杜梨实生苗遗传多样性分析及火疫病抗性鉴定评价

蒋 媛,位 杰*,王 岩,李永丰,谢宏江,崔 龙

(新疆生产建设兵团第二师农业科学研究所,新疆铁门关 841005)

摘 要:【目的】杜梨是新疆梨产区广泛应用的砧木,但其对梨火疫病的抗性较差。探究杜梨实生后代的遗传多样性和抗病性,对后续杜梨分子水平上遗传多样性的分析以及抗病基因的挖掘具有重要意义。【方法】对人工培育的196份杜梨实生苗的19个质量性状和6个数量性状进行形态遗传多样性分析,采用室内人工接种梨火疫病菌的方法进行种质的抗病性鉴定,并结合田间发病情况进行综合评价。【结果】19个质量性状中裂刻、刺芒、叶背茸毛、托叶、针刺这5个性状的遗传较为稳定,其他14个性状的变异系数在2.33%~57.03%之间,遗传多样性指数在0.03~1.20之间,叶尖性状变异系数最大(57.03%),叶缘的变异系数最小(2.33%);6个数量性状的变异系数在11.14%~22.27%之间,遗传多样性指数在1.95~2.07 之间,叶面积的变异系数最大(22.27%),叶形指数和叶长的变异系数相对较低,分别为11.14%和11.73%,数量性状表型遗传多样性相对更为丰富。抗病性鉴定筛选出4个抗病材料和10个中抗材料。田间发病规律表现为童期发病程度较轻,进入开花期后发病程度加重较快,树势越强,发病率越高,发病程度越重。【结论】研究结果为进一步探讨杜梨种质多样性、开展抗梨火疫病砧木育种和挖掘相关抗病基因奠定了材料基础。

关键词:杜梨;实生苗;遗传多样性;火疫病;抗病性;鉴定评价

杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia Bunge)属于蔷薇科(Rosasceae)梨属(Pyrus)植物,因其根系深、抗旱、耐涝、抗寒、抗盐碱等特性在新疆梨产区作为梨栽培种的砧木广泛应用。近年来,梨火疫病在新疆迅速蔓延,对新疆特色林果业的发展造成了重大威胁,尤其是对南疆的库尔勒香梨产业造成了近乎毁灭性的打击[1-2]。相关研究表明,砧木杜梨和栽培种库尔勒香梨对梨火疫病的抗性最差[3]。筛选抗病种质、培育抗病品种是防治梨火疫病最经济、有效和促进生态安全的方法。

种质资源是开展梨树遗传育种、生产栽培以及科学研究的重要物质基础[4]。杜梨属于典型的异质种质,其野生群体内富含优良特异的种质,群体内的遗传多样性结构是遗传育种的基础[5-6]。Zong 等[7-8]对中国北方野生杜梨的遗传多样性和系统地理学进行了评估,表明遗传变异与地理距离之间存在相关性,为野生杜梨种群的保护利用奠定了基础。目前,种质资源遗传多样性的研究主要在形态学水平、细胞学水平、生理生化水平和分子水平等[9]方面开展。在形态学上,马春晖等[10]对88份梨属植物叶片色泽多样性进行了分析,认为叶片色泽能够作为一项重要的分类参考指标;宗宇等[11]对中国北方野生杜梨的分布现状进行了调查,并通过叶片和果实的系列形态指标对其进行了形态多样性评价。在分子水平上,SSR[12-15]、RAPD[16-17]、SRAP[18]等手段也广泛应用于梨种质资源的遗传多样性及分类关系评价研究。目前,对梨遗传多样性的评价主要集中在栽培品种上,关于砧木,尤其是实生砧木群体的遗传多样性相关报道较少,而关于杜梨实生砧木的火疫病抗性评价更是鲜见报道。

笔者在本研究中以人工培育的杜梨实生群体为研究对象,对196份杜梨实生苗叶片、枝条等19个质量性状和6 个数量性状进行形态遗传多样性分析,并采用室内人工接种梨火疫病菌的方法进行种质抗病性鉴定,结合田间发病情况综合评价资源的抗性,筛选抗性种质,为后续杜梨分子水平上遗传多样性的研究以及抗逆基因的挖掘奠定基础。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

供试196份杜梨实生苗均为新疆库尔勒收集的种子繁育而来,2014年育苗,2016年移栽定植,株行距1 m×3 m,土、肥、水管理水平一致。

供试菌株为梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora(编号E.a Y01),菌株分离于新疆伊宁市,寄主为梨,属于强致病力菌株,由南京农业大学植物保护学院胡白石教授惠赠。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 表型性状数据采集 调查测定性状共25个,包括质量性状19个,数量性状6个。各性状在特征表现最明显、最具代表性的时期进行调查记录并拍照,数据采集和整理参照《梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准》[19]进行。2019—2021 连续3 a(年)进行采集,取平均值。

1.2.2 遗传多样性分析 数量性状计算其平均值、标准差、变异系数、极差,质量性状计算各分级的有效百分比。参照王永康等[20]的方法计算各数量性状和质量性状的遗传多样性指数。

1.2.3 杜梨实生苗抗梨火疫病室内鉴定 试验于2021年7月进行。采集各杜梨实生苗的1年生幼嫩枝条,基部用浸水的无菌脱脂棉包裹,再用保鲜膜包扎保湿后带回实验室。

(1)病原菌的活化及接种液制备。将供试菌株接种于LB 培养基上,28 ℃培养36 h 活化。挑取单菌落于LB 液体培养基中,于28 ℃、220 r·min-1条件下振荡培养,培养成OD600值为1.4左右的菌液,然后吸取5 mL 加入到三角瓶中,再加入无菌水稀释成OD600值为0.2的菌液作为接种液。

(2)离体枝条接种。将枝条截成30 cm的枝段,每个枝段上端保留有1~3 枚健康完整无破损的叶片。用75%乙醇做表面消毒后,枝段下端切口留斜口,插入盛有接种液的三角瓶中浸渍接种,每个品种接种3 组,每组5 个枝条。对照为无菌液的无菌水,其他培养条件相同。接种后放置于28 ℃、相对湿度75%、光照12 h的室内。

(3)病情统计。接种后第7 天统计测定发病枝条数、发病枝条病斑长度、病斑长度占接种枝条长度的比例及发病级别。参照李洪涛等[21]、李晓妹等[1]的方法,制定梨火疫病病菌接种梨离体枝条的病情分级标准:0级,枝条无病斑;Ⅰ级,枝条病斑长度占接种枝条长度的<1.0%~5.0%;Ⅲ级,枝条病斑长度占接种枝条长度的>5.0%~15.0%;Ⅴ级,枝条病斑长度占接种枝条长度的>15.0%~30.0%;Ⅶ级,枝条病斑长度占接种枝条长度的>30.0%~50.0%;Ⅸ级,枝条病斑长度占接种枝条长度的≥50.1%。根据公式计算枝条发病率、离体枝条接种后相同时间病情指数。

发病率(%)=(发病枝条数/接种总枝条数)×100;

病情指数(DI)=[∑(各级发病枝条数×病级代表值)/(接种总枝条数×最高病级代表值)]×100。

(4)杜梨实生苗对梨火疫病菌株的抗病性评价。统计各杜梨实生苗接种后发病枝条数、测量枝条病斑长度,计算发病率、病情指数,制定抗病性评价指标,综合评价供试杜梨实生苗的抗火疫病水平。参考李洪涛等[21]、李晓妹等[1]的研究及《梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准》[19]的抗病性分级指标,制定资源抗病性划分标准:高抗(HR),病情指数<5.0;抗病(R),病情指数5.0~15.0;中抗(MR),病情指数>15.0~30.0;中感(MS),病情指数>30.0~40;感病(S),病情指数>40.0~50.0;高感(HS),病情指数>50。

1.2.4 杜梨实生苗田间自然发病情况调查 从定植开始,每年观察记录每份杜梨实生苗的生长、开花、自然发病情况。单株田间肉眼观察梨火疫病感病程度分级标准:1 级,未发病(R),树体健康,无表型枝枯病感病症状;3级,中抗(MR),嫩枝或果实部分有轻微感染枝枯病(病斑面积15%以下);5 级,中感(MS),嫩枝或果实感枝枯病严重(病斑面积15%~40%),侧枝有轻微感病症状(病斑面积15%以下);7级,感病(S),嫩枝或果实感染枝枯病很严重(病斑面积>40.0%~65%),侧枝感病症状严重(病斑面积15%~40%);9 级,高感(HS),嫩枝或果实、侧枝、主枝感染枝枯病极严重(病斑面积65%以上),主干流脓,全株或主枝死亡。

1.3 数据分析

试验数据采用Excel 进行数据整理、分析和图表绘制。采用Shannon-Winter指数表示形态多样性程度,质量性状直接按各分级有效百分比计算,数量性状计算总体平均值和标准差,然后从第1 级[Xi>(` + 2 δ)]到第10 级[Xi<(-2 δ)],每0.5 δ 为1级[19]。

2 结果与分析

2.1 杜梨实生苗质量性状多样性分析

不同杜梨实生苗叶片形态特征见图1。由图1可以看出,杜梨实生苗叶片在形态上表现较为丰富。叶片形状主要有卵圆形、椭圆形、披针形;叶基形状主要有狭楔形、楔形、宽楔形、圆形、截形;叶尖形状主要有渐尖、急尖和长尾尖(锐尖),叶缘主要是锐锯齿(锯齿)。

图1 不同杜梨实生苗叶片性状特征
Fig.1 Characteristics of leaf traits of different P.betulifolia seedlings

叶形.卵圆形(B、E、F、G、H、I、O、P)、椭圆形(D、J、L、N)、披针形(A、C、K、M);叶基.狭楔形(C)、楔形(B、D、I、K、L、N)、宽楔形(A、F、G、H、J、M)、圆形(E、P)、截形(O);叶尖.渐尖(C、D、G、J、K、L、M)、急尖(F、N、O)、长尾尖(锐尖)(A、B、E、H、I、P)。
Leaf shape.Ovate (B, E, F, G, H, I, O, P), elliptic (D, J, L, N), lanceolate (A, C, K, M); Shape of leaf base.Narrow wedge-shaped (C), wedgeshaped(B,D,I,K,L,N),wide wedge-shaped(A,F,G,H,J,M),round(E,P),truncate(O);Shape of leaf apex.Gradually acuate(C,D,G,J,K,L,M),sharp-acuate(F,N,O),long tail acuate(sharp)(A,B,E,H,I,P).

196份杜梨实生苗的19个质量性状的多样性分析结果见表1。由表1 可知,19 个质量性状共包含66 个分级,在196 份样本的调查结果中,包含了53个分级性状类型。其中,裂刻、刺芒、叶背茸毛、托叶、针刺这5 个性状均为单一性状,调查的196 份样本均表现出无裂刻、无刺芒、无叶背茸毛、无托叶、有针刺。叶片形状以卵圆形为主,占84.18%,叶基形状以宽楔形和楔形为主,分别占55.10%和30.61%,叶尖形状以渐尖和长尾尖(锐尖)为主,分别占45.92%和47.96%。叶缘以锐锯齿(锯齿)为主,占99.49%。叶片伸展状态以抱合为主,占60.71%。叶姿以斜向下为主,占70.92%。主干树皮特征以纵裂为主,占93.88%。树姿以半开张和开张为主,分别占50.51%和36.22%。1 年生枝皮孔数量以中、多为主,分别占53.06%和45.41%。叶芽姿态以斜生为主,占70.41%。芽托大小以小为主,占92.34%。树势以强为主,占53.57%。1 年生枝颜色以红褐色和黄褐色为主,分别占38.27%和35.71%。除5个单一性状外,其他14 个质量性状的遗传多样性指数在0.03~1.20 之间,叶基形状(1.04)、树姿(1.08)、树势(1.01)、1年生枝颜色(1.20)的遗传多样性指数相对较高。由质量性状的各项指标说明大部分质量性状具有丰富的遗传多样性。

表1 196 份杜梨实生苗质量性状的多样性分析
Table 1 Diversity analysis of quality traits of 196 P.betulifolia seedlings

注:括号内数据为性状分级数值所占比例。
Note:The data in brackets are proportion of trait classification values.

性状分级Grading of traits质量性状Quality trait 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7叶片形状Leaf shape圆形Round(0)遗传多样性指数Genetic diversity index,H’0.55叶基形状Shape of leaf base卵圆形Ovate(0.841 8)楔形Wedge-shaped(0.306 1)椭圆形Elliptic(0.071 4)宽楔形Wide wedgeshaped(0.551 0)披针形Lanceolate(0.086 7)圆形Round(0.122 4)截形Truncate(0.005 1)心形Cordate(0)1.04叶尖形状Shape of leaf apex叶缘Leaf margin狭楔形Narrow wedgeshaped(0.015 3)渐尖Gradually acuate(0.459 2)全缘Entire(0)钝尖Obtuse(0)0.88圆钝锯齿Crenate(0)急尖Sharp-acuate(0.061 2)锐锯齿(锯齿)Serrae(Serration)(0.994 9)长尾尖(锐尖)Long tail acuate(Sharp)(0.479 6)复锯齿Biserrate(0.005 1)0.03裂刻Lobe刺芒Seta on leaf margin叶背茸毛Pubescence on the back of mature leaf叶片伸展状态Status of leaf surface叶姿Latitude of leaf in relation to shoot托叶Presents of stipule主干树皮特征Bark charact of trunk树姿Tree habit无有Absent(1)无Absent(1)无Absent(1)Present(0)有Present(0)有Present(0)无Absent(1)1年生枝皮孔数量Number of lenticels on one-year-old shoot叶芽姿态Position of vegetative bud in relation to shoot叶芽顶端特征Characteristics of apex of vegetative bud芽托大小Size of bud support树势Tree vigor平展Flat(0.229 6)斜向上Upwards(0.091 8)有Present(0)光滑Smooth(0.005 1)抱合Fastigiate(0.005 1)无或极少Absent or extremely few(0)贴生Adpressed(0.035 7)尖Acute(0.903 1)抱合Enclasped(0.607 1)水平Outwards(0.199 0)反卷Back-rolled(0.163 3)斜向下Downwards(0.709 2)纵裂Longitudinal cracked(0.938 8)直立Upright(0.086 7)片状剥落Exfoliate(0.056 1)半开张Semi spreading(0.362 2)少Few(0.015 3)直生Upright held out(0.030 6)斜生Slightly held out(0.704 1)钝Obtuse(0.096 9)小Small(0.923 4)弱Weak(0.224 5)波浪Wavy(0)开张Spreading(0.505 1)下垂Drooping(0.040 8)中Medium(0.530 6)离生Markedly held out(0.229 6)中Medium(0.071 4)中Medium(0.239 8)多Many(0.454 1)大Large(0.005 1)强Strong(0.535 7)0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.78 0.00 0.25 1.08 0.76 0.81 0.32 0.29 1.01针刺Thorn 1年生枝颜色Color of oneyear old shoot无有Absent(0)Present(1)绿黄色Green yellow(0.010 2)灰褐色Gray brown(0.005 1)黄褐色Yellow brown(0.357 1)红褐色Red brown(0.382 7)褐色Brown(0.234 7)紫褐色Purple brown(0)黑褐色Black brown(0.010 2)0.00 1.20

除裂刻、刺芒、叶背茸毛、托叶、针刺这5个性状外,其他14 个性状的变异系数在2.33%~57.03%(表2)。叶尖形状的变异系数最大,为57.03%,其次是叶片伸展状态,为32.12%,叶缘的变异系数最小,为2.33%。有13 个性状的变异系数均超过了10%,说明这13个性状的遗传多样性高。

表2 196 份杜梨实生苗质量性状变异程度分析
Table 2 Analysis on variation degree of quality traits of 196 P.betulifolia seedlings

质量性状Quality trait叶片形状Leaf shape叶基形状Shape of leaf base叶尖形状Shape of leaf apex叶缘Leaf margin裂刻Lobe刺芒Seta on leaf margin叶背茸毛Pubescence on the back of mature leaf叶片伸展状态Status of leaf surface叶姿Latitude of leaf in relation to shoot托叶Presece of stipules主干树皮特征Bark character of trunk树姿Tree habit 1年生枝皮孔数量Number of lenticels on one-year-old shoot叶芽姿态Position of vegetative bud in relation to shoot叶芽顶端特征Character of apex of vegetative bud芽托大小Size of bud support树势Tree vigor针刺Thorn 1年生枝颜色Color of one-year-old shoot最大值Max.最小值Min.4 5 4 4 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 5 7 4 2 7 7 1 7 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1平均值Mean 2.24 2.80 2.56 3.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.93 2.62 0.00 2.05 3.49 5.88 2.26 1.10 3.16 5.62 1.00 3.87标准差SD 0.60 0.69 1.46 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.65 0.00 0.24 0.73 1.06 0.57 0.30 0.59 1.63 0.00 0.88变异系数CV/%26.79 24.64 57.03 2.33 32.12 24.81 11.71 20.92 18.03 25.22 27.27 18.67 29.00 0.00 22.74

2.2 杜梨实生苗数量性状多样性分析

196 份杜梨实生苗6 个数量性状的调查结果见表3 和表4。由表3 可知,6 个数量性状的变异系数在11.14%~22.27%之间,叶面积的变异系数最大,为22.27%,其次是叶柄长,为21.74%,叶形指数和叶长的变异系数相对较低,分别为11.14%和11.73%。由表4 知,6 个数量性状的遗传多样性指数在1.95~2.07 之间,均具有较高的遗传多样性。数量性状的遗传多样性指数远大于质量性状的遗传多样性指数,说明数量性状表型遗传多样性相对更为丰富。

表3 196 份杜梨实生苗数量性状变异程度分析
Table 3 Analysis on variation degree of quantitative traits of 196 P.betulifolia seedlings

性状Trait叶面积Leaf area/cm2叶长Leaf length/cm叶宽Leaf width/cm叶柄长Petiole length/cm叶形指数Leaf shape index节间长度Length of internode/cm最大值Max.30.47 8.45 5.63 4.31 2.71 4.20最小值Min.5.65 3.86 2.26 1.44 1.50 1.58平均值Mean 13.54 6.43 3.29 2.52 1.98 3.02标准差SD 3.02 0.75 0.44 0.55 0.22 0.45变异系数CV/%22.27 11.73 13.37 21.74 11.14 14.91

表4 196 份杜梨实生苗数量性状的多样性分析
Table 4 Diversity analysis of quantitative traits of 196 P.betulifolia seedlings

性状Trait性状分级Grading of character 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9叶面积Leaf area/cm2>19.58(0.025 5)7.50~9.01(0.015 3)>18.07~19.58(0.030 6)>7.56~7.93(0.056 1)>3.95~4.17(0.030 6)>3.35~3.62(0.030 6)>2.31~2.42(0.030 6)>3.70~3.92(0.035 7)>16.56~18.07(0.045 9)>7.18~7.56(0.071 4)>3.73~3.95(0.056 1)>3.07~3.35(0.061 2)>2.20~2.31(0.071 4)>3.47~3.70(0.091 8)>15.05~16.56(0.148 0)>6.81~7.18(0.102 0)>3.51~3.73(0.158 2)>2.80~3.07(0.102 0)>2.09~2.20(0.148 0)>3.25~3.47(0.137 8)>13.54~15.05(0.234 7)>6.43~6.81(0.214 3)>3.29~3.51(0.204 1)>2.52~2.80(0.173 5)>1.98~2.09(0.188 8)>3.02~3.25(0.199 0)>12.03~13.54(0.204 1)>6.06~6.43(0.229 6)>3.07~3.29(0.214 3)>2.25~2.52(0.244 9)>1.87~1.98(0.193 9)>2.80~3.02(0.219 4)>10.52~12.03(0.193 9)>5.68~6.06(0.168 4)>2.85~3.07(0.188 8)>1.97~2.25(0.199 0)>1.76~1.87(0.209 2)>2.57~2.80(0.127 6)>9.01~10.52(0.086 7)>5.31~5.68(0.096 9)>2.63~2.85(0.086 7)>1.70~1.97(0.117 3)>1.65~1.76(0.051 0)>2.35~2.57(0.096 9)10<7.50(0.015 3)遗传多样性指数Genetic diversity index,H’1.95叶长Leaf length/cm叶宽Leaf width/cm叶柄长Petiole length/cm叶形指数Leaf shape index节间长度Length of internode/cm>7.93(0.035 7)>4.17(0.025 5)>3.62(0.056 1)>2.42(0.040 8)>3.92(0.030 6)4.93~5.31(0.015 3)2.41~2.63(0.015 3)1.42~1.70(0.015 3)1.54~1.65(0.056 1)2.12~2.35(0.040 8)<4.93(0.010 2)<2.41(0.020 4)<1.42(0.000 0)<1.54(0.010 2)<2.12(0.020 4)2.01 1.98 1.96 2.03 2.07

节间长度的遗传多样性指数最大,为2.07,叶面积的遗传多样性指数最小,为1.95,6 个数量性状的遗传多样性指数相互间差异不大。叶面积主要集中在10.52~15.05 cm2,占0.632 7,叶长主要集中在5.68~6.81 cm,占0.621 3,叶宽主要集中在2.85~3.51 cm,占0.607 2,叶柄长主要集中在1.97~2.80 cm,占0.617 4,叶形指数主要集中在1.76~2.20,占0.739 9,节间长度主要集中在2.80~3.25 cm,占0.418 4。

2.3 杜梨实生苗抗性评价

对196份杜梨实生苗的离体枝条人工接种梨火疫病菌后进行抗性评价(图2),其中未发现高抗资源,抗病(R)实生苗资源有4份,中抗(MR)实生苗资源有10 份。表现出中感(MS)的材料有36 份,占比18.37%;表现出感病(S)的材料有58 份,占比29.59%;表现出高感(HS)的材料有88 份,占比44.90%。大部分(92.86%)杜梨实生苗资源对梨火疫病菌都表现出不同程度的感病,说明供试的杜梨实生苗中抗性种质较为匮乏。

图2 196 份杜梨实生苗对梨火疫病菌的抗性水平
Fig.2 Levels of resistance to the pear fire blight fungus of 196 P.betulifolia seedlings

2.4 杜梨实生苗田间发病规律

2016—2022 年连续7 a 对196 份杜梨实生苗进行观察,发现杜梨的童期至少5 a(图3),2020 年、2021 年、2022 年开花率依次为10.71%、19.39%、72.96%,有27.04%的杜梨童期在7 a 以上。在定植后前4 a(2017年梨火疫病在本地发生),未发现有材料出现感病症状,2020 年开始出现零星感病症状,之后逐年递增,2020年、2021年、2022年发病率依次为4.59%、10.20%、46.43%,表明树在童期发病程度较轻,进入开花期后发病程度加重较快。田间发病情况与室内离体鉴定结果基本一致,表明离体鉴定方法具有一定的准确性和实用性。

图3 196 份杜梨实生苗不同年份开花率及发病率
Fig.3 Flowering rate and disease incidence in different years of 196 P.betulifolia seedlings

196份杜梨实生苗不同树势的田间发病情况见表5。不同树势均会感染梨火疫病菌,树势不同,感染程度也不同。2020 年刚开始发病时不同树势的发病率和病情指数表现为中>强>弱,树势之间差异不太明显,2021—2022年不同树势发病率和病情指数均表现为强>中>弱,强树势和中树势的发病率和病情指数明显高于弱树势,表明树势越强,发病率越高,发病程度越重。

表5 杜梨实生苗不同树势火疫病发病情况
Table 5 Fire blight incidence in different trees of 196 P.betulifolia seedlings

树势Tree vigor株数Number of plants强Strong中Medium弱Weak 105 47 44 2020年In 2020发病率Disease incidence/%4.76 6.38 2.27病情指数Disease index 14.29 15.37 11.62 2021年In 2021发病率Disease incidence/%13.33 10.64 2.27病情指数Disease index 20.63 19.15 15.40 2022年In 2022发病率Disease incidence/%51.43 48.94 31.82病情指数Disease index 53.23 49.41 38.64

3 讨 论

种质资源综合分析、评价是种质创新的基础,是品种改良的关键[22]。遗传多样性评价是遗传育种的基础,植物的表型特征能直观反映出其自身的生长特性,在资源评价方面是最古老也是最直接简便的方法[22]。笔者在本研究中对实生培育的196份杜梨实生苗的25个性状进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明19 个质量性状中裂刻、刺芒、叶背茸毛、托叶、针刺这5个性状的遗传较为稳定,叶尖形状、叶缘等13个性状的变异系数在11.71%~57.03%,变异较为丰富,其中叶尖性状变异系数最大(57.03%);6 个数量性状的变异系数在11.14%~22.27%之间,变异也较为丰富,其中叶面积的变异系数最大(22.27%)。数量性状的遗传多样性指数远大于质量性状的遗传多样性指数,说明数量性状表型遗传多样性相对更为丰富。闫帅[23]在对太行山区杜梨资源的调查中发现不同类型的野生杜梨的叶长、叶宽、叶柄长均呈现一定的变异水平,多数资源新生叶叶背茸毛较多,叶缘大多数为锐锯齿,叶基主要是楔形、宽楔形和圆形,叶尖多为急尖,少部分为渐尖。笔者调查的叶基、叶缘与其相一致,在叶背茸毛和叶尖上有差异。其可能与种源基因型、生长环境、地带性气候条件不同有关,即便开始是一致的遗传基础,生长环境、气候条件不同加之自然传粉后渗入外源基因也会导致外观形态差异的产生。这与宗宇等[11]对中国北方野生杜梨形态多样性的调查结果相一致,不同地域范围内杜梨的叶片形态变异较大。

防治火疫病最根本和最为经济有效的方法是培育抗病品种[24]。对种质资源进行抗性筛选是选育抗病品种的前提[25],高抗或多抗种质资源是培育抗病砧木品种的基础[26]。目前对抗火疫病梨种质资源的研究主要集中在栽培品种上[21,27-28],对梨砧木的抗火疫病研究较少。美国从2个巴梨实生优系的杂交后代中选育出了抗火疫病、抗寒、自交结实、长势旺的OH×F系列砧木,其中OH×F87和OH×F97应用最广泛[29-30]。何临梓等[31]采用活体嫩梢人工接种的方式分析了秋子梨、豆梨、杜梨和川梨4种梨砧木对梨火疫病的抗病相关酶活性的变化,认为秋子梨对梨火疫病的抗性较强,杜梨最弱。作为新疆梨产区应用的砧木,必须综合考虑砧木的抗寒性、抗病性、嫁接亲和性、耐盐碱性等,因而现有抗火疫病砧木类型未在新疆得到发展。杜梨种质资源在中国的分布较为丰富,从不同类型的资源中筛选抗病杜梨是最经济的防治方法。笔者在本研究中采用离体枝条人工接种法对196 份杜梨实生苗进行了抗病性鉴定,发现92.86%的杜梨实生苗对梨火疫病菌都表现出不同程度的感病,表明抗病杜梨资源相对于资源群体来说较为匮乏。初步筛选出的4份抗病资源和10份中抗资源可作为优异资源进一步加以利用。

对自然状态下杜梨的田间调查结果发现,进入开花结果期植株发病的涨幅速度明显大于处于童期植株的发病速度,说明同一植物的不同发育阶段对火疫病病菌的反应可能有差异,进入结果期的植株可能由于花器及果实采摘造成的伤口比童期植株为病原细菌提供了更多的入侵途径。当植物的生理阶段改变时,其抗性水平也会随之发生变化。杜梨苗期表现出良好的抗病性可能并不代表成株后也具有良好的抗性,从苗期筛选出来的抗性种质若能在成年后依然保持良好的抗性是很有意义的。田间调查还发现,杜梨树势越强,发病率越高,发病程度也越严重,究其原因可能是,树势旺,树体内部生理生化代谢活动快,营养积累多,有利于病菌的生长繁殖。Blachinsky等[32]研究认为,幼嫩和生长旺盛的组织比老的、生长缓慢的组织更易感病,发病速度随着植株的生长速度降低会减缓。本研究结果与其结果相一致,因此生产上要注意合理调控树势,避免树势过旺,保持中庸状态。

4 结 论

196 份杜梨实生苗的19 个质量性状中裂刻、刺芒、叶背茸毛、托叶、针刺这5 个性状的遗传较为稳定,其他14个性状的变异系数在2.33%~57.03%,遗传多样性指数在0.03~1.20,叶尖性状变异系数最大(57.03%),叶缘的变异系数最小(2.33%);6 个数量性状的变异系数在11.14%~22.27%,遗传多样性指数在1.95~2.07,叶面积的变异系数最大(22.27%),叶形指数和叶长的变异系数相对较低,分别为11.14%和11.73%,数量性状表型遗传多样性相对更为丰富。抗病性鉴定筛选出4份抗病资源和10份中抗资源。田间发病规律表现为童期发病程度较轻,进入开花期后发病程度加重较快,树势越强,发病率越高,发病程度越重。

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Analysis of genetic diversity and evaluation of disease resistance to pear fire blight of Pyrus betulifolia Bunge seedling

JIANG Yuan,WEI Jie*,WANG Yan,LI Yongfeng,XIE Hongjiang,CUI Long
(Agricultural Scientific Institute of 2nd Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,Tiemenguan 841005,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Pyrus betulifolia Bunge is widely used as a rootstock for pears in Xinjiang due to its deep root system, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, cold resistance, salinity resistance and other characteristics.In recent years,pear fire blight has been spreading rapidly in Xinjiang and become a major threat to the development of characteristic forestry and fruit industry in Xinjiang,especially to the Kuerlexiang Li pear industry in the south of Xinjiang. P.betulifolia and Kuerlexiang Li pear are of poor resistance to pear fire blight.Germplasm resources are the important material basis for pear breeding,production,as well as scientific research.Studying the genetic diversity and disease resistance of the seedling offsprings of P.betulifolia is important for the subsequent research in the genetic diversity of P.betulifolia at molecular level and the excavation of disease-resistant genes.【Methods】The morphological genetic diversity analysis of 19 qualitative traits and 6 quantitative traits of 196 cultivated P.betulifolia seedlings were conducted.Seedling resistance was identified by artificial inoculation with pear fire blight fungus,and the comprehensive evaluation was combined with the field disease investigation.【Results】Leaves of P.betulifolia seedlings were more diversified in morphological characters.Leaf shape ranged from ovate, elliptic, to lanceolate.The shape of leaf base was narrowly to broadly wedge-shaped, round, or truncate.The leaf apex was broadly to narrowly acuate.The leaf margin was mostly acutely serrate.All the 196 samples investigated showed no lobe,no seta on leaf margin,no pubescence on the back of mature leaf, no stipules, and no thorn.The leaf shape was mainly ovate(84.18%);the shape of leaf base was mainly wide wedge-shaped and wedge-shaped(55.10%and 30.61%,respectively); the shape of leaf apex was mainly broadly or narrowly acuate (45.92% and 47.96%, respectively); the leaf margin was mainly serrate (serration) (99.49%).The status of leaf surface was mainly enclasped (60.71%), and the latitude of leaf in relative to the shoot was mainly downwards(70.92%).The bark was generally longitudinally cracked,accounting for 93.88%.The tree posture was mainly semi-spreading or spreading, accounting for 50.51% and 36.22%, respectively.The density of lenticels on one-year-old branches was mainly medium or many,accounting for 53.06%and 45.41%,respectively.The leaf bud posture was mainly oblique,accounting for 70.41%.The size of bud receptacle was mainly small, accounting for 92.34%.The tree vigor was generally strong.The color of one-yearold shoot was mainly red brown and yellow brown, accounting for 38.27% and 35.71%, respectively.The genetic diversity index of the 14 qualitative traits ranged from 0.03 to 1.20.The genetic diversity indexes of leaf base shape(1.04),tree habit(1.08),tree vigor(1.01),and annual branch color(1.20)were relatively high.Six quantitative traits had a coefficient of variation ranging from 11.14% to 22.27%.The of leaf area had the largest coefficient of variation of 22.27%, followed by leaf petiole length(21.73%), and the coefficients of variation of the 6 quantitative traits were relatively low ranging from 11.14%to 11.73%.The genetic diversity index of the 6 quantitative traits ranged from 1.95 to 2.07.The genetic diversity indices of the quantitative traits were much greater than those of the qualitative traits,indicating that the phenotypic diversity of the quantitative traits was relatively high.No high resistance materials were found from the 196 P.betulifolia seedlings.There were four disease resistant (R) seedlings and ten moderately resistant (MR) seedling.There were 36 seedlings (18.37%) exhibiting moderate susceptibility(MS),58(29.59%)exhibiting susceptibility(S),and 88(44.90%)exhibiting high susceptibility (HS).Most of the seedlings (92.86%) showed different degrees of susceptibility to pear fire blight fungus, indicating a lack of resistant materials in the tested P.betulifolia seedlings.The disease pattern in the field showed that the degree of disease was light in the juvenile stage and increased after entering the adult stage,and the stronger the tree,the higher the disease incidence.【Conclusion】This result provides a material basis for further study of the germplasm diversity of P.betulifolia,as well as for breeding of rootstock resistant to pear fire blight and the excavation of disease resistance genes.

Key words: Pyrus betulifolia Bunge;Seedlings;Genetic diversity;Fire blight;Disease resistance;Identification evaluation

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)10-2204-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230032

收稿日期:2023-02-09

接受日期:2023-04-22

基金项目:自治区“天山英才”培养计划科技创新人才项目;兵团财政科技计划项目(2022CB005-01);第二师铁门关市科技计划项目(2021NYGG01)

作者简介:蒋媛,女,副研究员,研究方向为果树栽培生理生态与遗传育种。Tel:17767660878,E-mail:360315184@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:17767668878,E-mail:627weijie@sina.com