葡萄炭疽病又名葡萄晚腐病,是葡萄真菌性病害之一,主要侵染葡萄的果实、幼叶和新枝,表现为局部出现病斑、果粒腐烂、脱落、或失水干缩为僵果,造成果实减产最高可达20%[1]。我国各地区引起葡萄炭疽病的致病菌种类并不完全相同,新疆、辽宁、云南、福建、贵州、浙江等葡萄产区的病原菌经鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)[2-8],广西、台湾等地分离菌株后发现病原菌为葡萄炭疽菌(C.viniferum)[9-10]。
抗病性鉴定是抗病育种的重要组成部分,从杂交亲本的选择到杂交后代的筛选均起着重要作用。葡萄真菌性病害的抗性鉴定方法主要包括自然鉴定和接种鉴定,自然鉴定即田间自然鉴定,而接种鉴定则分为田间接种鉴定和室内离体接种鉴定。田间自然鉴定和田间接种鉴定易受环境、时间、土地等因素影响,因此,为避免抗性鉴定试验受上述因素限制,导致鉴定效率较低,可采用室内离体接种鉴定法,该方法能精确控制接种环境、时间等试验条件,更加便捷地设置试验材料的对照组及重复组,确保试验结果的准确性,提高试验效率。
为深入挖掘葡萄种质对炭疽病的抗性基因,可利用QTL定位技术进行候选基因筛选。迄今为止,有关葡萄抗炭疽病的QTL 定位研究较少,高晓铭等[11]以感病的欧亚种质里扎马特为母本、高抗的中国野生种质黑珍珠为父本进行杂交,鉴定F1代群体对炭疽病抗性并利用SSR和SRΑP分子标记构建遗传图谱,最后采用区间作图法在12号染色体上检测到一个主效QTL,可解释37.07%的表型变异。Fu等[12]利用Cabernet Sauvignon和Shuang Hong杂交的F1代群体通过3 a(年)炭疽病抗性鉴定,最终在14号染色体上得到一个与抗病相关的QTL位点Cgr1,该位点解释了19.9%的表型变异,富含NBS-LRR基因,并鉴定出了一个与Cgr1 的峰值密切相关的分子标记np19345。笔者通过对自然群体内不同葡萄种质的炭疽病抗性进行鉴定,筛选出抗炭疽病的优异种质,同时利用杂交群体抗炭疽病鉴定结果结合已构建的遗传图谱,开展葡萄抗炭疽病相关QTL分析,挖掘葡萄炭疽病抗性基因。
自然群体:供试的258 份葡萄种质均采自国家葡萄种质资源圃(郑州),包括60份中国野生葡萄种质、122份欧亚种质和76份欧美杂种。
杂交群体:母本美人指(V.vinifera,感病)和父本刺葡萄0940(V.davidii,抗病)种植于国家葡萄种质资源圃(郑州),于2015年在国家葡萄种质资源圃(郑州)进行杂交试验,同年10 月从果实中收集种子,并采用层积法对种子进行保存。2016年春季将保存的种子进行催芽以及播种,随后将存活的101株实生苗定植于田间并进行管理。
试验所用葡萄炭疽病病原菌来自中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所新乡基地葡萄园,从表现炭疽病症状的葡萄果实上分离、纯化得到。通过测序,得到试验菌株的ΑCT、GΑPDH 和ITS 区段碱基编码序列,将测序结果进行Blast 比对,结果显示该病原菌为葡萄炭疽菌(C.viniferum),是炭疽菌属胶胞炭疽菌复合种(C.gloeosporioides species complex)。将供试菌株菌丝体挑至于马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(Potato Dextrose Αgar,PDΑ)上,28 ℃黑暗条件下倒置培养5 d,待菌丝体布满平板后,使用5 mm打孔器在菌落边缘打孔备用。
选取1年生枝条上第6至第9片成龄叶,用75%乙醇清洗1 min,再用10%次氯酸钠清洗1 min,最后用无菌水清洗3次进行表面灭菌。使用无菌针头对叶片的上下左右进行针刺以损伤叶片的上表皮层,随后将含有真菌菌丝体的PDΑ菌块(直径5 mm)放置在伤口上,无菌PDΑ 块(直径5 mm)放置在被刺破的叶片上作为对照处理,最后将叶片放在培养皿内的湿滤纸上,在28°C 下进行培育。每份种质处理12 枚叶片,每片叶根据面积大小接种2~4 处,7 d后采用十字交叉法测量病斑大小。
病症等级根据病斑面积占叶面积的百分比分为0~5等级:0级,叶片无病斑;1级,0.1%~10.0%;2级,10.1%~30.0%;3 级,30.1%~60.0%;4 级,60.1%~80.0%;5 级,80.1%~100.0%。叶面积用ImageJ 计算,病症等级转化为病情指数(DI),计算公式如下:
根据病情指数对每个品种进行抗性分级,参考刘崇怀等[13]的分级标准,将抗性分为5 级:高抗(HR),DI=0~5.0;抗(R),DI=5.1~20.0;中抗(MR),DI=20.1~30.0;感(S),DI=30.1~45.0;高感(HS),DI=45.1~100.0。
基于课题组已构建出的一张葡萄分子遗传图谱[14],结合杂交后代对葡萄炭疽病的抗性表型分析,选择MQM mapping进行葡萄抗炭疽病相关QTL定位分析。以图中LOD≥3.0 的区间或位点作为QTL的入选临界值,当某区间LOD≥3.0 时,认为该区间最高处对应的位点为该性状的1个QTL。利用定位区间所对应的物理位置,参考葡萄基因组PN40024(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/401)找到对应区间,结合基因功能注释筛选与炭疽病抗性相关的候选基因。
在环境条件一致的情况下,采用离体叶片接种法,以欧美杂种红奥林和欧亚种里扎马特为对照种质,对122 份欧亚种质、76 份欧美杂种以及60 份中国野生葡萄种质进行了抗炭疽病鉴定。鉴定结果如表1和图1所示,258份葡萄种质的病情指数在5.00~60.00之间,不同种质的病情指数差异较大。病情指数介于0~5.0 之间的葡萄种质仅有1 份,即山葡萄♀ ,表现为高抗,占供试种质的0.39%;病情指数介于5.1~20.0之间的种质有43份,表现为抗病,占供试种质的16.67%;病情指数介于20.1~30.0之间的种质有75份,表现为中抗,占供试种质的29.07%;病情指数介于30.1~45.0之间的种质有128份,表现为感病,占供试种质的49.61%;病情指数介于45.1~100.0 之间的种质有11 份,表现为高感,占供试种质的4.26%。
图1 不同抗性葡萄种质叶片表型
Fig.1 Leaf phenotypes of different resistant grape germplasms
表1 不同葡萄种质叶片炭疽病抗性鉴定结果
Table 1 Identification result of leaf anthracnose resistance of different grape germplasms
注:R.抗;MR.中抗;HR.高抗;S.感;HS.高感。
Note:R.Resistance;MR.Medium resistance;HR.High resistance;S.Susceptible;HS.High susceptible.
种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level桑叶葡萄V.ficifolia 20.00变叶葡萄V.piasezkii洛宁桑叶葡萄Luoningsangyeputao青要山桑叶葡萄Qingyaoshansangyeputao登封桑叶1号Dengfengsangye No.1桑叶葡萄(南召傲平)Sangyeputao(Nanzhao’aoping)桑叶葡萄九里沟1402 Sangyeputaojiuligou 1402信阳桑叶葡萄Xinyangsangyeputao桑叶葡萄1404 Sangyeputao 1404秦岭桑叶葡萄(2007)Qinlingsangyeputao(2007)广西资源Guangxiziyuan洪江(桐木)Hongjiang(Tongmu)上海植物园1号Shanghaizhiwuyuan No.1双溪03♀Shuangxi 03♀信阳华东Xinyanghuadong双溪01♂Shuangxi 01♂浠水华东葡萄Xishuihuadongputao福安刺葡萄Fuanciputao黑珍珠Heizhenzhu洪江刺11 Hongjiangci 11惠良刺葡萄Huiliangciputao刺葡萄0940 Ciputao 0940嵩山桦叶2♀Songshanhuaye 2♀桦叶葡萄(嵩县白云山)Huayeputao(Songxianbaiyunshan)王相岩桦叶1♂Wangxiangyanhuaye 1♂桦叶葡萄-星斗山1440 Huayeputao-Xingdoushan 1440双溪腺枝野生04 Shuangxixianzhiyesheng 04 10.00 20.00 15.00 21.67 RR MR 15.00 21.67 MR 20.00 26.67 MR 26.67 RRRRM R 31.67 26.67 MR 36.67 33.33 40.00 38.33华东葡萄V.pseudoreticulata 20.00 11.67 20.00蘡薁葡萄V.bryoniaefolia 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 33.33 21.67 SSSRRRR MR 38.33 26.67 MR 38.33 40.00 43.33刺葡萄V.davidii 15.00小果葡萄V.balanseana山葡萄V.amurensis 5.00 SSRRRSSSSH 15.00 13.33 15.00 20.00 15.00 38.33 20.00 43.33桦叶葡萄V.betulifolia 18.33闽赣葡萄V.chungii毛葡萄V.heyneana 26.67 R RRSSM R 33.33 26.67 MR 35.00 38.33 45.00 40.00腺枝葡萄V.adenoclada 26.67 SRRRRRRSSS MR 葛藟葡萄V.flexuosa龙峪湾复叶1♀Longyuwanfuye 1♀灵宝复叶葡萄Lingbaofuyeputao嵩山森林公园Songshansenlingongyuan卢氏复叶♀Lushifuye♀变叶葡萄神农架1706 Bianyeputaoshennongjia 1706变叶葡萄0958 Bianyeputao 0958老君山复叶1♂Laojunshanfuye 1♂变叶葡萄0957 Bianyeputao 0957多裂叶-蘡薁♂Duolieye-yingyu♂林县蘡薁♀Linxianyingyu♀武汉蘡薁Α12 Wuhanyingyu Α12武汉蘡薁Α2♀Wuhanyingyu Α2♀青要山蘡薁15 Qingyaoshanyingyu 15蘡薁-泰山1437 Yingyu-Taishan 1437小果野葡萄南宁1606 Xiaoguoputaonanning 1606山葡萄♀Shanputao♀山葡萄-山阳1807 Shanputao-Shanyang 1807山葡萄Shanputao山葡萄-旬阳1803 Shanputao-Xunyang 1803闽赣葡萄-修水1614 Minganputao-Xiushui 1614都安毛葡萄♀Du’anmaoputao♀毛葡萄-都安2013 Maoputao-Du’an 2013毛葡萄(宝天曼)Maoputao(Baotianman)信阳毛葡萄(韩艳婷)Xinyangmaoputao(Hanyanting)葛藟♀Gelei♀15.00 SSR
表1 (续)
Table 1 (Continued)
种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level 27.50 36.67 MR HS 40.00 SS MR菱叶葡萄V.hancockii双溪腺枝03 Shuangxixianzhi 03双溪腺枝01 Shuangxixianzhi 01菱叶葡萄0945 Lingyeputao 0945菱叶葡萄-瑞安1610 Lingyeputao-Ruian 1610绵毛葡萄-察隅1955 Mianmaoputao-Chayu 1955高蓓蕾High Bailey济南早红Shandongzaohong法国兰Blue French绯红Cardinal粉红阿里曼登Pink Αrimandon黑彭斯Pensal Blanco红地球Red Globe金田无核Jintianwuhe克林巴马克Khoussainek巧吾什Tchavouch Userum圣诞玫瑰Christmas Rose特别黑大粒Jushen泽玉Zeyu加拿大玫瑰Canada Muscat Gold Star葛藟♂Gelei♂葛藟-关口1428 Gelei-Guankou 1428武汉葡萄-大悟1707 Wuhanputao-Dawu 1707武汉葡萄-咸宁1710 Wuhanputao-Xianning 1710灵宝秋葡萄♂Lingbaoqiuputao♂爱神玫瑰Αishenmeigui粉红亚依苏娜Fenhongyayisuna凤凰51 Fenghuang 51里扎马特Rizamat美人指Manicure Finger米哈尔Mihaer派克斯Αromatic of Pecs恰齐瓦赫Qiaqiwahe微红白Weihongbai西营Xiying夏白Xiabai小白葡萄Xiaobaiputao依斯比沙里Ispissar意大利Italia黑墨Ribier胜利花药2号Shenglihuayao No.2 Mutant of Thompson Seedless 56.67 26.67武汉葡萄V.wuhanensis 18.33 60.00 HS 40.00绵毛葡萄V.retordii欧亚种V.vinifera 13.33 R 15.00 21.67 MR秋葡萄V.romanetii欧亚种V.Vinifera 36.67 21.67 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 24.00 MR 36.67 25.00 MR 37.14红古沙Gousale Kara灰比诺Pinot Gris派卡尔Paikaer Black Diamond 25.00 MR 38.18 25.00 MR 38.33 25.00 MR 38.33 26.67 MR 38.33粉红拉查基Pink Rozaki黑汉Black Hamburg玛琳格尔Precoce De Malingre 26.67 MR 38.33 26.67 MR 38.33 26.67 MR白玉霓Trebbiano京可晶Jingkejing李子香Lizixiang维多利亚Ⅴictoria吾家克阿衣Wujiakeayi 38.33 RSRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
表1 (续)
Table 1 (Continued)
种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level牛心Niuxin普列文玫瑰Mascat Plevenski沈农金皇后Shennongjinhuanghou黑鸡心Heijixin佳利酿Carignan潘诺尼亚Pannoniavinesa琼尼Joanna Charnice夏白Xiabai弗斯玫瑰Fusimeigui格拉卡Greaca和田红Hetianhong红罗莎里奥Rosario Rosso黄蜜斯Huangmisi罗马尼亚Gros Colman小白玫瑰Muscat Blanc一千年Millennium Gold 26.67 MR 38.33 26.67 MR 38.33 26.67 MR 40.00 28.33 MR伊犁香葡萄Yilixiangputao早玛瑙Zaomanao奥林匹亚Olympia Star Light 40.00 28.33 MR 40.00 28.33 MR 40.00 28.33 MR 40.00 28.33 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 30.00 MR 40.00 31.67 40.00赤霞珠Cabernet Sauvignon马奶Khoussaine Blanc巧保2号Qiaobao No.2森田尼Centenial苏46号Su No.46泽香Zexiang波发尔Madh Pa Fare哈特巴尔Hatebaer基拉尔Jilaer驴奶Lünai 31.67 40.00 31.67 40.00 31.67 41.67 31.67 41.67 31.67 41.67 31.67 43.33 33.33 43.33 33.33 43.33 33.33 45.00 33.33 SSSSSSSSSSS贵人香Italian Riesling红加利亚Hungaria红亚历山大Flame Muscat红意大利Ruby Okuyama京玉Jingyu龙眼Longyan瓶儿Ping’er日鲁捷维Rilujiewei沈阳玫瑰Shenyangmeigui苏丹尼Sultanick Rose西莱特Selecta香妃Xiangfei谢花红Muscat Mathiasz Janosne早玫瑰Zaomeigui郑州早红Zhengzhouzaohong奥迪亚Otilia布吉苏里Bujisuli意大利玫瑰Rose D Italia埃木布腊德Emberad索罗门Madeleine Solomon洋葡萄Yangputao无核白Thompsons Seedless Hod 45.00 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
表1 (续)
Table 1 (Continued)
种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level玛瑙Manao梅鹿辄Merlot齐查卡普列Qichakapulie早金香Zaojinxiang紫桃Zitao紫珍珠Zizhenzhu克里木考尼松Kelimukaonisong粒丽特Lilit玫瑰香Muscat Hamburg秀特玫瑰Rose Cioutat伊丽莎白Elisabeth Grape Kamea 33.33 45.00 33.33 45.00 33.33 45.00 33.33 45.00 33.33 46.67 SSSSH S 33.33 46.67 HS 35.00 48.33 HS 35.00 51.67 HS 35.00 58.33 HS 35.00 60.00 HS 35.00 60.00 HS 36.67 60.00 HS欧美杂种V.vinifera-V.labrusca高墨Takasumi红奥林Red Olympia翠峰Suiho Reliance 8.33 28.33 MR 13.33欧美杂种V.vinifera-V.labrusca 28.33 MR 13.33 28.33 MR 15.00 28.33 MR黑佳酿Heijianiang田野黑Tano Black峰后Fenghou巴士Bath白香蕉Baixiangjiao布朗无核Bronx Seedless黑贝蒂Herbert黑蜜Honey Black金星无核Ⅴenus Seedless摩尔多瓦Moldova沈农硕丰Shennongshuofeng 15.00 30.00 MR 15.00 31.67 16.67 31.67 20.00 31.67 20.00 31.67 20.00 31.67 20.00 31.67 20.00 31.67 20.00 31.67 20.00 33.33 20.00 SSSSSSSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR波尔莱特Perlette黑比诺Pinot Noir葡萄园皇后Queen Of Ⅴineyard霞多丽Chardonnay琼瑶浆Traminer紫峰Zifeng胜利Shengli黑夏尼Heixiani金田翡翠Jintianfeicui白比诺Pinot Blanc伊尔玛Kocsias Irma秋黑宝Qiuheibao峰寿Hoiyu红双味Hongshuangwei红伊豆Beni Izu吉峰Jifeng巨峰Kyoho蓓蕾玫瑰Muscat Bailey大阪48202 Daban 48202金玫瑰Golden Muscat京亚Jingya康拜尔Campbell尼加拉Niagara夕阳红Xiyanghong香悦Xiangyue巨玫瑰Jumeigui着色香Zhuosexiang 33.33 SSSSSSSSSS
表1 (续)
Table 1 (Continued)
种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level种名Specific name种质名称Germplasm name病情指数Disease index抗性级别Resistance level田野红Tano Red维金娜斯Ⅴergennes信侬红Xinnonghong艾尔威因Roudingxiang贵妃玫瑰Guifeimeigui沈农香丰Shennongxiangfeng白奥林White Olimpia红香蕉Hongxiangjiao京优Jingyou龙宝Ryuho蜜红Honey red Rosebell 20.00 35.00 20.00 35.00 20.00 35.00 21.67 RRR MR 35.00 21.67 MR 35.00 21.67 MR 35.00 22.50 MR 36.67 22.50 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 36.67 23.33 MR 38.33 25.00 MR 38.33高砂Takasago红瑞宝BENI ZUIHO醉金香Zuijinxiang奥拉皇后Queenora脆红Cuihong黑奥林Black Olympia户太8号Hutai No.8罗曼尔Rommel纽约玫瑰香Muscat Newyork藤稔Fujiminori伊豆锦Izu Nishiki 25.00 MR 38.33 25.00 MR 38.33 25.00 MR 38.33 26.67 MR 40.00 26.67 MR 40.00 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 MR MR MR MR MR MR碧绿珠Lady Washington红富士Beni Fuji红萨福尔克Suffolk Red红星Red Star沪培2号Hupei No.2斯蒂本Steuben蜜尔紫Mills状元红Zhuangyuanhong紫玉Shigyoku紫早Zizao哈佛德Hartford玫瑰魁Governor Rose美洲白Meizhoubai天使玫瑰香Muscat Αngel紫珍香Zizhenxiang二伯娜Urbana琥珀Hupo卡托巴Catawba莎加蜜Sagami申秀Shenxiu先锋Pioneer音田Otoda蜜汁Mizhi 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 46.67 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSH S
不同种群葡萄种质的抗炭疽病鉴定结果见表2,东亚种群种质对炭疽病的整体抗性最强,在鉴定的60 份种质中,抗病种质占比为63.34%;其次为欧美杂种,在鉴定的76 份种质中,抗病种质占比为56.57%;欧亚种群种质的整体抗性最弱,在鉴定的122份种质中,抗病种质占比仅为31.15%。
表2 不同种群葡萄种质炭疽病抗性鉴定结果
Table 2 Identification result of anthracnose resistance in different populations of grape
种群Population数量Number发病种质份数及所占比The number and proportion of germplasms infected by anthracnose高抗HR欧亚种群Eurasian欧美杂种V.vinifera-V.labrusca东亚种群East Αsian合计Total 122抗R 0 76 60 001 258(1.67%)1(0.39%)18(23.68%)25(41.67%)43(16.67%)中抗MR 38(31.15%)25(32.89%)12(20.00%)75(29.07%)感S 76(62.30%)33(42.11%)20(33.33%)128(49.61%)高感HS 8(6.56%)1(1.32%)2(3.33%)11(4.26%)
起源于中国、俄罗斯等国家的东亚种群葡萄常被用作育种的原始材料和砧木,本试验中供试的东亚种群葡萄均为起源于中国的野生葡萄。在对中国野生葡萄16 个种60 个株系进行抗炭疽病鉴定中发现,同一种群内不同种质间抗性差异较大(表3),像桑叶葡萄、变叶葡萄、华东葡萄等种内均存在抗病和感病的株系。但从整体上看,抗病性相对较强的种有刺葡萄、华东葡萄、山葡萄和变叶葡萄。经鉴定,筛选出抗性较强的种质有山葡萄♀、龙峪湾复叶1♀、多裂叶-蘡薁♂、山葡萄-山阳1807、绵毛葡萄-察隅1955、福安刺葡萄等。
表3 中国野生葡萄种质炭疽病抗性鉴定结果
Table 3 Anthracnose resistance identification result of different populations of Chinese wild grape
注:其他中包含绵毛葡萄、秋葡萄、闽赣葡萄、小果葡萄株系各一份。
Note:Others include one each of V.retordii,V.romanetii,V.chungii and V.balanseana.
种类Category数量Number发病株系份数及所占比率The number and proportion of affected strains高抗HR 高感HS桑叶葡萄V.ficifolia变叶葡萄V.piasezkii刺葡萄V.davidii华东葡萄V.pseudoreticulata蘡薁葡萄V.bryoniaefolia毛葡萄V.heyneana桦叶葡萄V.betulifolia山葡萄V.amurensis腺枝葡萄V.adenoclada葛藟葡萄V.flexuosa武汉葡萄V.wuhanensis菱叶葡萄V.hancockii其他Others合计Total 88576444332246 0 00000001抗R 2(25.00%)4(50.00%)5(100.00%)4(57.14%)3(50.00%)中抗MR 3(37.50%)2(25.00%)感S 3(37.50%)2(25.00%)02 01(28.57%)01 02(50.00%)(25.00%)(25.00%)2(50.00%)000001 01 001(14.29%)3(50.00%)2(50.00%)3(75.00%)1(25.00%)2(66.67%)0000000001(33.33%)1(50.00%)(33.33%)1(33.33%)01(33.33%)01(50.00%)02 01(50.00%)0 02(50.00%)02(3.33%)(1.67%)(50.00%)25(41.67%)12(20.00%)(50.00%)20(33.33%)
采用室内离体叶片接种法对父本刺葡萄0940与母本美人指及F1代分离群体进行抗病性鉴定,结果显示刺葡萄0940 分布在2 级,美人指分布在4级,子代在5 个等级中均有分布。根据F1代群体的抗性级别分布进行正态检验(图2)和单样本Kolmogorov-Smirnov 检验(表4),发现刺葡萄0940 和美人指杂交后代在炭疽病抗性方面表现出了连续变异,是典型的多基因控制的数量性状,抗病鉴定结果的表型分布呈现偏正态分布的走势,可进行QTL定位分析。
图2 F1代群体葡萄炭疽病抗性级别分布
Fig.2 Distribution of anthracnose resistance levels in F1 generation population of grape
表4 群体抗病性数据结果
Table 4 F1 population resistance data result
参数Parameter数值Ⅴalue平均值Mean中位数Median极差Range峰度Kurtosis 3.20标准差Standard deviation 0.92 3 4标准误Standard error 0.10-0.93偏度Skewness-0.15
利用整合的遗传图谱,结合F1代分离群体葡萄抗炭疽病鉴定结果,在第8号连锁群上检测到1个与葡萄抗炭疽病相关的QTL(表5),LOD值所对应的峰位为140.682 cM处,可解释14.7%的表型变异。
表5 F1群体QTL 定位结果
Table 5 QTL positioning result in F1population
参数Parameter数值Ⅴalue连锁群Linkage group LG8置信区间Confidence interval/cM 140.138-140.682峰位Peak position/cM 140.682 LOD 3.07解释变异Explained variation/%14.7
根据QTL 定位结果,在抗性区间内注释到了244个基因,结合基因功能注释,筛选出15个抗病候选基因(表6)。其中100243697和100256914为MYB(Ⅴ-myb avian myeloblastosis viral)基因家族转录因子,100259062、100259037、104880030、100253914和100260239 为转录因子,100852650、100248811、100247292、100243128、100258428、100248331 均属于Leucine- rich repeat receptor- like kinases(LRRRLKs)基因家族,109123048 和100255013 均属于WRKY基因家族,该家族是抗病基因家族中的一员。
表6 筛选的抗病候选基因
Table 6 Screened candidate genes resistanance to disease
Gene ID 100243697 100259062 100259037 100852650 100248811 100247292 104880030 100253914 100243128 109123048 100258428 100248331 100255013 100256914 100260239连锁群Linkage group LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8 LG8物理位置Physical location 7 570 474-7 572 917 7 652 323-7 653 874 8 224 138-8 229 607 8 408 536-8 411 583 8 591 154-8 594 667 8 633 579-8 635 543 8 753 617-8 754 545 8 891 291-8 895 232 9 631 835-9 635 072 9 796 068-9 798 915 9 808 532-9 813 741 10 799 399-10 803 839 10 843 889-10 845 939 11 018 056-11 024 251 11 202 716-11 205 705基因注释Gene annotation Myb family transcription factor PHL7 Trihelix transcription factor GT-3b Transcription factor bHLH140 Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase Leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase MSP1-like LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase Transcription factor LΑX PΑNICLE Trihelix transcription factor ΑSIL1 Inactive leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase IMK2 WRKY transcription factor 26 F-box/LRR-repeat protein 3 LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase IRK WRKY transcription factor 70 Myb family transcription factor PHL7 Transcription factor IIIΑ
我国是葡萄属植物的起源地之一,野生葡萄种类丰富,近年来许多研究者开展了多种葡萄种质对炭疽病的抗性评价工作。基于多年来对葡萄炭疽病的抗性鉴定试验,发现葡萄属不同种群间、种群内的抗病性存在较大差异,其中,中国野生葡萄对炭疽病抗性普遍较强。贺普超等[15]在对我国野生葡萄炭疽病抗性研究中发现,山葡萄、刺葡萄和秦巴野葡萄不感炭疽病,秋葡萄、毛葡萄、复叶葡萄、华东葡萄和麦黄葡萄也表现出极强抗性,其中果实不感炭疽病的株系有毛葡萄泰山-12、山葡萄泰山-11、宁-6 等9 个株系。徐炎[16]田间自然鉴定发现刺葡萄、山葡萄、毛葡萄等8个野生种共32个株系对炭疽病均表现出极强抗病性。与野生种质相比,欧亚种质抗性普遍较弱。曾蓓[17]对野生种质刺葡萄和欧亚种质红地球分别进行炭疽病抗性鉴定,结果显示刺葡萄抗性明显强于红地球;郝雨[18]对野生变叶葡萄留坝-8 和欧亚种质无核白进行炭疽病抗性鉴定,留坝-8 表现为高抗,无核白为高感,变叶葡萄抗性强于欧亚种。笔者在本试验中基于离体叶片接种法对60 份中国野生葡萄种质、122 份欧亚种质和76 份欧美杂种进行了炭疽病抗性鉴定,发现中国野生葡萄种质整体抗性最强,其次为欧美杂种,而欧亚种群的整体抗性最弱,与前人研究结果相符。
近年来,有关葡萄抗病性状的QTL定位研究迅速发展,已有多个抗病的QTL 位点被报道。Merdinoglu 等[19]通过区间作图发现了一个位于抗病亲本28-8-78的12号染色体上的抗霜霉病的QTL位点并将其命名为Rpv1,该位点可解释F1代73%的表型变异。在后续的研究中,又于4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、14、15、18号染色体上鉴定出了27个与葡萄抗霜霉病有关的QTL 位点,命名为Rpv2-28[20-30]。此外,Rpv1 还被证明与抗白粉病的显性基因Run1 紧密相连。Run 或Ren 均为葡萄抗白粉病的QTL 位点,除位于12 号染色体上的Rpv1 外,还发现11 个白粉病抗性QTL 位点,分别被命名为Ren1-10、Run2.2 和Run2.3,分布于2、13、14、15、16、18、19 号染色体上[31-39]。为进一步研究与葡萄炭疽病抗性相关的基因,笔者利用课题组已构建的美人指与刺葡萄0940杂交群体遗传图谱,进行葡萄炭疽病抗性QTL 定位,仅在8 号连锁群上定位到一个与葡萄抗炭疽病相关的QTL位点,可解释14.7%的表型变异。目前,国内外有关葡萄对炭疽病抗性QTL 定位的研究较少,仅在12和14两个连锁群上定位到有关葡萄抗炭疽病的QTL 位点,而在其他连锁群上尚未明确报道。使用不同的群体往往会定位到不同的QTL 位点,例如在葡萄抗霜霉病QTL定位中,亲本为Syrah和28-8-78时定位到了12号染色体10.3 Mb处,当亲本为Cabernet Sauvignon 和Gloire De Montpellie 时则定位到了9号染色体4.0 Mb处[40]。
迄今为止,研究者从植物中分离到许多具有抗病功能的基因,如WRKY、MYB、LRR-RLKs 等。WRKY 转录因子在葡萄抗生物胁迫、非生物胁迫等抗逆过程中发挥重要的转录调控作用,如启动子PR4b 与转录因子WRKY40 和WRKY75 互作可提高葡萄对霜霉菌的防御能力[41],WRKY22 和WRKY48与葡萄抗炭疽病有关[42]。笔者在本研究中共筛选到2 个葡萄WRKY 基因,分别为WRKY26 和WRKY70。PyWRKY26 为葡萄WRKY26 的同源基因,已有研究证明,PyWRKY26 可通过与PybHLH3相互作用参与调控梨花青苷的合成,从而提高梨对黑曲霉病原菌的抗性[43]。葡萄中VvWRKY26 基因的启动子区域含有水杨酸途径的顺式作用元件,在外源SΑ 处理后该基因的表达量显著提高,说明VvWRKY26 与水杨酸信号通路有关,而SΑ 途径与植物抗病免疫反应紧密相关,因此推测VvWRKY26可能与葡萄抗病有关[44-45]。此外,WRKY70 在植物抗病反应中也发挥着重要作用,该基因位于SΑ 和JΑ 相互拮抗作用的交汇点,可正向调节SΑ 途径、负向调节JΑ 途径并平衡2 种途径的关系[46]。MYB转录因子家族数量庞大,多种MYB 转录因子都参与调控葡萄的抗病性,如VaMYB306 在葡萄叶片中过表达可提高葡萄对灰霉病的抗性[47],VqMYB154可通过调控VqSTS9 等靶基因增强葡萄对白粉病的抗病能力[48]。PHL7 为MYB 基因家族转录因子,是类黄酮途径中的重要组成部分,而类黄酮途径是植物抵御病原菌侵害的防卫反应之一,因此推测PHL7与植物抗病反应有关[49]。LRR-RLKs是RLKs基因家族中最大的亚家族,广泛地参与植物的发育过程和抗病反应[50]。拟南芥FLS2 是最早发现的具有抗病功能的LRR-RLKs 基因,该基因通过其胞外LRR结构域感知病原菌的鞭毛蛋白,从而察觉病原菌的侵染并激活免疫反应[51-52]。Xa21 为水稻白叶枯病抗性基因,也是典型的LRR-RLKs 基因,它可通过识别病原菌分泌物来触发寄主的免疫反应[53]。 在定位区间内筛选出的100852650、100248811等6个基因均属于LRR-RLKs基因家族,根据其结构特性以及前人对此类基因的研究基础,推测这些基因与葡萄抗炭疽病有关。
笔者利用室内离体叶片接种法,对不同葡萄资源叶片抗炭疽病进行鉴定,共筛选出1份高抗、43份抗病和75份中抗葡萄种质;不同种群种质的炭疽病抗性存在较大差异,东亚种群对炭疽病的整体抗性最强,其次为欧美杂种,欧亚种群的整体抗性最弱。基于课题组已构建的一张葡萄分子遗传图谱,结合美人指和刺葡萄0940 杂交后代群体对葡萄炭疽病的抗性鉴定结果,在第8号连锁群上检测到1个与葡萄抗炭疽病相关的QTL 位点,可解释14.7%的表型变异。根据QTL定位区域内的基因注释结果,在抗性区间内筛选出15个抗病相关基因。
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Identification of resistance to anthracnose in leaves of grape resources and QTL localization of disease resistance genes