No.8 GCTCⅤ-217-1假茎高度Pseudostem height/cm 252.7 180.2假茎中围Middle circum ference of pseudostem/cm 45.3 53.6假茎基围Pseudostem base circumference/cm 65.8 67.4叶柄长度Petiole length/cm 32.4 27.9叶片长度Leaf length/cm 198.5 175.0叶片宽度Leaf width/cm 90.5 83.9

2.2 主要经济学特性

桂蕉8 号果穗呈长圆柱形,把间距稍短,果把紧凑。果穗长度适中,约76.18 cm,果穗宽度约35.10 cm,果梳数为10.45个。果指长度约20.77 cm,果指宽度约2.91 cm,果指形状均匀弯曲,果指先端钝尖(图2)。在常规种植条件下,新植蕉平均株产可达21.5 kg,宿根蕉平均株产可达23.9 kg,生果皮颜色为绿色,熟果皮颜色为金黄色,果肉颜色为黄白色。果实可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为20.10%,可溶性总糖含量为19.42%,总酸含量为0.26 g·100 g-1,淀粉含量为1.05 g·100 g-1,维生素C含量为11.0 mg·100 g-1,蔗糖含量为4.80 g·100 g-1,钾含量为332.00 mg·100 g-1(表2),与亲本对照相比,桂蕉8号果实可溶性固形物、钾、维生素C、总酸、可溶性糖含量均有所提高,特别是维生素C 含量提高近1倍,蔗糖与淀粉含量比对照亲本略有降低。

表2 桂蕉8 号香蕉与亲本品系果实主要经济性状比较
Table 2 Comparison of main economic characters of Guijiao No.8 and GCTCV-217-1

w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%20.10品种Cultivar桂蕉8号Guijiao No.8 GCTCⅤ-217-118.80 w(钾)Potassium content/(mg·100 g-1)332.00 w(维生素C)Ⅴitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)11.00 w(总酸)Total acid content/(g·100 g-1)0.26 w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/%19.42 w(蔗糖)Sucrose content/(g·100 g-1)4.80 w(淀粉)Starch content/(g·100 g-1)1.05 315.00 6.81 0.23 17.10 5.30 1.12

2.3 生物学特性及适应性

桂蕉8号在广西产区宜选择冬季(10—11月)种植6~8片叶龄营养杯苗,采取盖膜避寒过冬,于翌年11月可收获。春季种植最迟应于当年2月中下旬前完成定植,翌年1—2 月可收获,但广西大部分产区冬季有寒害发生,不利于植株生长。植株生长叶片总数为38~40枚,生育期365~380 d,比亲本GCTCⅤ-217-1 品系生育期长30~40 d。桂蕉8 号在南宁、玉林、崇左、北海、百色等广西香蕉主产区均试种成功,抗叶斑病,抗风性、抗寒性中等。茎干韧性强,光温条件好的区域更适合其生长,该品种生育期相比较桂蕉9号、宝岛蕉等抗病品种稍长,植株茎干生物量小、易管理,适合在我国广西、广东、海南、云南等热带、亚热带地区种植。

2.4 枯萎病抗性

香蕉盆栽苗枯萎病抗病性评价参照李朝生等[5]、黄素梅等[6]的方法及苗期抗枯萎病评价标准进行。结果(表3)表明,桂蕉8 号表现为高抗,亲本GCTCⅤ-217-1 品系为中抗,对照品种桂蕉1 号为高感。

表3 桂蕉8 号盆栽苗的枯萎病抗病性评价
Table 3 Evaluation of banana cultivar Guijiao No.8 plantlets resistance to Fusarium wilt Foc 4 in greenhouse

品种Cultivar桂蕉8号Guijiao No.8 GCTCⅤ-217-1发病率Incidence/%10.00±1.2相对病情指数Relative disease index 3.7±0.3 26.67±3.3 22.8±1.0桂蕉1号Guijiao No.1 93.33±6.7 47.4±3.0抗性级别Resistance level高抗High resistance中抗Moderately resistant高感High sensitivity

香蕉田间枯萎病抗性评价参照黄素梅等[6]、黄秉智等[7]的方法及田间病害分级标准进行。结果(表4)表明,桂蕉8 号田间抗病性评价表现为高抗,亲本GCTCⅤ-217-1品系表现为中抗,对照品种桂蕉1号为高感。田间评价结果与苗期盆栽评价结果一致。

表4 桂蕉8 号田间枯萎病抗病性评价
Table 4 Field evaluation of banana cultivar Guijiao No.8 resistance to Fusarium wilt Foc4

品种Cultivar桂蕉8号Guijiao No.8 GCTCⅤ-217-1发病率Incidence/%5.7±1.2死亡率Death rate/%2.1±0.5 32.5±2.7 10.5±1.0桂蕉1号Guijiao No.1 83.7±6.5 35.2±2.2抗性水平Resistance level高抗High resistance中抗Moderately resistant高感High sensitivity

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园和定植

选择土质疏松、排灌性好的蕉园,每666.7 m2种植110~130 株,在光温充足、水肥条件好区域,可每666.7 m2种植140~160株,宽窄行定植,株距1.6~2.0 m,窄行宽度为1.7~2.0 m,宽行宽度为3.0~5.0 m。若种植地块为枯萎病发病程度低蕉园,可直接挖坑套种,若为重病蕉园,建议轮作其他作物1~2 a(年)后再种植该品种。新植蕉应提早种植,广西可8—10月秋冬植,覆盖双膜(地膜及天膜)越冬为佳,也可在2—3月份用大苗进行春植;海南、广东等地宜选择在5—7月份种植。

3.2 施肥与病虫害防治

种植前施用碱性肥料(蔗渣灰)、土壤调节剂,使土壤pH 调至6.0~6.5。每株施入5~7 kg 有机肥或肥力相当的堆沤腐熟农家肥作为基肥,使土壤有机质含量超过2.5%。每株施用1~2 kg防土传病害的微生物肥,0.2~0.3 kg 15-15-15 复合肥、750~1000 g 钙镁磷肥、500 g花生麸,结合施放利根砂或10%克线磷颗粒剂防治根结线虫等地下害虫的药剂。定植后以有机肥为主,化肥为辅。加强对香蕉枯萎病、根结线虫的防控,全生育期防治象甲、蚜虫、红蜘蛛、斜纹夜蛾、叶跳甲、卷叶虫、花蓟马等。

3.3 其他管理措施

做好果穗管理,主要包括:校蕾抹花垫把,断蕾和疏果,果穗套袋等。果穗管理技术与常规品种相同。

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Breeding report of a new midstem banana cultivar Guijiao No.8 resistant to Fusarium wilt disease

ZHOU Wei, WEI Shaolong*, WEI Liping, WEI Di, LI Chaosheng, QIN Liuyan, TIΑN Dandan, LI Jialin,HE Zhangfei,HUΑNG Sumei*

(Biotechnology Research Institute,Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi Banana Branch of National Improvement Center for Tropical Fruit Variety/National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Improvement and Cultivation of Banana Varieties(Guangxi),Nanning 530007,Guangxi,China)

Abstract:The Guijiao No.8(ΑΑΑ Cavendish)is a new banana cultivar selected from the adventitious buds of GCTCⅤ-217-1(ΑΑΑ Cavendish)through60Co-γ radiation induced mutation and pathogen highpressure screening.The new banana variety with medium stem resistance to Fusarium wilt was developed in 2022.Using the adventitious buds of introduced strain as the materials, fifteen strains were selected by60Co-γ radiation for disease resistance pressure screening.For three consecutive years of experimental planting, six plant lines with excellent horticultural traits and disease resistance were observed.Based on the evaluation of the disease resistance in indoor tissue culture plantlets,one of the plant lines was selected in 2018, and excellent individual plants were selected through multiple site trials from 2019 to 2021.The newly planted banana Guijiao No.8 had a plant height of 252.7 cm, a petiole length of about 32.4 cm,and a middle circumference and basal circumference of 45.3 cm and 66.4 cm,respectively.The bottom color of pseudostem was dark green.The leaves were upright and the male flower buds were oval in shape.The ear of the fruit was in a long cylindrical shape,with slightly shorter spacing between the stems and compact stems.Under conventional planting conditions,the average yield of newly planted bananas could reach 21.5 kg per plant,while the average yield of perennial bananas could reach 23.9 kg per plant.The color of the fruit skin was medium green, the color of the ripe fruit skin was golden yellow, and the color of the fruit flesh was yellow white.The soluble solid content of the fruit was 20.10%,the total soluble sugar content was 19.42%,the total acid content was 0.26 g·100 g-1,the starch content was 1.05 g·100 g-1,the vitamin C content was 11.00 mg·100 g-1,the sucrose content was 4.80 g·100 g-1, and the potassium content was 332.00 mg·100 g-1.The growth period was 365 to 380 days.It could be planted in winter in Guangxi (October November) and harvested in November of the following year.Spring planting should be accomplished before mid to late February to avoid the impact of cold damage and harvesting can be done from January to February of the following year.The resistance to Fusarium wilt disease was evaluated through the pot and field experiments,and Guijiao No.8 showed high resistance.The variety had been successfully planted in the main banana producing areas of Guangxi,such as Nanning,Yulin,Chongzuo,Beihai,and Baise,which could be suitable for planting in the tropical and subtropical regions such as Guangxi,Guangdong,Hainan,and Yunnan in China.The density of planting of 110 to 130 plants per mu should be recommended.

Key words:Banana;New cultivar;Guijiao No.8;Medium stem;Resistance to Fusarium wilt

中图分类号:S668.1

文献标志码:Α

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)11-2494-06

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230149

收稿日期:2023-05-05

接受日期:2023-08-23

基金项目:广西创新驱动发展专项(桂科ΑΑ20302016);广西科技重大专项(桂科ΑΑ22036003-2);现代农业产业技术体系广西香蕉创新团队项目(nycytxgxcxtd-16-01);广西农科院科技发展基金项目(桂农科2022JM01);广西农业科学院基本科研业务专项(桂农科2021YT085)

作者简介:周维,男,副研究员,硕士,主要从事香蕉抗病育种及枯萎病防控研究工作。Tel:0771-3243484,E-mail:49946343@qq.com

*通信作者Αuthor for correspondence.黄素梅,Tel:0771-3249985,E-mail:857399797@qq.com;韦绍龙,Tel:0771-3249985,E-mail:weishaolong@gxaas.net