鲜食葡萄新品种天工玉柱的选育

程建徽,魏灵珠,向 江,郑 婷,吴 江*

(浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所,杭州 310021)

摘 要:天工玉柱属欧亚种,是从Banana×红亚历山大杂交的实生后代中选育出的中熟葡萄新品种。葡萄穗形为圆锥形,果粒着生紧密度中等,平均果穗质量377.1 g。果粒长椭圆形、黄绿色,果粒果形指数2.1,果粉少,平均单粒质量6.8 g,最大果粒质量达8.0 g;每粒葡萄含种子粒数1~3粒;果皮较易剥离,果肉质地适中,果汁多、香甜,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为19.5%,可滴定酸含量为3.41 g·kg-1,维生素C含量63.7 mg·kg-1,玫瑰香型。在浙江嘉兴海宁大棚种植条件下,从萌芽到浆果成熟需120~130 d,葡萄成熟期7月中下旬。该品种萌芽率87.3%,结果枝率96.3%,每结果枝平均着生果穗1.35个,花芽分化和稳产性均好。适宜在长三角地区设施栽培。

关键词:鲜食葡萄;新品种;天工玉柱

近年来浙江省葡萄产业迅速发展,使之成为了我国南方的一大新兴产区,形成了杭州湾、浙东南沿海、浙中丘陵等三大主要葡萄产区[1-2]。葡萄避雨栽培技术的成功应用使得欧亚种葡萄在南方产区成为了可能,欧亚种葡萄自2000 年左右开始引进浙江,生产上除了巨峰、红富士、醉金香、阳光玫瑰、夏黑等欧美种外,目前主要栽培的欧亚种葡萄有红地球、维多利亚、白罗莎里奥等[2]。品种是产业的基础,国内先后选育出了华葡黑峰[3]、天工蜜[4]等欧美种葡萄品种以及紫金秋浓[5]、黄金蜜[6]、中葡萄10号[7]等欧亚种葡萄品种。因此,围绕浙江葡萄产业生产现状、消费需求和休闲观光农业的需要,确定了选育果粒长形、优质、玫瑰香型的欧亚种葡萄新品种的育种目标。

1 选育过程

2010年5 月,配置了Banana×红亚历山大的杂交组合,8 月,采收成熟的葡萄果实,低温放置一段时间后,取出杂交种子578粒。2011年春,将经过沙藏的种子催芽后进行播种,得到该组合杂交苗131株,2012 年春将培育一年的实生杂种苗定植于浙江省农业科学院杨渡基地葡萄育种圃中,杂交后代自2013年开始陆续进入开花结果期,葡萄成熟时发现编号10-334 的杂种果形外观美观、长椭圆形、玫瑰香、汁液多、口感甜,被选为优株,通过嫩枝嫁接繁殖,扩大了该优株群体数量,2016—2017 年按照测试指南(NY/T 2563—2014)进行了该新品种的特异性、一致性和稳定性测试,定名为天工玉柱(图1)。2018年1月获植物新品种权(CNA20160547.8)。

图1 葡萄新品种天工玉柱
Fig.1 A new grape cultivar Tiangong Yuzhu

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

天工玉柱属欧亚种。当年生新梢的生长半直立、生长势较强,中部节间背侧绿色带红条纹。嫩梢梢尖着生稀疏的匍匐茸毛,形态开张。新梢上幼叶正面浅红褐色,背面主脉上生有直立茸毛、密,主脉间有稀疏的匍匐茸毛。成龄叶片形状近五角形、5裂、颜色绿,叶面积250.5 cm2,叶面有泡状凸起,叶片正面叶柄处的主脉上花青苷显色强度弱,叶片背面主脉上有直立茸毛、密,主脉间匍匐茸毛、疏,上裂刻重叠,叶片叶缘的锯齿长1.2 cm、锯齿形状为两侧直。

2.2 果实经济性状

天工玉柱果穗穗形为圆锥形、着生较紧密,穗长17~22.5 cm,穗宽11.0~13.2 cm,平均穗质量377.1 g,果粒间成熟一致,穗梗长度短。果粒长椭圆形、果粉少,果刷长0.26 cm,果粒不易掉,果皮黄绿色、厚度适中、易剥皮、无涩味,平均单粒质量6.8 g,最大粒质量8.0 g,果粒纵径3.7 cm 横径1.8 cm,果形指数2.2。浆果果肉质地适中,果汁中多、玫瑰香型,口感香甜,每粒葡萄含种子粒数1~3粒。经农业农村部农产品及转基因产品质量安全监督检测测试中心(杭州)检测,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为19.5%,可滴定酸含量3.41 g·kg-1,维生素C含量63.7 mg·kg-1,香甜(表1)。

表1 天工玉柱、父母本和金手指果实性状比较
Table 1 Main characteristics of Tiangong Yuzhu,its parent and Gold Finger

品种Cultivar天工玉柱Tiangong Yuzhu香蕉指Banana红亚历山大Red Alexandria金手指Gold Finger穗质量Bunch mass/g 377.1粒质量Berry mass/g 6.8果形Berry shape长椭圆形Long elliptic皮色Color of skin黄绿色Yellow-green果皮涩味Astringent of peel无Absent果肉质地Flesh texture中Medium香型Flavor玫瑰香Muscat w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%19.5汁液Juice中Medium 321.4 6.7无脆16.4少375.4 5.2弯形Arched椭圆形Elliptic黄绿色Yellow-green紫红色Red-violet Absent无Absent Crispy中Medium草莓香Slight foxy玫瑰香Muscat 19.5 Less多Much 361.9 5.5弯形Bending黄绿色Yellow-green无中18.7多Absent Medium冰糖香Sugar candy Much风味Flavor香甜Fragrant and sweet甜Sweet香甜Fragrant and sweet香甜Fragrant and sweet

2.3 生长结果习性

天工玉柱枝梢生长较强,花芽分化好,两性花,萌芽率87.3%,结果枝率96.3%,花序在新梢上的位置多位于3~4节,平均每新梢花序数1.35个。

2.4 物候期

在浙江嘉兴海宁大棚避雨栽培条件下,天工玉柱3月中旬萌芽,4月底开花,7月中下旬葡萄成熟,从萌芽到浆果成熟120~130 d,属中熟葡萄品种。

2.5 抗逆性与栽培适应性

该品种抗逆性较强,在浙北平原水稻田土、杭州湾海涂土地区生长结果优,以5BB砧嫁接树的综合表现最佳[8],可溶性固形物含量达20.5%,总酚、类黄酮和维生素C 含量分别为1.0 mg·g-1、0.4 mg·g-1、56.01 mg·kg-1,口感甜、玫瑰香;抗病虫能力较强,田间病害主要预防灰霉病,炭疽病、霜霉病较少发生,虫害主要预防吸果夜蛾、蚜虫、叶蝉等。自根苗耐高温能力较弱,遇夏季连续高温叶片易老化。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园

该品种适宜在浙江避雨设施栽培条件下,采用一字形架起垄种植,适宜pH 6.0~7.5 的微酸性至中性土壤。为尽快丰产,应早期密植,第一年株行距(1.0~1.5)m×(2.5~3.0)m,第二年结果后可隔株间伐,最终株行距3 m×3 m。

3.2 枝蔓果管理

春季当新梢长到6叶时留5叶摘心,顶副梢延长生长,副梢留1叶绝后摘心。4月底开始开花进行剪梢,顶副梢4-3-3叶摘心。由于结果枝率高,成花易,每结果枝留1 个果穗,考虑提高粒质量与优质因素进行适当控产,每666.7 m2在1250 kg左右。冬季12月份采用长短梢混合修剪方法,每666.7 m2留新梢4000个左右。

3.3 肥水管理

10 月底至11 月初施基肥;翌年5月份葡萄花后15 d施高氮水溶性复合肥膨果,间隔10 d重复施肥1次;6月份果实转熟期施含腐殖酸高钾水溶肥,间隔10 d重复施肥1次;7月份采收后施采后复合肥恢复树势。施肥配合灌水进行,春季萌芽前葡萄园灌透水,成熟期控制田间水分预防裂果。

4 综合评价

天工玉柱系欧亚种葡萄新品种,果粒黄绿色、长椭圆形外观、口味香甜,花芽分化和稳产性良好,满足休闲观光葡萄采摘需要,是一个适宜浙江避雨设施栽培条件下种植的品种。

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A new table grape cultivar Tiangong Yuzhu

CHENG Jianhui,WEI Lingzhu,XIANG Jiang,ZHENG Ting,WU Jiang*
(Institute of Horticulture,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310021,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract: Tiangong Yuzhu is a new mid-maturing Vitis vinifera grape cultivar bred by crossing Banana with Red Alexandria by the Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.In 2010, 578 hybrid seeds were gathered through artificial hybridization pollination at an experimental field.As a 2014 selection,it was selected due to its beautiful appearance,long elliptic shape,muscat fragrance,more juice and sweet taste.As a result of several years of observation,it was finally released as Tiangong Yuzhu in 2017.Young shoot tips are sparsely haired and anthocyanin color intensity is low.Young leaves have a red bronze upper surface and very dense creeping hairs along the main veins.Mature leaves are pentagonal, green and flat.The leaf area is 250.5 cm2 and there are five leaf lobes.The petiole sinus is closed.The serrated leaf margin is straight on both sides.The upper lateral sinus of the leaf is overlapped.Main veins on the leaf surface have weak accumulation of anthocyanins.Its dorsal side internodes are green with red stripes, and its flowers are hermaphrodite.Its inflorescence usually bears between the second and fourth nodes.The inflorescence is cone-shaped and medium compact,and has an average weight of 377.1 grams.The average berry grain weight is 6.8 grams and berry shape index is 2.1.The flesh is much juicy with muscat flavor.Berries contain 19.5% soluble solids, 3.41 grams of acid per kilogram and 63.7 grams of vitamin C per kilogram.The berry ripens in mid-late July in northern Zhejiang area.Bud break rate is 87.3%, inflorescence number per current cane is 1.35, and bearing cane proportion is 96.3%.In Yangtze River Delta region of South China with humid and hot climate,it is suitable for green-house cultivation.

Key words: Table grape;New cultivar;Tiangong Yuzhu

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)10-2283-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230111

收稿日期:2023-03-31

接受日期:2023-05-15

基金项目:浙江省果品新品种选育专项(2012C12904-7、2016C02052-6、2021C02066-6);浙江省三农九方科技项目(2022SNJF030);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-29-13)

作者简介:程建徽,男,副研究员,博士,主要从事葡萄育种与栽培生理研究。Tel:0571-86417309,E-mail:jianhuicheng@126.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:1451592500@qq.com