早熟蓝莓新品种辽蓝513的选育

刘有春1,王兴东1,王宏光1,王 升1,魏 鑫1,袁兴福2,魏永祥3,刘 成1*,陶承光2*

1辽宁省果树科学研究所,辽宁 营口 115009;2辽宁省农业科学院,沈阳 110161;3辽宁省农业科学院大连分院,辽宁 庄河 116400)

摘 要:辽蓝513是以北高丛蓝莓品种斯巴坦(Spartan)为母本、南高丛蓝莓资源N6为父本杂交选育的F1代。果穗较松散,大果类型,近圆形,平均单果质量3.4 g,大果质量5.1 g,果面黑色,果粉中多,果蒂痕中、干、浅,萼洼深、小,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.6%,总糖含量11.1%,可滴定酸含量0.69%,维生素C 含量10.8 mg·100 g-1,花青苷含量93.90 mg·100 g-1,有香气(面积归一化相对含量42.8%),味甜,品质上。露地栽培模式下,辽宁熊岳地区4月下旬开花,6月中至下旬开始成熟,果实发育期55 d左右,成熟期稍早或同于早熟品种北陆,属早熟品种。该品种萌蘖多且长势强,结果枝培养快;果实成熟不易落果,果汁多,过熟不起沙,耐贮藏,适宜作为鲜食品种。

关键词:蓝莓;辽蓝513;早熟;大果;多汁

栽培蓝莓是越橘属多年生丛生灌木,自20世纪初开始驯化工作,蓝莓(越橘属)迅速成为世界范围内广泛栽培的高产值小浆果树种[1]。根据国际蓝莓组织(International Blueberry Organization)发布的数据,2021 年全球蓝莓种植面积达到23.54 万hm2,总产量179 万t,中国以6.90 万hm2的种植面积成为全球最大的蓝莓生产国[2]。近年来我国蓝莓种植结构正在发生变化,北方温室及加强冷棚栽培因成熟早、鲜果商品率高、经济效益好而大面积发展,截至2020年,我国日光温室和冷棚栽培面积分别是2021 hm2和705 hm2,品种选择方面以休眠期短、成熟早、品质优的品种更占优势。随着产业结构调整和品种更新,市场及消费者对蓝莓新品种的口感品质、外观特性(果实大小、果粉)及贮藏性,种植者对丰产性、适应性等提出了更高要求。然而,目前我国蓝莓生产以国外引进品种为主导,自育品种数量少、应用面积小,随着国际社会对知识产权保护力度的加大,未来我国引进新品种的成本和门槛会日益增高,非法引进未来可能会面临知识产权法律纠纷风险,所以培育具有自主知识产权的系列蓝莓新品种意义重大。我国育种工作者们自“十一五”开始开展育种工作,已育成森茂系列[3-4]、寨选系列[5-6]及徽王2号[7]、逐梦[8]、宝珠[9]、蓝月[10]及蓝冠[11](兔眼越橘)等优良新品种。基于品种多样化的需求,辽宁省果树科学研究所历经14 a(年)培育出早熟、果汁丰富的蓝莓新品种辽蓝513(图1)。

图1 蓝莓新品种辽蓝513
Fig.1 Blueberry new cultivar Liaolan 513

左.开花状;右.结果状。
Left.Flowering stage;Right.Fruiting stage.

1 选育过程

2008年5月,辽宁省果树科学研究所小浆果团队以北高丛蓝莓品种斯巴坦(Spartan)为母本,南高丛蓝莓资源N6为父本在种质资源圃进行人工去雄杂交授粉,同年7月底收获种子,干燥后4 ℃恒温保存,2009年2月播种获得杂交后代141株,2010年定植于辽宁省果树科学研究所蓝莓杂交选育圃,2012年开始进入结果期,连续多年对杂交后代的果实性状、结果习性、植株长势、物候期等进行观察,2015年筛选出优良单株6株,其中代号为08-42-97的单株综合性状表现突出,同年组培扩繁,培养的无性繁殖苗于2016年定植于辽宁省果树科学研究所和辽宁豪远科技有限公司试验区,包括日光温室、冷棚及露地,经过4 a观察和DUS测试,植株长势强、开花坐果良好、土壤适应性强、植物学性状稳定,同时具有早熟、果汁丰富、果个大、果实硬、果蒂痕干、耐贮藏、口感佳等优良特点。于2022年12月29日获得国家林草局新品种授权证书,命名为辽蓝513,品种权证书编号为20220530。

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

落叶灌木,树姿开张,树势强,底芽枝萌发力强;单叶互生,叶深绿,长椭圆形,全缘;1年生枝条绿色,较细,平均长22.5 cm,着生花芽4~8个,总状花序,每花序3~6 朵花,花芽花青苷显色强,花冠白色,略泛红色,长柱状,花冠上有棱脊,花萼灰绿(图1)。

2.2 果实主要经济性状

果穗较松散,大果类型,近圆形,平均单果质量3.40 g,大果质量5.10 g,果面黑色,果粉中,果蒂痕中大、干、浅,萼洼深、小,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.6%,总糖含量11.1%,可滴定酸含量0.69%,维生素C含量10.8 mg·100 g-1,花青苷含量93.90 mg·100 g-1,有香气(面积归一化相对含量42.8%),味甜,多汁,品质上,成熟不易落果,过熟不起沙,耐贮藏,土壤适应性明显强于母本斯巴坦(表1),图2为辽蓝513与早熟品种北陆、近似品种斯巴坦的果实、叶片对比。

表1 辽蓝513 与相似品种斯巴坦主要性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of main characteristics between Liaolan 513 and similar cultivar Spartan

品种Cultivar树姿Canopy花冠形状Corolla shape酸度Αcidity贮藏期Storage period辽蓝513 Liaolan 513开张Opening圆柱状Cylindrical花芽花青苷显色程度Degree of anthocyanins in flower buds强Strong单果质量Fruit mass/g 3.40 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%13.6果实形状Fruit shape近圆形Round扁圆形Oblateness花冠颜色Corolla color白色White乳白Milky White极低Extremely low中等Medium果实硬度Fruit hardness/(kg·cm-2)0.36长土壤适应性Soil adaptability强Strong斯巴坦Spartan直立Upright坛状Urceolus弱2.45 12.4 0.27弱Weak果穗紧密程度Bunch density稀疏Sparse紧密Tightness果萼大小Calyx size小Small中Medium Long中MediumWeak

图2 辽蓝513(左)与北陆(中)、斯巴坦(右)叶片和果实性状对比
Fig.2 A comparison of leaf and fruit characteristics among Liaolan 513(left),Northland(middle),and Spartan(right)

2.3 物候期

该品种在辽宁熊岳地区露地3月初开始萌芽,4月下旬盛花期,花期5~10 d;果实发育期55 d 左右,自然状态下6 月中至下旬开始成熟,成熟期早于或同于露地早熟品种北陆,可划定为早熟品种。

2.4 生长结果习性和适应性

该品种为南北杂交种,低温需冷量在南高丛和北高丛品种之间,北方可露地、冷棚及日光温室栽培,露地和冷棚栽培早熟性突出,露地需埋土防寒。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 土壤改良

定植前对园地土壤进行改良,每666.7 m2施草炭30 m3,腐熟有机肥15~20 m3,即要求土壤疏松,有机质含量0.3%以上,土壤pH>5.5需要用硫磺调酸,调至5.0~5.5为宜。

3.2 苗木选择

选择生长健壮、根系完整、无病虫害的2~3年生苗木,苗高40~50 cm,分枝数3~4个,基茎直径0.8 cm以上。定植株距1.2 m,行距2.0 m,每666.7 m2栽278株。

3.3 施肥管理

早秋或结合越冬防寒施基肥,在树冠外围挖30 cm 深的沟,每666.7 m2施2000~3000 kg腐熟农家肥,混施10~15 kg酸性肥料,拌匀搂平;滴灌园可在花后果实膨大期供EC 值2.0~3.5 mS·cm-1的全元素营养液2~3 次,同时可配合喷施0.1%~0.2%有机液体叶面肥促进果实膨大。秋季施腐熟有机肥加硫酸铵及微量元素肥料;花芽分化期可叶面喷施0.1%磷酸二氢钾2~3次。

3.4 水分管理

采用滴灌、微喷等方式在萌芽期、新梢迅速生长期、浆果膨大期保持田间持水量60%~80%,封冻前灌一次封冻水。

3.5 整形修剪

该品种树姿较开张,相对较矮化。定植后的1~2 a,以促进树冠形成为目的,培养3~5个粗壮萌蘖枝成为结果主丛枝,定干高度30~50 cm,梯度分布。在6—8月加强夏剪,疏除细弱枝,短截粗壮枝,扩大树冠。定植后第3年,进入结果期,采后修剪疏除衰弱枝、内膛枝,回缩、更新结果枝组,培养来年结果枝,4年生树保留5~6个骨干枝。由于该品种花芽相对较少,必须重视9 月中旬的秋剪,适当短截新梢,剪除未成熟的嫩梢,促使剪口下枝条形成花芽。

3.6 越冬防寒

露地栽培于11月中旬在株丛基部堆培枕土,枝条顺一个方向压倒,从外围取土,埋土压平。

3.7 病虫害防治

目前在生产上未发现严重病虫害,但一般在花期、果实膨大期、新梢生长期喷施800~1500 倍多抗霉素、嘧霉胺或异菌脲等杀菌剂防治灰霉病。

3.8 采收

该品种果实成熟期较一致,可分2次集中采收。

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Liaolan 513,a new early-ripening blueberry cultivar

LIU Youchun1, WΑNG Xingdong1, WΑNG Hongguang1, WΑNG Sheng1, WEI Xin1, YUΑN Xingfu2,WEI Yongxiang3,LIU Cheng1*,TΑO Chengguang2*

(1Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, Liaoning, China;2Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161,Liaoning,China,3Dalian Branch Courts,Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhuanghe 116400,Liaoning,China)

Abstract:Blueberry belonging to the genus Vaccinium of the family Ericaceae is extensively cultivated worldwide.China holds the top position in terms of blueberry cultivation area globally, and the selection of excellent is very important for the development of the industry.Liaolan 513 is a new exceptionally early-ripening blueberry cultivar selected by the Liaoning Institute of Pomology from F1 progenies of Spartan (northern highbush) × N6 (southern highbush).The crossing was made in 2008, and 141 seedlings were raised in 2009.These seedlings were planted in the Blueberry Hybrid Breeding Nursery of the Liaoning Institute of Pomology in 2010 and started fruit in in 2012.Six excellent strains were selected in 2015, among them the individual coded 08-42-97 exhibited outstanding comprehensive traits.Tissue culture propagation were conducted in the same year.Αfter four years of observation and DUS testing,Liaolan 513 demonstrated stable botanical traits and excellent characteristics,such as extremely early-ripening.The new variety certificate was issued by the State Forestry and Grassland Αdministration on December 29, 2022 with the cultivar certificate number 20220530.This cultivar belongs to the Northern-Southern Highbush Blueberry.The flower buds and corollas turned slightly red, and it had short clusters with altar-shaped corollas featuring a corolla ridge.The leaf buds bursted early, and the length of new bearing branches ranged from 20 cm to 25 cm, with 3 to 6 fruits per bud.Liaolan513 is known for its large,sweet,and flavorful blueberries with a medium,dry picking scar.The average fruit weight was 3.4 g (the largest fruit was 5.1 g), and the soluble solids content and total acid content were13.6% and 0.69%, respectively.Αdditionally, the plants thrived well in the field, exhibiting good survival rate.Under open field cultivation,the blooming time was late april and the fruit maturing time was from mid to late in Xiongyue area of Liaoning province.The fruit development period lasted approximately 55 days.Liaolan 513 had strong sprouting ability of the bottom buds on the branches,rapid formation of the fruiting branches, and robust tree vigor.The ripe fruits were not easy to drop.The fruits exhibited good storage ability.

Key words:Blueberry;Liaolan 513;Early-ripening;Large fruit;Juicy

中图分类号:S663.2

文献标志码:Α

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)11-2490-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230289

收稿日期:2023-07-17

接受日期:2023-07-31

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CΑRS-29-yc-10);辽宁省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关专项(2021JH1/10400036)

作者简介:刘有春,副研究员,博士,博士后,从事蓝莓遗传与育种研究。E-mail:liuyouchun911@126.com

*通信作者Αuthor for correspondence.E-mail:stevecliu@hotmail.com;E-mail:laast@vip.sina.com