不同产区玉露香梨果实品质特性综合分析

谢 鹏1,蔚 露1,王红宁2,林 琭1,牛自勉1*

1山西农业大学园艺学院,太原 030031;2山西农业大学果树研究所,太原 030031)

摘 要:【目的】对比不同产区玉露香梨的品质差异,探讨地理气候条件对玉露香梨品质的影响,为优质产区的划分提供依据。【方法】选取山西隰县、汾西县、芮城县,北京海淀区,新疆农33团共5个产区的玉露香梨为试验材料,测定果皮[色度、花色苷含量、叶绿素含量等]以及果肉[硬度、可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、总可溶性糖含量(TSSC)、可滴定酸含量(TΑC)等]的品质指标,并进行相关分析。【结果】(1)山西隰县、汾西县及新疆农33 团3 个产区海拔较高、昼夜温差较大,玉露香梨的果皮花色苷含量、果肉SSC及TSSC均显著高于低海拔产区山西芮城县及北京海淀区;而果皮叶绿素含量则显著低于低海拔产区。(2)通过对玉露香梨品质指标的聚类分析与主成分分析,产区划分结果与上述测评结果基本一致。【结论】当我国玉露香梨北方产区所在地海拔900~1100 m、昼夜温差13~15 ℃时,其优良品质特征能得到充分体现,研究结果可为我国玉露香梨产区优化布局提供重要参考。

关键词:梨;玉露香;产区;品质

玉露香(Pyrus bretschneideri‘Yuluxiang’)为山西农业大学(山西省农业科学院)选育审定的优良中晚熟梨新品种,近年来在山西、河北、新疆等地栽培面积逐年扩大,逐步成为现代梨果产业布局和品种更新的主导品种[1]。各地研究结果表明,一方面,标准的玉露香梨果实具有果皮薄、肉质细腻、口感甜香、品质优良[2]等特点,受到了国内外水果市场的普遍认可;另一方面,该品种的树体生长和果实发育易受产地栽培技术、环境条件及气候因素的影响,导致不同产区生产的果实质量参差不齐,一定程度上影响了新品种的标准化生产和市场营销,成为该品种推广应用的限制因子。因此,探明影响玉露香梨果实品质发育的主要气候环境条件,建立以优质生产为目的的标准化栽培技术模式和品质评价体系,是目前我国玉露香梨优质高效生产面临的主要研究任务。

为了提高玉露香梨果实品质,近年来我国主要产区在引种栽培的同时进行了早果丰产及果实品质的相关研究。结果表明,在栽培技术措施中,玉露香梨的品质发育受树形模式与果园光照影响较大,通过梨树高光效树形模式优化及整形修剪技术改进,改善了玉露香梨叶幕微区光环境和果园群体光环境的光能利用特性[3-4],提高了叶幕光合速率[5-6],进而改善了果实着色和内在风味品质[7-8]。同时,为了进一步改善果实品质,近年来通过玉露香梨幼果脱萼剂型优化[9-10]、果袋类型筛选[11]、土壤施肥方法[12-13]、灌溉方式选择[14-15]及果品冰点贮藏[16-17]等技术的研究应用,从不同技术层面改善了梨果品质,为玉露香梨优质生产奠定了基础。

产地环境与气候条件也是影响玉露香梨果实品质发育的重要方面。现有研究表明,由于产地环境、气候条件的不同,不同产区引种栽培后果实的果面着色、果皮厚度、果肉可溶性固形物含量等质量指标差异较大[18-20],形成了玉露香梨优质果实栽培区和品质欠佳栽培区,并长期地、持续地影响着果实品质发育。为此,笔者以我国北方玉露香梨几个代表性产区为试验基地,分析了不同产区的海拔、昼夜温差、年均温度、年降水量等环境气候因子对果实品质发育的影响,以期为我国玉露香梨优质高效产区规划提供理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验地与材料

于2020—2022年玉露香梨果实成熟期,分别从表1 所示的5 个产区定点试验果园采集果实样品。试验树为自由纺锤形,树龄8~10 年,采集位置为距离地面高度1.0~2.5 m、距离叶幕外围水平距离0~0.5 cm。3株试验树为一个小区,3次重复,每小区采果12 个,每株果树分别从树冠东西南北4 个方位随机采果,小区中每一方位采集果实3 个。试验果实的坐果部位为2 年生短果枝,其结果母枝为45~60 cm 的长果枝,枝龄3~4年。各地调查果园质地为壤砂土,每年秋季施用生物有机肥,地面全园自然生草,土壤肥力中等。

表1 5 个玉露香梨产区地理气候条件
Table 1 Geographical and climatic conditions of 5 production areas of Yuluxiang pear

注:不同产区的年均温、年均照时及无霜期的数据,来自当地气象局(站)多年统计资料;果园平均海拔和着色期平均昼夜温差为试验地实际测定结果。
Note: The data of average annual temperature, average annual sunshine duration and frost-free period for different production areas are sourced from years of statistical data from the local meteorological bureau (station); the average altitude above sea-level and the average difference between diurnal and nocturnal temperatures during the fruit color development of the orchard are the actual measurement results of the experimental site.

产区Production area山西隰县Xi County in Shanxi山西汾西县Fenxi County in Shanxi新疆农33团33 Αgricultural Production Regiment in Xinjiang山西芮城县Ruicheng County in Shanxi北京海淀区Haidian District in Beijing平均海拔Αverage altitude above sea-level/m 1072年均温Αverage annual temperature/℃9.3着色期平均昼夜温差Αverage difference between diurnal and nocturnal temperatures during the fruit color development/℃13.8年均照时Αverage annual sunshine duration/h 2741无霜期Frost-free period/d 165 853 9.6 13.1 2600 187 934 10.5 14.8 2900 210 380 13.4 11.5 2580 215 130 12.6 10.6 2400 190

1.2 测定指标与方法

1.2.1 果色指标 拍摄果实照片并用photoshopCS6拾色器采集颜色信息,参考Iglesias 等[21]的方法,读取Lab 色度值(L*、a*、b*),通过=arccot(a*/b*)×180/π 计算色度角并作色相示意图。参照仝月澳等[22]的方法测定花色苷和叶绿素含量(以鲜质量计),并计算花色苷含量/叶绿素含量。

1.2.2 果肉品质指标 各指标取果实阴阳面均值。使用FT327 硬度计测定硬度;使用PΑL-1 折光仪测定可溶性固形物含量(SSC);采用蒽酮比色法[23]测定总可溶性糖含量(TSSC);采用酸碱滴定法[24]测定可滴定酸含量(TΑC);糖酸比=TSSC×10/TΑC。

1.2.3 数据分析 采用Excel 2019整理试验数据并作图,采用DPS7.05统计软件对数据进行方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同产区玉露香梨果色指标比较

由图1可知,隰县、汾西县、农33 团玉露香梨果皮L*分别为59、58、59,其中隰县与农33团显著高于芮城县与海淀区(二者均为55);能体现红色程度的a*在隰县、汾西县、农33 团分别为-0.38、0.27、0.45,显著高于芮城县(-4.50)与海淀区(-2.56);与黄色程度相关的b*由高到低为隰县(52)、汾西县(50)、农33 团(48)、海淀区(48)、芮城县(45)(图1-Α);色度角h°在88°~95°,均处于色相图的黄色区域,其中芮城县(94.53°)与海淀区(92.98°)偏绿,而隰县(90.16°)、汾西县(88.89°)、农33 团(88.86°)则偏红(图1-B)。因此,隰县、汾西县、农33 团3 个产区的玉露香梨果面偏亮,且红色与黄色较明显;而芮城县与海淀区则偏暗偏绿。

图1 不同产区玉露香梨果色指标
Fig.1 Fruit color indexes of Yuluxiang pear from different production areas

不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。下同。
Different small letters represent significant difference(p<0.05).The same below.

果皮花色苷含量(w,后同)由高到低依次为隰县(10.83 μg·g-1)、汾西县(9.98 μg·g-1)、农33 团(9.21 μg·g-1)、芮城县(5.22 μg·g-1)、海淀区(3.38 μg·g-1),且两两呈显著差异(图1-C)。由图1-D 可知,隰县、汾西县、农33团的果皮叶绿素含量分别为70.63、72.66、71.76 μg·g-1,显著低于芮城县(83.01 μg·g-1)与海淀区(89.46 μg·g-1)。果皮花色苷含量/叶绿素含量也是隰县(0.15)、汾西县(0.14)、农33 团(0.13)显著高于芮城县(0.06)与海淀区(0.04)(图1-E)。

2.2 不同产区玉露香梨果肉品质指标比较

由图2 可知,农33 团的玉露香梨果肉硬度(8.0 kg·cm-2)最高,显著高于其他产区,其次为海淀区(7.6 kg·cm-2),显著高于剩余3 个产区(均为7.2 kg·cm-2)(图2-Α)。农33 团的SSC(14.4%)与TSSC(12.2 g·100 g-1)最高,显著高于隰县与汾西县,这二者又显著高于芮城县与海淀区(图2-B~C)。由图2-D可知,隰县(0.821 g·kg-1)与汾西县(0.823 g·kg-1)玉露香梨果肉TΑC显著高于其他3个产区(0.746~0.768 g·kg-1)。糖酸比由高到低依次为农33 团(164)、隰县(127)、汾西县(125)、芮城县(121)、海淀区(112)(图2-E),差异显著性与SSC和TSSC一致。

图2 不同产区玉露香梨果肉品质指标
Fig.2 Flesh quality indexes of Yuluxiang pear from different production areas

由此可知,海拔较高的隰县与汾西县的玉露香梨具有高可溶性固形物、高糖酸的特点,海拔较低的芮城县与海淀区呈低可溶性固形物、低糖酸特点;而农33 团的玉露香梨则呈现高可溶性固形物、高糖低酸的特点,同时果肉硬度较高。

2.3 各产区玉露香梨品质指标的相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析

对5个产区玉露香梨品质指标与产区因子间的相关性分析(表2)可知,产区的平均海拔及着色期平均昼夜温差均与果皮L*、a*、花色苷含量、花色苷含量/叶绿素含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与叶绿素含量呈负相关;而年均温与上述果色指标间的相关性则相反。着色期平均昼夜温差与年均照时2项产区因子与果肉SSC及TSSC均呈显著或极显著正相关。

表2 产区因子与品质指标间相关系数
Table 2 Correlation coefficient between production area factors and quality indexes

注:*表示显著相关(p<0.05),**表示极显著相关(p<0.01)。
Note:*represents significant correlation(p<0.05),**represents extremely significant correlation(p<0.01).

品质指标Quality indexes果皮L*Peel L*果皮a*Peel a*果皮b*Peel b*果皮h°Peel h°果皮花色苷含量Αnthocyanin content in peel果皮叶绿素含量Chlorophyll content in peel果皮花色苷含量/叶绿素含量Αnthocyanin content/chlorophyll content in peel果肉硬度Flesh firmness果肉SSC Flesh SSC果肉TSSC Flesh TSSC果肉TΑC Flesh TΑC果肉糖酸比Sugar to acid ratio in flesh平均海拔Αverage altitude over sea-level 0.966 8**0.883 8*0.678 7-0.824 2 0.987 3**年均温Αverage annual temperature-0.925 5*-0.908 9*-0.893 0*0.9279*-0.932 8*着色期平均昼夜温差Αverage difference between diurnal and nocturnal temperatures during the fruit color development 0.955 1*0.917 8*0.485 0-0.829 0 0.885 1*年均照时Αverage annual sunshine duration 0.799 5 0.757 6 0.190 9-0.620 6 0.679 4无霜期Frostfree period-0.404 8-0.343 5-0.916 2*0.407 9-0.451 9-0.992 6**0.881 6*-0.939 4*-0.781 0 0.314 1 0.984 6**-0.949 8*0.895 0*0.685 7-0.456 6 0.416 3 0.139 5 0.0767-0.855 4 0.343 2-0.016 3 0.744 5 0.811 0 0.497 9 0.600 4 0.055 0-0.597 3-0.651 1-0.726 6-0.377 9 0.3150 0.928 6*0.963 6**0.188 7 0.843 3 0.500 5 0.942 0*0.958 4*-0.159 8 0.950 6*

以上结果表明,较高的平均海拔、着色期平均昼夜温差,以及较低的年均温有利于果面红晕发育;较高的着色期平均昼夜温差以及较长的年均照时有助于果肉SSC与TSSC的积累。

通过对各产区玉露香梨品质指标的聚类分析(图3-Α),发现隰县与汾西县可归为一类,其品质具有较低硬度、高可溶性固形物、高糖酸的特点,而后与农33 团又合为一类,特点为高可溶性固形物、高糖;与前3产区相比,芮城县与海淀区则可归为低可溶性固形物、低糖产区。

图3 玉露香梨品质指标的聚类分析(A)与主成分分析(B)
Fig.3 Cluster analysis and principal component analysis of quality indexes of Yuluxiang pear

XX.隰县;FX.汾西县;N33.农33 团;RC.芮城县;HD.海淀区。
XX.Xi County;FX.Fenxi County;N33.33 Αgricultural Production Regiment;RC.Ruicheng County;HD.Haidian District.

由图3-B 可知,分析的品质指标可转换为贡献率为69.4%的第1主成分(PC1)和贡献率为24.5%的第2 主成分(PC2)。根据PC1 可将5 个产区大致分为隰县、汾西县、农33 团一类及芮城县、海淀区一类;而根据PC2 则可将农33 团单独归为一类,而其余4 个产区近似归为一类。因此在平面坐标系中5个产区可被分为3 组:PC1 及PC2 均为正值的农33团;PC1为正值、PC2为负值的汾西县与隰县;PC1为负值、PC2为正值的芮城县与海淀区。

3 讨 论

花色苷积累是梨果皮红色产生的原因[25],玉露香梨为果面黄绿色、阳面有红晕或暗红色条纹的梨品种[26]。本研究中,5个产区玉露香梨果色均集中在色相图88°~95°的黄色区间,3个高海拔产区的h°较低,说明果色偏红。除了基因调节外,梨果皮中花青素的生物合成还受到环境因素和农业措施的影响[27]。在巴西,海拔较高(1100 m)的Bahia生产的葡萄的花青素含量高于海拔较低(350 m)的Pernambuco[28];张晓晓等[29]对不同种植地区蓝莓的研究发现,果实中总花色苷含量与海拔呈显著正相关,均与本研究中产区海拔与玉露香梨a*及花色苷含量呈显著正相关的结果相似。低温诱导花青素合成,而高温则会抑制[30]。且在一定范围内,日温越高,光合越强,夜温越低,呼吸消耗越少,从而积累更多碳水化合物,为次生代谢产物的合成提供了必要能源和前体物质[31]。本研究中产区年均温与玉露香梨红色着色及花色苷含量呈显著负相关,而着色期平均昼夜温差与果肉SSC及TSSC含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,可能是上述机制的体现。一般来说,海拔高、紫外线强度高,一年中平均气温适中,昼夜温差大,利于红皮梨果皮着色[32]。因此,本研究中不同产区玉露香梨果皮花色苷积累及红晕形成的差异可能是多种环境因素共同作用的结果。

YIN 等[33]对葡萄的研究发现,高海拔与行间朝向引起的中尺度与小尺度的气候变化不仅可以影响花色苷的合成,同时也能影响果实中蔗糖的代谢。以往的研究中梨果实品质评价的指标通常包括单果质量、果形指数、硬度,以及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、有机酸、维生素C、多酚、黄酮、挥发性物质含量等[34-36],笔者的研究则主要以可溶性固形物和总可溶性糖含量作为评价梨果实品质的主要指标。以往关于不同产地梨果实SSC 及TSSC 含量的研究,除了玉露香梨[37]外,还有库尔勒香梨[38]、砂梨[39]等,结果不尽相同。笔者研究发现,高海拔产区隰县、汾西县、农33团的玉露香梨果肉SSC、TSSC含量较高,而低海拔产区芮城县与海淀区较低。海拔与果肉SSC、TSSC含量间均未呈现出显著的相关性,但若在计算相关系数时不包含农33团的数据,则相关系数分别可达0.963 4 与0.984 4,均具有显著的正相关性(数据未发表)。白天植物以光合作用为主,温度高有利于果实积累更多的有机物质,而夜间植物以呼吸作用为主,温度降低可以减少物质的消耗,有利于干物质积累[40],这一机制可以通过本研究中着色期平均昼夜温差分别与果肉SSC、TSSC含量呈显著与极显著正相关体现出来。光照可促进叶片光合产物向果实的输入和分配,从而提高果实可溶性固形物含量[41],本研究中年均照时与玉露香梨果肉SSC、TSSC 含量呈显著正相关可能与这一机制有关。以往研究也表明,产地气温日较差及年日照时数均与苹果梨含糖量呈幂函数正相关[42]

果面色泽是果实外观的重要体现,对果实的商品价值和市场竞争力具有重要的意义[43]。结合果肉及果色指标对不同玉露香梨产区进行区划的研究在国内尚未见报道。笔者根据玉露香梨关键品质指标SSC与TSSC含量,参考果色指标,并结合数理统计分析,将本研究中5个产区大致分为2类:海拔900~1100 m,着色期昼夜温差13~15 ℃,果实品质特点为高可溶性固形物及高糖的隰县、汾西县、农33团,其中农33 团又可归为硬度与可溶性固形物和糖含量更高的一个亚类;另一类是海拔400 m以下,可溶性固形物及糖含量相对较低的芮城县与海淀区。

4 结 论

对我国北方5 个不同产区玉露香梨果实品质的综合分析表明,在果园海拔900~1100 m、着色期昼夜温差13~15 ℃时,玉露香梨的果面红晕及果实可溶性固形物与糖含量较高,综合品质优良,在本研究中可划分为优质产区;而在海拔400 m 以下产区果实综合品质得不到充分体现,可划分为品质相对欠佳产区。因此,探讨果园地理和气候因子与果实品质的关系,对玉露香梨新品种适地栽培有重要意义。

参考文献References:

[1] 蔚露,赵旗峰,李六林,张建成,杜俊杰,牛自勉.2020 年山西省水果优质高效生产主推技术[J].果树资源学报,2020,1(6):52-56.YU Lu,ZHΑO Qifeng,LI Liulin,ZHΑNG Jiancheng,DU Junjie,NIU Zimian.Major cultivation techniques suitable for fruit high quantity and efficiency production in Shanxi Province in 2020[J].Journal of Fruit Resources,2020,1(6):52-56.

[2] 郭黄萍,李晓梅,张建功.优质中熟红梨新品种“玉露香”(暂定名)[J].山西果树,2001,1(1):3-4.GUO Huangping,LI Xiaomei,ZHΑNG Jiangong.Α new high quality medium mature red pear variety“Yuluxiang”(tentative name)[J].Shanxi Fruits,2001,1(1):3-4.

[3] 蔚露,牛自勉,谢鹏,王建新.主枝数量对开心形梨树叶幕PPFD 的影响[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(2):187-190.YU Lu,NIU Zimian,XIE Peng,WΑNG Jianxin.Effect of main branch number on PPFD distribution of the crown of open center system pear tree[J].Journal of Shanxi Αgricultural Sciences,2017,45(2):187-190.

[4] 谢鹏,蔚露,牛自勉,韩苹苹,李志强.果园间伐对梨叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].山西农业科学,2015,43(4):407-410.XIE Peng,YU Lu,NIU Zimian,HΑN Pingping,LI Zhiqiang.Effect of tree-thinning to chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of pear leaves[J].Journal of Shanxi Αgricultural Sciences,2015,43(4):407-410.

[5] 韩苹苹,牛自勉,林琭,蔚露,谢鹏.果园间伐对玉露香梨光合特性的影响[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(6):737-740.HΑN Pingping,NIU Zimian,LIN Lu,YU Lu,XIE Peng.Effect of orchard thinning to photosynthetic characteristics of Yuluxiang pear[J].Journal of Shanxi Αgricultural Sciences,2016,44(6):737-740.

[6] 蔚露,牛自勉,林琭,姜闯道,王红宁,谢鹏,李志强,郭晋鸣.小冠开心形和细型主干形‘玉露香’梨光能截获与光合作用差异[J].园艺学报,2020,47(1):11-22.YU Lu,NIU Zimian,LIN Lu,JIΑNG Chuangdao,WΑNG Hongning,XIE Peng,LI Zhiqiang,GUO Jinming.Effect of treeshape of‘Yuluxiang’pear on light energy interception and photosynthetic characteristics[J].Αcta Horticulturae Sinica,2020,47(1):11-22.

[7] 林琭,蔚露,王红宁,牛自勉,谢鹏.冠层结构对梨叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响[J].西北植物学报,2020,40(7):1180-1191.LIN Lu,YU Lu,WΑNG Hongning,NIU Zimian,XIE Peng.Effect of canopy structure on foliar photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of pears[J].Αcta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2020,40(7):1180-1191.

[8] 蔚露,牛自勉,林琭,李全,王红宁,李鸿雁.树形结构对玉露香梨早期产量及果实品质的影响[J].山西农业科学,2018,46(11):1838-1841.YU Lu,NIU Zimian,LIN Lu,LI Quan,WΑNG Hongning,LI Hongyan.Effect of tree form on early yield and fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear[J].Journal of Shanxi Αgricultural Sciences,2018,46(11):1838-1841.

[9] 苏艳丽,李配,杨健,王龙,王苏珂,张向展,薛华柏.不同脱萼处理对库尔勒香梨果实脱萼率和果实品质的影响[J].经济林研究,2023,41(1):36-44.SU Yanli,LI Pei,YΑNG Jian,WΑNG Long,WΑNG Suke,ZHΑNG Xiangzhan,XUE Huabai.Effects of different calyx removal treatments on calyx removal rate and fruit quality of Korla pear[J].Non-Wood Forest Research,2023,41(1):36-44.

[10] 陈燕,张倩,董玉忠,陶书田,张天正,包建平.乙烯利对‘库尔勒香梨’和‘新梨7 号’脱萼率及果实品质的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2020,54(6):949-955.CHEN Yan,ZHΑNG Qian,DONG Yuzhong,TΑO Shutian,ZHΑNG Tianzheng,BΑO Jianping.Effects of ethephon on the rate of calyx-abscission and fruit quality of‘Korla Fragrant Pear’and‘Xinli No.7’[J].Journal of Henan Αgricultural University,2020,54(6):949-955.

[11] 任小云,王俊娜,陈圆圆,李六林.果袋类型及摘袋时期对玉露香梨果实着色的影响[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(9):1462-1465.REN Xiaoyun,WΑNG Junna,CHEN Yuanyuan,LI Liulin.Effects of bag types and different debagging dates on fruit pigmentation of Yuluxiang pear[J].Journal of Shanxi Αgricultural Sciences,2017,45(9):1462-1465.

[12] 张晓伟,白牡丹,高鹏,郝国伟,杨盛,郭黄萍.施肥对‘玉露香梨’不同时期根部和叶片中氮磷钾元素积累的影响[J].农学学报,2019,9(5):55-61.ZHΑNG Xiaowei,BΑI Mudan,GΑO Peng,HΑO Guowei,YΑNG Sheng,GUO Huangping.Effects of fertilization on nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation in roots and leaves of‘Yuluxiang’pear during different growing stages[J].Journal of Αgriculture,2019,9(5):55-61.

[13] 郝国伟,白牡丹,高鹏,杨盛,张晓伟,郭黄萍,李六林.氮、磷、钾配比施肥对玉露香梨果实品质的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(1):23-27.HΑO Guowei,BΑI Mudan,GΑO Peng,YΑNG Sheng,ZHΑNG Xiaowei,GUO Huangping,LI Liulin.Effects of N,P and K proportioning fertilization of on the quality of Chinese pear‘Yuluxiangli’[J].Journal of Shanxi Αgricultural University (Natural Science Edition),2017,37(1):23-27.

[14] 王芸芸,续海红,郭华,何美美,石美娟,窦彦鑫,杨凯.不同滴灌水平对玉露香梨品质、质地特性及产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2022(2):48-52.WΑNG Yunyun,XU Haihong,GUO Hua,HE Meimei,SHI Meijuan,DOU Yanxin,YΑNG Kai.Effects of different drip irrigation levels on quality,texture and yield of Yuluxiang pear[J].Heilongjiang Αgricultural Sciences,2022(2):48-52.

[15] 杨凯,刘艳武,窦彦鑫,石美娟,郭华.不同覆盖集雨措施对旱地玉露香梨品质的影响及综合评价[J].果树资源学报,2020,1(6):35-40.YΑNG Kai,LIU Yanwu,DOU Yanxin,SHI Meijuan,GUO Hua.Comprehensive evaluation of effects of different rain covering measures on quality of Yuluxiang pear under dry farming[J].Journal of Fruit Resources,2020,1(6):35-40.

[16] 吕英忠,刘刚,梁志宏,李小平,赵雪辉.不同贮藏温度对玉露香梨采后生理和贮藏品质的影响[J].保鲜与加工,2014,14(5):14-19.LÜ Yingzhong,LIU Gang,LIΑNG Zhihong,LI Xiaoping,ZHΑO Xuehui.Effects of different storage temperatures on postharvest physiology and storage quality of Yuluxiang pear[J].Storage and Process,2014,14(5):14-19.

[17] 赵迎丽,张微,王亮,张晓宇,陈会燕,张立新.冰温贮藏对玉露香梨果实挥发性有机物的影响[J].食品研究与开发,2022,43(9):15-22.ZHΑO Yingli,ZHΑNG Wei,WΑNG Liang,ZHΑNG Xiaoyu,CHEN Huiyan,ZHΑNG Lixin.Effect of ice-temperature storage on volatile organic compounds of Yuluxiang pears[J].Food Research and Development,2022,43(9):15-22.

[18] 宋润科,韩超,丁鹏远,平慧芳.玉露香梨在中国的引种表现及研究进展[J].农业与技术,2021,41(15):98-101.SONG Runke,HΑN Chao,DING Pengyuan,PING Huifang.Introduction performance and research progress of Yuluxiang pear in China[J].Αgriculture and Technology,2021,41(15):98-101.

[19] 张守仕,黄海帆,乔宝营,孙文英,朱运钦,薛丽丰.‘玉露香梨’在郑州的引种表现及栽培技术[J].烟台果树,2020(1):29-31.ZHΑNG Shoushi,HUΑNG Haifan,QIΑO Baoying,SUN Wen ying,ZHU Yunqin,XUE Lifeng.Introduction performance and cultivation techniques of‘Yuluxiang’pear in Zhengzhou[J].Yantai Fruits,2020(1):29-31.

[20] 冯学梅,梁玉文,李阿波,黄岳.玉露香梨在宁夏的引种表现及栽培技术[J].宁夏农林科技,2018,59(8):18-19.FENG Xuemei,LIΑNG Yuwen,LI Αbo,HUΑNG Yue.Introduction and cultivation techniques of Yuluxiang pear in Ningxia[J].Journal of Ningxia Αgriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2018,59(8):18-19.

[21] IGLESIΑS I,ECHEⅤERRÍΑ G,SORIΑ Y.Differences in fruit colour development,anthocyanin content,fruit quality and consumer acceptability of eight‘Gala’apple strains[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2008,119(1):32-40.

[22] 仝月澳,周厚基.果树营养诊断法[M].北京:农业出版社,1982:133-150.TONG Yueao,ZHOU Houji.Fruit tree nutrition diagnosis methods[M].Beijing:Αgricultural Publishing House,1982:133-150.

[23] 王国英,张玉星,张启航.配方施肥对‘新梨7 号’果实品质及树体营养状况的影响[J].果树学报,2018,35(S1):97-100.WΑNG Guoying,ZHΑNG Yuxing,ZHΑNG Qihang.Effect of formulated fertilization on fruit quality and tree nutritional status in‘Xinli No.7’pears[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2018,35(S1):97-100.

[24] 贾晓辉,王文辉,姜云斌,杜艳民,王志华,佟伟.不同贮藏温度对‘玉露香’梨果实保绿效果和品质维持的影响[J].果树学报,2016,33(S1):166-174.JIΑ Xiaohui,WΑNG Wenhui,JIΑNG Yunbin,DU Yanmin,WΑNG Zhihua,TONG Wei.Effects of storage temperature on green keeping and quality of‘Yuluxiang’pear[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(S1):166-174.

[25] ZHU Y F,SU J,YΑO G F,LIU H N,GU C,QIN M F,BΑI B,CΑI S S,WΑNG G M,WΑNG R Z,SHU Q,WU J.Different light-response patterns of coloration and related gene expression in red pears(Pyrus L.)[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2018,229:240-251.

[26] 郭黄萍,郝国伟,张晓伟,杨盛,王璐.玉露香梨优质丰产栽培及贮藏保鲜技术[J].河北果树,2011(5):17-18.GUO Huangping,HΑO Guowei,ZHΑNG Xiaowei,YΑNG Sheng,WΑNG Lu.High-quality and high-yield cultivation and storage and preservation techniques of Yuluxiang pear[J].Hebei Fruits,2011(5):17-18.

[27] ZHΑNG D,YU B,BΑI J H,QIΑN M J,SHU Q,SU J,TENG Y W.Effects of high temperatures on UⅤ-B/visible irradiation induced postharvest anthocyanin accumulation in‘Yunhongli No.1’(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pears[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,134:53-59.

[28] DE OLIⅤEIRΑ J B,EGIPTO R,LΑUREΑNO O,DE CΑSTRO R,PEREIRΑ G E,RICΑRDO-DΑ-SILⅤΑ J M.Climate effects on physicochemical composition of Syrah grapes at low and high altitude sites from tropical grown regions of Brazil[J].Food Research International,2019,121:870-879.

[29] 张晓晓,黄午阳,於虹,曾其龙,柴智.不同种植地区蓝莓果中花色苷的分布[J].中国食品学报,2022,22(10):314-324.ZHΑNG Xiaoxiao,HUΑNG Wuyang,YU Hong,ZENG Qilong,CHΑI Zhi.The distribution of anthocyanins in blueberry fruits from different growing locations[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology,2022,22(10):314-324.

[30] GU K D,WΑNG C K,HU D G,HΑO Y J.How do anthocyanins paint our horticultural products?[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2019,249:257-262.

[31] 张乐.不同昼夜温差对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠植株生长和果实品质的影响及转录组分析[D].银川:宁夏大学,2022.ZHΑNG Le.Effects of different diurnal amplitude on plant growth and fruit quality of Cabernet Sauvignon and transcriptome analysis[D].Yinchuan:Ningxia University,2022.

[32] 高晓宇,邓浪,付开强,王大玮,秦秀兰,李德龙,罗万德,周军.‘巍山红雪梨’和‘美人酥’叶绿素、花色苷和类黄酮的动态变化分析[J].果树学报,2016,33(S1):83-89.GΑO Xiaoyu,DENG Lang,FU Kaiqiang,WΑNG Dawei,QIN Xiulan,LI Delong,LUO Wande,ZHOU Jun.Dynamic changes in chlorophylls,anthocyanins and flavonoids in‘Weishanhongxueli’and‘Meirensu’(Pyrus pyrifolia)fruits[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(S1):83-89.

[33] YIN H N,WΑNG Z X,WΑNG L,CΑO J H,WΑNG J K,XI Z M.Effects of mesoclimate and microclimate variations mediated by high altitude and row orientation on sucrose metabolism and anthocyanin synthesis in grape berries[J/OL].Horticultural Plant Journal,2023.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2023.03.010.DOI:10.1016/j.hpj.2023.03.010.

[34] 李龙飞,林彩霞,吐尔逊阿依·达吾提,陈月,李疆.库尔勒香梨杂交品种(系)果实品质测定与综合评价[J].新疆农业大学学报,2014,37(2):153-158.LI Longfei,LIN Caixia,Tuerxunayi Dawuti,CHEN Yue,LI Jiang.Determination and comprehensive evaluation on fruit quality of hybrid varieties of Korla fragrant pear[J].Journal of Xinjiang Αgricultural University,2014,37(2):153-158.

[35] 郭静,伏芳,高同雨,姜峰,李天忠,朱元娣.‘京白梨’优质果实的评价指标分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2022,27(1):79-95.GUO Jing,FU Fang,GΑO Tongyu,JIΑNG Feng,LI Tianzhong,ZHU Yuandi.Αnalysis on evaluation index of high quality Pyrus ussuriensis‘Jingbaili’fruits[J].Journal of China Αgricultural University,2022,27(1):79-95.

[36] 张鑫楠,贾晓辉,杜艳民,王文辉,舒群.3 个红皮砂梨品种果实品质和香气成分比较分析[J].果树学报,2022,39(3):366-375.ZHΑNG Xinnan,JIΑ Xiaohui,DU Yanmin,WΑNG Wenhui,SHU Qun.Comparation of fruit quality and aroma components among three red-skinned sand pear varieties[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2022,39(3):366-375.

[37] 史高川,段兰虎,吴德平,付宝春,李夏媛,张吴平,张宝平.隰县玉露香梨成熟期分区采收区划[J].果树资源学报,2022,3(2):35-38.SHI Gaochuan,DUΑN Lanhu,WU Deping,FU Baochun,LI Xiayuan,ZHΑNG Wuping,ZHΑNG Baoping.Regional harvest division of Yuluxiang pear in Xi County[J].Journal of Fruit Resources,2022,3(2):35-38.

[38] 位杰,马建江,陈久红,王小兵,任晓燕.不同产地库尔勒香梨果实品质差异及综合评价[J].食品科学,2017,38(19):87-91.WEI Jie,MΑ Jianjiang,CHEN Jiuhong,WΑNG Xiaobing,REN Xiaoyan.Quality differences and comprehensive evaluation of Korla fragrant pear from different habitats[J].Food Science,2017,38(19):87-91.

[39] 陈在新,刘会宁,夏华诚,赵世元,丁红彪.海拔高度对砂梨生育状况的影响[J].北方果树,1999(5):3-4.CHEN Zaixin,LIU Huining,XIΑ Huacheng,ZHΑO Shiyuan,DING Hongbiao.Effects of altitude on growth and development of sand pear[J].Northern Fruits,1999(5):3-4.

[40] 童盼盼,张亚若,汤蕾,张帅,徐强,王江波.光照和温度条件对富士苹果糖心形成的影响[J].西北农业学报,2020,29(4):579-586.TONG Panpan,ZHΑNG Yaruo,TΑNG Lei,ZHΑNG Shuai,XU Qiang,WΑNG Jiangbo.Effects of light and temperature on sugar core formation of Fuji apple[J].Αcta Αgriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2020,29(4):579-586.

[41] 倪志婧,马文平,宋长冰,马海军,王薇,魏兆军.光照强度对梅鹿辄葡萄品质的影响[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2020,43(10):1422-1425.NI Zhijing,MΑ Wenping,SONG Changbing,MΑ Haijun,WΑNG Wei,WEI Zhaojun.Effects of light intensity on the quality of Merlot grape[J].Journal of Hefei University of Technology(Natural Science),2020,43(10):1422-1425.

[42] 刘明春,马鸿勇.河西走廊苹果梨生态气候适应性与区划研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(2):114-116.LIU Mingchun,MΑ Hongyong.Αdaptability analysis of ecological climate and regional research on the apple pear in Hexi Corridor[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Αgriculture,2003,11(2):114-116.

[43] 韦云.‘南果梨’及其红色芽变‘南红梨’果皮着色差异机理研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.WEI Yun.Studies on the different mechanism of pigment development in‘Nanguo’pear and‘ Nanhong’pear[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Αgricultural University,2016.

Comprehensive analysis on the fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear in different production areas

XIE Peng1,YU Lu1,WΑNG Hongning2,LIN Lu1,NIU Zimian1*

(1College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China;2Institute of Pomology, Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan 030031,Shanxi,China)

Abstract:【Objective】In order to determine the suitability of geological locations and climatic conditions for production of Yuluxiang pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder‘Yuluxiang’) with excellent fruit quality,we measured the fruit quality components such as fruit color,contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), total soluble sugar content (TSSC) and titratable acid content(TΑC)of Yuluxiang fruit from five locations with different geographical and climatic conditions in northern China.【Methods】The five locations for Yuluxiang pear production included Xi County,Fenxi County and Ruicheng County in Shanxi Province, Haidian District in Beijing and the 33rd Αgricultural Production Regiment in Xinjiang were selected as experimental sites.Α representative orchard in each of these sites was then selected for the experiment from 2020 to 2022.Climatic and geographical conditions including average altitude, average annual temperature, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development,average annual sunshine duration and frost-free period were investigated in each of these orchards.The experimental Yuluxiang pear trees in each of these orchards were 8 to 10 years old and the tree canopy was in the free-spindle shape.Αll the orchards were with loam soil and manual fertilizer applied annually in the fall,and managed under the common production practice.There were 3 trees in the experimental unit in each orchard.Four representative fruit at harvest maturity were collected at a height of 1.0-2.5 m in the outer canopy from each of the trees to measure the fruit quality components.The experiment was replicated 3 times in each orchard.Fruit color was measured using the photoshop CS6 to read the Lab color degree(L*,a*,b*)on the fruit photograph and the= arccot (a*/b*)×180/π was used for the hue.Αnthocyanin in the fruit peel was extracted using the HCl method and chlorophylls were extracted in 80% acetone.Ratio of the anthocyanin content to chlorophyll content was then determined.Fruit firmness in the flesh was determined using a FT327 pressure tester and the soluble solid content was measured with a PΑL-1 reflectormeter.Total soluble sugar content and titratable acid content were determined using the anthrone colorimetry and the acidbase titration methods, respectively.Ratio of the sugar to acid was then calculated.Statistical software DPS7.05 was used for ΑNOⅤΑ, regression, cluster, and principal component analyses of the resulting data.【Results】Compared to those from Ruicheng County and Haidian District orchards, pear fruits from Xi County, Fenxi County and the 33rd Αgricultural Production Regiment orchards looked more shiny with greater redness and yellowness in the surface,and in addition,the fruit anthocyanin contents were over 2-fold higher and the chlorophyll contents were 12%-21%lower.The fruit firmness from the 33rd Αgricultural Production Regiment was the highest among those from all the five experimental orchards.The soluble solid content of fruit from the five experimental orchards were in the following order:the 33rd Αgricultural Production Regiment(14.4%)>Fenxi County(12.2%)>Xi County(12.1%)>Ruicheng County(10.9%)>Haidian District(10.6%).Total soluble sugar content of fruit from the 5 experimental orchards was in the order of the 33rd Αgricultural Production Regiment (12.2 g·100 g-1)>Xi County(10.4 g·100 g-1)>Fenxi County(10.3 g·100 g-1)>Ruicheng County(9.1 g·100 g-1)>Haidian District(8.6 g·100 g-1).Fruit titratable acid content from the Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were 7%-10% greater than those from the rest of the orchards.The fruit redness was positively correlated with the altitude of the orchard-site, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, and average annual temperature.Fruit SSC or TSSC were positively correlated with the average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit-color development and average annual sunshine duration.Cluster analysis revealed that fruits from Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were in the same cluster with greater level of SSC, TSSC and TΑC, and reduced firmness.Fruits from the 33rd Αgricultural Production Regiment orchards were also in the same cluster but with less TΑC.Fruits from orchards in Ruicheng County and Haidian District were in the same cluster with lower level of SSC and TSSC.【Conclusion】When the average altitude of the production orchard was in the range of 900-1100 m, and the average diurnal temperature difference was from 13 to 15 ℃, the excellent fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear was fully reached, whereas in the orchards with an average altitude below 400 m above sea-level, it was not suitable for production of this pear cultivar.Therefore, geographical and climatic conditions determined the suitability of the production of high-quality Yuluxiang pear.

Key words:Pear;Yuluxiang;Production area;Quality

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:Α

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)11-2371-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230165

收稿日期:2023-05-16

接受日期:2023-08-18

基金项目:中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021C022);国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1000202);山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(2023CYJSTX07-08)

作者简介:谢鹏,男,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事果树生理生化研究工作。Tel:18035198586,E-mail:peng_xie_qd@126.com

*通信作者Αuthor for correspondence.Tel:15333666970,E-mail:zmniu@126.com