甜瓜双单倍体组培生根过程中内源激素、多胺及相关氧化酶活性的变化

赵卫星1,高宁宁1,康利允1,程志强2,梁 慎1,常高正1,李海伦1,王慧颖1,徐小利1,李晓慧1*

1河南省农业科学院园艺研究所,郑州 450002;2开封市农林科学研究院,河南开封 475004)

摘 要:【目的】探究甜瓜双单倍体组培苗内源激素、多胺类物质和关联酶对不定根诱导分化和伸长响应的生理机制。【方法】以未受精子房离体培养获得的双单倍体芽为试材,在生根培养基上诱导培养,探讨和分析其生根过程中内源激素、多胺类物质含量以及相关酶活性的变化规律。【结果】生根诱导过程中吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量呈现“下降-升高”的趋势,分别在第7天和第14天达到最低值;赤霉素(GA3)含量先升高后下降,在第7天时达到最大值;玉米素核苷(ZR)含量呈现“下降-升高-下降”的趋势,在第21 天达到最大值;IAA/ABA 和过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐升高,IAA/ZR 和精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(Spd)、腐胺(Put)含量及吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性呈现“升高-下降-升高”的趋势。相关性分析可知,Put 与IAA/ABA、Spm 以及IAAO 与GA3存在极显著正相关性(p<0.01),Spm 与IAA/ABA、Spd,Put 与Spd、POD 以及IAAO 与PPO 呈显著正相关性(p<0.05),Spd 与ABA 含量存在极显著负相关性(p<0.01)。【结论】一定范围内的IAA、ABA含量、IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR升高及GA3、ZR含量降低有利于不定根诱导分化和生长发育,后期组培苗体内Spm、Spd、Put含量的升高有利于不定根的形成,IAAO、PPO、POD酶活性变化与不定根的发生和伸长也有密切联系。

关键词:甜瓜;双单倍体芽;组培生根;内源激素;多胺;关联酶

甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)是全世界普遍栽培的一种葫芦科作物,具有较高的商品价值和经济价值[1]。甜瓜遗传基础狭窄,优异种质资源缺乏,传统育种技术周期长、效率低,导致优良品种更新慢,制约了我国甜瓜产业的可持续发展。双单倍体培养技术作为可以快速有效获取纯合种质的一种育种手段,已成为国内外甜瓜育种工作者研究的热点[2-4]。植物不定根的发生受多种内外因素的影响,内源植物激素是诱导不定根发生的主导因子[5-6]。王雪姣[7]的研究发现,吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、细胞分裂素(ZR)对不定根的形成有促进作用,脱落酸(ABA)则对不定根的形成有抑制作用,IAA/ABA比值的提高,有利于不定根的形成。多胺作为一类生长调控物质,可通过影响激素的代谢或信号传导调控不定根的发生与伸长[8-9]。Faivre-Rampant 等[10]对烟草的研究发现培养基中添加精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(Spd)、腐胺(Put)等多胺类物质对幼苗不定根形成有明显促进作用;相关氧化酶活性与植物不定根的发生和发展也有着密切的关系[11]。徐盼盼[12]对牡丹外植体组织培养研究,认为吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)能够氧化植物体内的IAA,从而影响不定根的形成,多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)可以催化酚类物质与IAA结合成一种“IAA-酚酸复合物”,加速不定根的产生。目前,国内外大多数学者对甜瓜双单倍体的研究多集中在培养体系建立方面,并取得了一定的研究进展[13-16],但有关诱导组培生根过程中内源激素、多胺类物质及相关氧化酶活性的变化未见报道。为此,笔者在本研究中主要通过探究甜瓜双单倍体芽生根培养过程内源激素、多胺类物质含量以及相关氧化酶活性的变化规律,以期阐明其对不定根诱导分化和伸长响应的生理机制,为调控甜瓜双单倍体组培苗快速生根提供参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

供试品种为锦绣脆玉,由河南省农业科学院园艺研究所选育的厚皮甜瓜杂交种;将其未受精子房离体培养获得的芽,经流式细胞仪鉴定为单倍体,利用秋水仙素进行加倍,再经流式细胞仪鉴定确认为双单倍体芽[17]

1.2 试验设计

选取长势一致的双单倍体芽接入培养基(MS+IAA 0.1 mg·L-1+30 g·L-1 蔗糖+6 g·L-1 琼脂,pH=5.86)中,在温度(25±2)℃、光照度3 000~4 000 lx、光照时间16 h·d-1的条件下进行生根培养。每瓶接种8株,共接入120瓶。分别生长至0、7、14、21、28 d,取基部茎段(长度约0.5 cm)进行内源激素、多胺及相关酶活性的测定。试验采用随机区组设计,每个测定时段随机选6瓶,3次重复。

1.3 测定项目与方法

内源激素:吲哚乙酸、玉米素核苷(ZR)、赤霉素、脱落酸含量测定采用液相色谱法[18]。液相色谱条件:岛津LC-20AT,紫外检测器SPD-20A,柱温箱CTO-20AC,C18反相色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相A:100%甲醇;B:0.1%乙酸水溶液;A∶B=55∶45;进样量20 μL,流速0.8 mL·min-1,柱温30 ℃,紫外波长254 nm。

多胺类物质:精胺、亚精胺、腐胺含量测定采用液相色谱法[19]。液相色谱条件:伍丰LC-100,C18反相色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相A:90%乙腈/10%(含0.1%乙酸的0.1 mol·L-1乙酸胺);B:10%乙腈/90%(含0.1%乙酸的0.1 mol·L-1乙酸胺);A∶B=60∶40;进样量20 μL,流速0.8 mL·min-1,柱温35 ℃,紫外波长254 nm。

相关酶活性:多酚氧化酶活性测定采用邻苯二酚法,吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性测定采用比色法,均参照李合生[20]的方法略有改动。

1.4 数据处理

试验数据用Microsoft Excel 2013 和SPSS 20.0软件进行处理分析,差异性比较采用Duncan’s新复极差法。

2 结果与分析

2.1 甜瓜双单倍体生根过程中不同时期的变化

从图1可以看出,接种后7 d时茎段基部细胞开始启动分化,愈伤组织开始出现,以后进入细胞分裂旺盛期,14 d时不定根根原基逐渐开始形成,21 d时外植体上形成肉眼可见的不定根,之后不定根数量和长度逐渐增加和伸长,28 d 以后须根数量和伸长量明显增加。

图1 甜瓜双单倍体芽生根状况
Fig.1 Rooting of muskmelon double haploid

A.接种后7 d;B.接种后14 d;C.接种后21 d;D.接种后28 d。
A.7 days after inoculation;B.14 days after inoculation;C.21 days after inoculation;D.28 days after inoculation.

2.2 甜瓜双单倍体生根过程中内源激素含量及比值的变化

甜瓜双单倍体生根过程中内源激素IAA、ABA含量(w,后同)均呈现下降-升高的趋势,GA3含量呈现升高-下降的趋势,ZR含量则呈现下降-升高-下降的趋势(图2)。其中,IAA含量在第7天时最低,0~7 d下降迅速,7~21 d 上升缓慢,21~28 d 上升迅速,在28 d达到最高值,为0.33 μg·g-1;ABA含量在0 d时最高,为0.35 μg·g-1,在第14天达到最低,0~14 d迅速下降,14~28 d缓慢上升;GA3含量在第7天达到最高值,为4.41 μg·g-1,0~7 d 上升迅速,7~21 d 下降速度较快,21~28 d下降平缓;ZR含量在0~7 d缓慢下降,7~21 d 迅速上升,21~28 d 又迅速下降,在21 d 时最高为3.11 μg·g-1。上述结果表明,甜瓜双单倍体组培苗生根与IAA、ABA、ZR、GA3 4 种内源激素密切相关,在幼苗发育后期,一定范围内的IAA、ABA含量升高及GA3、ZR含量降低有利于不定根诱导分化和生长发育。

图2 不同培养时间IAA、ABA、GA3和ZR 的含量
Fig.2 The contents of IAA,ABA,GA3 and ZR at different culture times

同一图中不同小写字母表示差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
The small letters on the same figure represent the significant difference(p<0.05).The same below.

IAA/ABA 值呈现逐渐增长趋势,其中0~7 d 增长缓慢,7~28 d增长迅速;IAA/ZR值呈现升高-下降-升高的变化趋势,0~21 d 变化较为平缓,21~28 d 升高迅速(图3)。表明IAA/ABA、IAA/ZR的值与甜瓜双单倍体生根有紧密关系,后期IAA/ABA 和IAA/ZR值的升高有利于不定根的发生。

图3 不同培养时间IAA/ABA 和IAA/ZR 值
Fig.3 The values of IAA/ABA and IAA/ZR at different culture times

2.3 甜瓜双单倍体在生根过程中多胺类物质含量的变化

腐胺、精胺和亚精胺含量在诱导生根过程中均呈现升高-下降-升高的变化趋势(图4),0~14 d 和21~28 d 逐渐上升,14~21 d 逐渐下降,在14 d 时达到第一个峰值,分别为14.65 μg·g-1、4.90 μg·g-1、12.57 μg·g-1,且14~28 d均显著高于第0天,第28天分别比第0 天提高387.08%、796.55%、327.16%。Put 和Spm 含量0~7 d 变化较为平缓,7~28 d 变化幅度较大,Spd 含量则在0~7 d 变化幅度较大,7~28 d变化较为平缓。表明甜瓜双单倍体生根过程与多胺类物质Put、Spm 和Spd 含量有关,后期其含量的升高有利于不定根的形成。

图4 不同培养时间Spm、Spd 和Put 的含量
Fig.4 The contents ofSpm,Spd and Put at different culture times

2.4 甜瓜双单倍体在生根过程中相关酶活性的变化

甜瓜双单倍体在生根过程中,吲哚乙酸氧化酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈现升高-下降-升高的趋势,过氧化物酶活性呈现逐渐上升的趋势(图5)。其中,IAAO、PPO活性在0~7 d时上升较快,分别在第7天和第14 天时达到最大值,为201.55 μg·g-1·h-1、385.00 U·g-1,7~28 d时变化幅度相对较小,但其活性均显著高于第0 天;POD 活性在0~7 d 时上升较慢,7~28 d 时上升较快,在第28 天达到最大值,为1 105.54 U·g-1,除第0天和第7天差异不显著外,其他测定天数间差异均达显著水平。结果表明,甜瓜双单倍体在生根过程中可通过调控相关酶的活性来促进不定根的发生。

图5 不同培养时间IAAO、PPO 和POD 3 种酶活性
Fig.5 The IAAO,PPO and POD enzyme activities at different culture times

2.5 在诱导生根过程中多胺类物质、内源激素含量及关联酶活性的相关性分析

由甜瓜双单倍体诱导生根过程中多胺类物质、内源激素含量与3种关联酶活性相关性分析(表1)可见,IAA/ABA 与Put、Spm、POD 呈显著或极显著正相关(r=0.93**、0.86*、0.96**);GA3与IAAO 酶活呈极显著正相关(r=0.97**);IAA 与IAA/ZR 呈显著正相关(r=0.86*)。Put与Spm、Spd和POD呈显著或极显著正相关(r=0.98**、0.85*、0.91*);Spm与Spd呈显著正相关(r=0.83*);IAAO 与PPO 呈显著正相关(r=0.91*)。表明IAA/ABA比值和Put含量对甜瓜双单倍体组培苗不定根诱导分化和生长有重要促进作用。

表1 不同生理生化指标相关性分析
Table 1 Correlation analysis of different physiological and biochemical parameters

注:**表示在0.01 水平显著相关,*表示在0.05 水平显著相关。
Note:**indicates significant correlation at 0.01 level,*indicates significant correlation at the 0.05 level.

指标Index ZR GA3 IAA ABA IAA/ABA IAA/ZR Put Spm Spd IAAO PPO POD POD 0.08-0.18 0.59-0.70 0.96**0.38 0.91*0.81 0.70 0.02 0.33 1.00 ZR 1.00 GA3-0.18 1.00 IAA-0.49-0.53 1.00 ABA-0.20-0.50 0.07 1.00 IAA/ABA-0.20-0.07 0.70-0.66 1.00 IAA/ZR-0.84*-0.10 0.86*0.02 0.61 1.00 Put-0.10 0.05 0.45-0.81 0.93**0.40 1.00 Spm-0.23 0.10 0.41-0.76 0.86*0.44 0.98**1.00 Spd-0.09 0.55 0.10-0.96**0.75 0.25 0.85*0.83*1.00 IAAO-0.28 0.97**-0.36-0.63 0.15 0.07 0.28 0.33 0.72 1.00 PPO-0.48 0.78 0.00-0.72 0.50 0.39 0.59 0.66 0.86*0.91*1.00

3 讨 论

不定根的形成在植物发育生物学中是一个重要的课题[21]。本研究表明,甜瓜双单倍体组培苗生根与IAA、ABA、ZR、GA34种内源激素以及IAA/ABA、IAA/ZR的比值密切相关。其中内源激素IAA、ABA含量变化呈现下降-升高的趋势,与闫帅等[22]对杜梨组培苗的研究结果一致;可能是根原基尚未形成时,IAAO 酶活性增强促使IAA 降解,后期不定根原基的诱导和局部生长素水平升高同时发生;在一定范围内ABA浓度升高可以促进不定根的发生,过高浓度ABA又会抑制不定根的发生,而贺丹等[23]对牡丹试管苗的研究则与本研究结果中ABA的变化相反,造成这种差异的原因可能与不同植物种类生根过程对ABA 的敏感程度以及所设置的环境条件不同有关。本试验结果中GA3含量呈现升高-下降的趋势,表明GA3的调节作用在根原基的形成后逐步显现,且后期GA3含量降低,在一定程度上促进了不定根的形成,与王金祥等[24]对绿豆插条生根的研究结果一致。玉米素核苷是天然细胞分裂素,在植物的生长过程中促进细胞分裂和扩大[25]。本研究中,ZR含量则呈现下降-升高-下降的变化趋势,可能与根原基形成前后及根伸长时细胞数量和分裂速度对ZR需求量存在差异有关,这在贺丹等[23]对牡丹试管苗生根的研究中得到了验证。本研究结果还表明,在诱导生根后期IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR比值增大更有利于甜瓜双单倍体不定根的发生和伸长,这与对菊花[9]、百合[26]组培生根的研究结果一致。激素作为植物的内源信号在生根过程中发挥着作用,内源激素之间可能会存在着一种协同或拮抗作用,但具体调控不定根的形成机制还有待进一步研究。

多胺代谢的特征之一是参与了植物的生物和非生物因素胁迫[27],其含量的变化可有效改变关联酶的活性以提高植物体的抗逆性,进而调控生命活动[28]。本研究结果表明,甜瓜双单倍体在生根过程中多胺类物质脯氨、精氨和亚精胺含量均呈现升高-下降-升高的变化趋势,后期其含量的升高有利于不定根的形成和伸长,与闫帅等[22]杜梨组培生根的研究结果一致。这可能是多胺类物质在根原基形成前和形成后主要参与对外界胁迫的抵御,根原基形成过程中则主要参与不定根根原基的诱导,但其具体原因还需进一步探讨。

植物的生根是一个复杂的生理活动过程,体内相关氧化酶如吲哚乙酸氧化酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶在这一过程中发挥重要作用[29]。在本研究中,IAAO、PPO 酶活性在愈伤组织诱导阶段逐渐上升,在不定根形成后呈现下降趋势,在伸长期又逐渐升高,与王瑞等[11]对油茶和贺丹等[23]对牡丹组培苗的研究结果基本一致,可能与2 种酶在生根过程中调控有关激素和多胺类物质的形成有关,这在2 种酶活性与相关激素和多胺类物质含量的相关性中也得到了证实;POD活性在生根过程中则呈现逐渐上升的趋势,可能与其调控IAA/ABA的比值有关。这充分揭示了甜瓜双单倍体不定根的发生和伸长与这3种氧化酶活性有密切关系。

4 结 论

甜瓜双单倍体组培苗生根与IAA、ABA、ZR、GA3以及多胺类物质Spm、Spd、Put 含量密切相关,一定范围内的IAA、ABA 含量升高及GA3、ZR 含量降低有利于不定根诱导分化和生长发育,IAA/ABA、IAA/ZR 比值升高有利于不定根的发生;后期组培苗体内Spm、Spd、Put含量的升高有利于不定根的形成;其中IAA/ABA 的比值及Put 含量在诱导生根过程中发挥着重要的调控作用,IAAO、PPO、POD酶活性与不定根的发生和伸长也有密切关系。

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Dynamic changes in polyamines,endogenous hormones and oxidase activities during rooting of double haploid muskmelon in vitro plantlets

ZHAO Weixing1, GAO Ningning1, KANG Liyun1, CHENG Zhiqiang2, LIANG Shen1, CHANG Gaozheng1,LI Hailun1,WANG Huiying1,XU Xiaoli1,LI Xiaohui1*
(1Institute of Horticulture,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou 450002,Henan,China;2Kaifeng Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute,Kaifeng 475004,Henan,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Muskmelon is one of the most important fruits in the world,which plays an important role in the adjustment of agricultural planting structure in China.But the narrow genetic basis,the lack of excellent germplasm resources, the long cycle and low efficiency of traditional breeding technology lead to the slow renewal of excellent varieties, which restricts the sustainable development of muskmelon industry.As a breeding method that can quickly and effectively obtain homozygous germplasm, the double monomer culture technology has become a research hotspot for muskmelon breeding workers at home and abroad.Rooting induction culture is an important part of the double haploid tissue culture system,which is directly related to the survival rate and seedling quality of tissue culture plantlets.There are many internal and external factors affecting the rooting process, including endogenous hormones, polyamines, related oxidases and exogenous substances such as ethylene and salicylic acid.The study aimed at investigating the changes of endogenous hormones, polyamine contents and related oxidase activities in the rooting culture process of melon double haploid shoots, in order to clarify the physiological mechanism of the response to adventitious root induction, differentiation and elongation,and to provide reference for regulating the rapid rooting of melon double haploid tissue culture plantlets.【Methods】The unfertilized ovary of thick-skinned muskmelon hybrids Jinxiucuiyu was cultured on MS+0.03 mg·L-1 TDZ+0.2 mg·L-1 KT+0.01 mg·L-1 IAA+15%coconut juice medium to obtain haploid buds,and then doubled with 700 mg·L-1 colchicines,after identification by flow cytometry,the double haploid buds with the same growth were selected and transfered onto MS+0.1 mg·L-1 IAA+30 g·L-1 sucrose+6 g·L-1 agar medium (pH=5.86) for rooting culture, all of were incubated at (25±2) ℃, under a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle and 3000-4000 lx light intensity, the contents of endogenous hormones,polyamines and related oxidase activities in the basal stems were measured by liquid chromatography and catechol, colorimetry method at 0, 7, 14, 21 28 d respectively.【Results】During the course of rooting induction, the contents of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) decreased firstly and then increased.The content of gibberellin(GA3)rose in the first seven days and decreased between the 7th day and the 28th day.The variation in zeatin nucleoside (ZR) content followed a pattern of“decrease-increase-decrease”.The content of IAA/ABA and peroxidase (POD) activities increased gradually.The IAA/ZR ratio and spermine (Spm), spermidine (Spd), putrescine(Put) contents and indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO), polyphenol oxidase(PPO) activities showed a trend of“increase-decrease-increase”,the three polyamines reached the first peak on the 14th day and reached the maximum on the 28th day, the ratio of IAA/ZR reached the first peak on the 14th day and reached the maximum on the 28th day,the activities of IAAO and PPO increased rapidly from 0 to 7 days,reaching the maximum on the 7th and 14th days respectively,and the change range of them was relatively small from 7 to 28 days,and IAA content decreased rapidly from 0 to 7 d,decreased slowly in 7-14 d,increased slowly in 14-21 d,increased rapidly in 21-28 d,ABA content decreased rapidly in 0-14 d,increased slowly in 14-28 d.The correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlations between Put and IAA/ABA value,Spm,and between GA3 contents and IAAO activity(p<0.01),and significant positive correlations between Spm content and IAA/ABA value, Spd, and between Put and Spd contents,POD activities, and between IAAO and PPO activities (p<0.05), and significant negative correlation between Spd and ABA contents (p<0.01).It was proved that IAA/ABA ratio and Put content would play an important role in promoting the differentiation and growth of adventitious roots of muskmelon double haploid tissue culture plantlets.【Conclusion】The increase of IAA, ABA contents, IAA/ABA and IAA/ZR values and the decrease of GA3 and ZR contents in a certain range were conducive to adventitious root induction,differentiation and growth,the increase of Spm,Spd Put contents in late tissue culture plantlets was conducive to the formation of adventitious roots.In addition, the changes of IAAO, PPO, POD enzyme activities were closely related to the occurrence and elongation of adventitious roots.

Key words: Muskmelon;Double haploid;Tissue culture;Endogenous hormone;Polyamine;Associated enzyme

中图分类号:S652

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)10-2195-09

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230148

收稿日期:2023-04-12

接受日期:2023-06-26

基金项目:农业农村部财政部:国家西甜瓜产业技术体系建设项目(CARS-25);河南省西甜瓜产业技术体系建设项目(HARS-22-10-G1);河南省科技攻关项目(222102110208);河南农业科学院自主创新项目(2023ZC033)

作者简介:赵卫星,男,副研究员,博士,主要从事西甜瓜遗传育种及栽培生理研究。Tel:0371-65748477,E-mail:wxzhao2008@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:lixiaohui80@126.com