花前和花期灌水对库尔勒香梨萼筒活性氧代谢和细胞程序性死亡的影响

陈 磊1,2,王 浩1,2,陈 燕1,2,郑强卿2,王振东2,王文军2,包建平1,2*

1塔里木大学园艺与林学学院,新疆阿拉尔 843300;2库尔勒香梨种质创新与提质增效兵团重点实验室,新疆阿拉尔 843300)

摘 要:【目的】研究花前和花期灌水对库尔勒香梨萼片脱落的影响。【方法】以库尔勒香梨为试材,通过测定香梨果实萼片脱萼率、土壤含水量、短果枝水势、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量以及抗氧化酶活性,并通过显微观察、DNA ladder 检测、DAPI 染色和TUNEL 标记等证明萼片脱落的细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)特征。【结果】不灌水(对照)的土壤含水量低于休眠期和大蕾期灌水处理且处于持续下降趋势;通过对比大蕾期后10 d和大蕾期后20 d和对照的短果枝水势变化,不灌水(对照)短果枝水势下降幅度最小,为-0.20 MPa,并且土壤含水量和短果枝水势与脱萼率呈显著负相关。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,对照萼筒·OH清除率、O2-·生成速率和H2O2含量分别显著升高了46.24%、36.12%和53.84%,而对于超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性则显著下降了45.57%、69.76%和62.47%。相关性分析表明,脱萼率与活性氧含量呈显著正相关,与抗氧化酶活性呈显著负相关。【结论】随着干旱胁迫的加剧,萼筒ROS含量升高导致抗氧化酶无法清除从而影响萼筒离区发育,影响PCD进程,促进香梨萼片脱落。研究结果表明香梨花期干旱胁迫不灌水更能促进脱萼发生。

关键词:库尔勒香梨;物候期;灌水;ROS;抗氧化酶;PCD

库尔勒香梨(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü)简称香梨,属于蔷薇科(Rosaceae)梨属(Pyrus)中白梨系统,是新疆梨和西洋梨的自然杂交后代,是新疆主栽梨品种[1]。但在香梨果实中存在着“公梨”(宿萼果)与“母梨”(脱萼果)之分,相比宿萼果,脱萼果则具有果形正、果面光洁、果核小、石细胞少和风味佳等诸多优点。由于遗传因素影响,香梨存在严重的萼片宿存现象,极大地影响了其品质,对销售量及经济效益造成了一定影响[2]

香梨萼片脱落是由多种因素协调控制的复杂的生理过程,逆境条件、植物内源激素及相关酶均可以影响香梨萼片脱落[3]。新疆南疆地区极度缺水,易产生干旱胁迫造成器官衰老,这是引起器官非正常脱落的主要原因之一[4]。同时,梨树的物质运输、蒸腾和光合作用同样受土壤含水量的直接影响,适当的水分胁迫有利于提高果实的品质[5]。干旱胁迫时,萼筒产生的大量活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)是一类具有强氧化能力、能持续进行反应的物质,主要包括O2-·(超氧阴离子)、H2O2(过氧化氢)和·OH(羟自由基)等[6]。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)等是萼筒抗氧化酶系统[7]。当活性氧的含量超过清除酶能力时,需清除多余的活性氧才能维持自身的平衡[8]

在通常情况下,细胞中活性氧浓度很低,可以被SOD、CAT 和POD 清除,因而不会造成伤害。在细胞衰老时,ROS 平衡遭到破坏,ROS 浓度超过了伤害阈值,致使蛋白质、核酸和酶结构被氧化破坏,尤其是膜脂中的不饱和双链酸最容易受到攻击,继而发生过氧化作用。过氧化过程又会产生新的羟自由基,从而加重膜脂质的过氧化,破坏膜的完整性,最终导致细胞死亡[9]。当ROS 浓度适中的时候,其作为信号分子参与调控细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)等生理事件的发生[10]

笔者在本试验中通过不同物候期灌水处理测定短果枝水势、ROS 含量及其相关清除酶活性,探究不同时期灌水对香梨果实萼片脱落的影响,并结合石蜡切片、DAPI 染色、TUNEL 检测、DNA laddering等方法阐明香梨萼片脱落的PCD特征。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

试验于2022 年3—4 月在新疆阿拉尔市塔里木大学进行。供试品种为以杜梨为砧木、长势一致的27 年生香梨树,株高度4.5 m,株行4 m×5 m,南北行向。灌溉方式为漫灌,2021年冬灌水时间为10月底,灌水定额为300 mm,土壤类型为壤砂土,果园常规管理。

1.2 试验设计

本试验以5 株树为1 小区,每小区1 个处理,随机排列,设置5次重复,以不灌水为对照。漫灌处理的梨树于每个处理绕树起一条保护墒,具体漫灌试验设计如表1。从3 月15 日开始每隔3 d 测定各个处理的土壤含水量,并于4 月10 日(大蕾期后10 d)和4 月20 日(大蕾期后20 d),分别采集2 个处理和对照的脱萼果和宿萼果萼筒及短果枝,取萼筒部位,一部分固定在乙醇-福尔马林-醋酸固定液(ethanolformalin-acetic acid solution,FAA)中用于DAPI 染色、DNA ladder 检测、TUNEL 标记和石蜡切片显微结构观察,另一部分经液氮处理后保存于-80 ℃冰箱,用于·OH 清除率、O2-·生成速率、H2O2含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性测定。

表1 漫灌试验设计
Table 1 Test design of flood irrigation

注:√为灌溉,×为不灌溉。
Note:√means irrigation,×means no irrigation.

处理Treatment对照Control T1 T2休眠期Second stage of dormancy(3月15日Mar.15)大蕾期Full bud stage(4月1日Apr.1)×√×××√

1.3 测定方法

1.3.1 脱萼率 花后30 d,调查自然条件下香梨的脱萼率[11]

脱萼率/%=脱萼果/总果数×100。

1.3.2 土壤含水量的测定 利用烘干法[12]测定土壤含水量。

1.3.3 短果枝水势测定 短果枝水势采用小液流法测定[13]

1.3.4 活性氧(·OH、O2-·和H2O2)代谢测定 ·OH清除率参照李贵荣等[14]的方法测定;O2-·生成速率参照石润霖等[15]的方法测定;H2O2含量参照Liu等[16]的方法测定。

1.3.5 抗氧化酶(SOD、POD 和CAT)活性测定SOD 活性采用氮蓝四唑(nitro blue tetrazolium,NBT)光还原法[17]测定;POD活性采用愈创木酚比色法[18]测定;CAT活性采用紫外吸收法测定[19]

1.3.6 香梨萼片PCD过程的形态特征(1)显微结构观察。样本选取灌水处理的为宿萼,不灌水处理的为脱萼。样本从FAA 固定液中取出使用系列浓度的乙醇溶液与透明剂完成样本的脱水和透明,使用石蜡进行包埋,切片机切片,烘箱烘片,使用系列浓度的乙醇溶液与透明剂复水,使用1%番红染液和0.5%固绿染液双重染色,中性树胶封片,使用显微镜进行观察拍照[20]

(2)DNA ladder 检测。利用5×TAE buffer 和琼脂糖制备2%琼脂糖凝胶,向胶槽中点入处理组与对照组样品DNA 及marker,150 V 电泳30 min 用于检测。电泳结果经溴化乙锭(ethidium bromide,EB)染色并照相。试验进行3次重复[21]

(3)DAPI 染色和TUNEL 标记。石蜡包埋组织切片先脱蜡和水化加蛋白酶K通透,用1×PBS洗涤样品2~3次,滴加100 μL 1×Equilibration Buffer室温平衡10~30 min,依次加入34 μL ddH2O、10 μL 5×Equilibration Buffer、5 μL BrightGreen Labeling Mix、1 μL Recombinant TdT Enzyme,37 ℃标记60 min终止,然后用1×PBS 洗涤,再用1×PBS 新鲜配制的2 mL·L-1 DAPI 溶液在黑暗中对样品进行复染,染色时室温放置5 min。立即在荧光显微镜下分析样本,用标准的荧光过滤装置在460 nm 荧光下观察DAPI的蓝色荧光和在520 nm±20 nm的荧光下观察绿色荧光[22]

2 结果与分析

2.1 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼片脱落的影响

由表2 可知,T1、T2 处理与对照脱萼率呈显著差异,T1、T2 的脱萼率较对照分别下降了21.41%、18.62%,而T1、T2间脱萼率并无显著差异。这说明不灌水处理更利于香梨萼片脱落。

表2 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼片脱落的影响
Table 2 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on calyx shedding of fragrant pear

注:不同字母表示在0.05 水平差异显著。下同。
Note: Different letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level.The same below.

T2 37.95 b处理Treatment脱萼率Calyx rate/%对照Control 56.57 a T1 35.16 b

2.2 花前和花期灌水对土壤含水量的影响

从图1中可以看出,与对照相比较,T1含水量呈现先上升再下降的变化趋势,其中第一次上升是3月16 日,其原因是灌水后的第一天含水量变高,而第二次上升则是因为3月20—21日连续下雨;T2含水量的变化也是受降水影响在3 月20—21 日升高,而后开始下降,在4 月1 日因灌水而再次升高,而对照除受降雨影响基本呈现持续下降趋势外,且含水量均低于T1、T2灌水处理。

图1 花前和花期灌水对土壤含水量的影响
Fig.1 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on soil water content

2.3 花前和花期灌水对香梨短果枝水势的影响

从图2 中可以看出,T1、T2 处理和对照在大蕾期后10 d和大蕾期后20 d短果枝水势的变化趋势基本一致。在大蕾期后10 d,T1、T2 处理和对照的香梨短果枝水势变化范围为-1.08~-0.54 MPa;在大蕾期后20 d,T1、T2 处理和对照的香梨短果枝水势变化范围为-1.29~-0.84 MPa。对比大蕾期后10 d 和大蕾期后20 d 发现,T1、T2 处理和对照的短果枝水势变化分别下降了-0.31、-0.33 和-0.20 MPa,其中对照(不灌水处理)短果枝水势下降幅度最小,T2下降幅度最大。

图2 花前和花期灌水对香梨短果枝水势的影响
Fig.2 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on the water potential of fragrant pear short fruiting branches

2.4 大蕾期后10 d 和大蕾期后20 d 土壤含水量和短果枝水势与脱萼率的相关性分析

如图3 所示,大蕾期后10 d 土壤含水量与萼片脱萼率呈负相关,但并不显著(r<-0.811 4),大蕾期后20 d土壤含水量与脱萼率呈极显著(r>-0.917 2)负相关;大蕾期后10 d 短果枝水势与脱萼率呈显著(-0.811 4<r<-0.917 2)负相关,大蕾期后20 d短果枝水势与脱萼率呈极显著(r>-0.917 2)负相关。

图3 大蕾期后10 d 和大蕾期后20 d 土壤含水量和短果枝水势与脱萼率的相关性分析
Fig.3 Correlation analysis of soil water content and water potential of short fruiting branches with calyx removal rate at 10 days after the large bud stage and 20 days after the large bud stage

相关系数临界值,a=0.05 时,r=0.811 4;a=0.01 时,r=0.917 2。A.土壤含水量;B.短果枝水势;C.脱萼率。数字1 代表大蕾期后10 d,数字2 代表大蕾期后20 d;*代表显著,**代表极显著。
Critical value of correlation coefficient, r=0.811 4 for a=0.05 a=0.01,r=0.917 2.A.Soil water content;B.Water potential of short fruiting branches;C.Calyx removal rate;number 1 represents 10 days after the large bud stage and number 2 represents 20 days after the large bud stage;*represents significant,**is significant.

2.5 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒活性氧代谢的影响

2.5.1 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒·OH 清除率的影响 由图4 可知,T1、T2 处理和对照大蕾期后10 d 脱萼比宿萼萼筒的·OH 清除率分别显著升高了79.01%、48.02%、71.54%;大蕾期后20 d 脱萼比宿萼萼筒的·OH 清除率分别显著升高了144.42%、98.74%、208.65%;大蕾期后10 d 与大蕾期后20 d宿萼萼筒的·OH 清除率随干旱胁迫的持续并无显著变化,相反大蕾期后10 d 与大蕾期后20 d 脱萼的·OH 清除率随干旱胁迫的持续变化显著;相对于大蕾期后10 d 脱萼,大蕾期后20 d 脱萼的·OH清除率分别显著增加了26.18%、28.54%、46.24%,其中对照增幅最大为46.24%,T1 增幅最小为26.18%。

图4 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒·OH 清除率的影响
Fig.4 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on the scavenging rate of fragrant pear calyx tube·OH

2.5.2 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒O2-·生成速率的影响 由图5 可知,大蕾期后10 d T1、T2 处理和对照脱萼比宿萼萼筒的O2-·生成速率分别显著升高了21.90%、15.53%、29.91%;大蕾期后20 d脱萼比宿萼萼筒的O2-·生成速率分别显著升高了44.05%、42.61%、118.47%;大蕾期后10 d 与大蕾期后20 d 宿萼的O2-·生成速率随干旱胁迫的持续并无显著变化,相反大蕾期后10 d 和大蕾期后20 d 脱萼的O2-·生成速率随干旱胁迫的持续变化显著;大蕾期后20 d脱萼的O2-·生成速率较大蕾期后10 d分别显著增加了15.08%、27.25%、36.12%,其中对照增幅最大为36.12%,T1增幅最小为15.08%。

图5 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒O2-·生成速率的影响
Fig.5 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on the O2-·production rate of fragrant pear calyx tube

2.5.3 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒H2O2含量的影响 由图6 可知,大蕾期后10 d T1、T2 处理和对照脱萼比宿萼萼筒的H2O2 含量分别显著升高了67.38%、122.36%、84.99%;大蕾期后20 d,脱萼比宿萼萼筒的H2O2 含量分别显著升高了147.58%、256.06%、290.49%;大蕾期后10 d 与大蕾期后20 d宿萼的H2O2含量随干旱胁迫的持续并无显著变化,反之大蕾期后10 d 和大蕾期后20 d 脱萼的H2O2含量随干旱胁迫的持续变化显著;大蕾期后20 d脱萼的H2O2 含量较大蕾期后10 d 分别显著增加了37.20%、37.80%、53.84%,其中对照增幅最大为53.84%,T1增幅最小为37.20%。T1、T2处理和对照宿萼萼筒H2O2含量无显著变化,而脱萼萼筒H2O2含量变化显著,其中对照的H2O2含量随干旱的持续变化最显著。

图6 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒H2O2含量的影响
Fig.6 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on the H2O2 content of fragrant pear calyx tube

2.6 花前和花期灌水对活性氧清除酶活性的影响

2.6.1 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒SOD 活性的影响 由图7 可知,T1、T2 处理和对照大蕾期后10 d脱萼和宿萼均有显著差异,其中对照变化最显著,为17.10%;大蕾期后20 d 脱萼和宿萼均有显著差异,其中对照变化最显著,为45.57%。

图7 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒SOD 活性的影响
Fig.7 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on the SOD activity of fragrant pear calyx tube

2.6.2 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒POD 活性的影响 由图8 可知,T1、T2 处理和对照大蕾期后10 d脱萼和宿萼萼筒的POD活性均有显著差异,其中对照变化最显著,为38.26%;大蕾期后20 d 脱萼和宿萼萼筒的POD活性均有显著差异,其中对照变化最显著,为69.76%。

图8 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒POD 活性的影响
Fig.8 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on the POD activity of fragrant pear calyx tube

2.6.3 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒CAT 活性的影响 由图9 可知,T1、T2 处理和对照大蕾期后10 d脱萼和宿萼萼筒的CAT活性均有显著差异,其中对照变化最显著,为35.55%;大蕾期后20 d 脱萼和宿萼萼筒的CAT活性均有显著差异,其中对照变化最显著,为62.47%。

图9 花前和花期灌水对香梨萼筒CAT 活性的影响
Fig.9 Effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on CAT activity in fragrant pear calyx cylinders

2.7 大蕾期后10 d 与大蕾期后20 d 萼筒活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性与脱萼率的相关性分析

如图10所示,大蕾期后10 d脱萼的·OH清除率与脱萼率呈极显著(r>0.917 2)正相关,O2-·生成速率与脱萼率呈显著(0.811 4<r<0.917 2)正相关,H2O2含量与脱萼率呈极显著(r>0.917 2)正相关;大蕾期后20 d 脱萼的·OH 清除率与脱萼率呈显著(0.811 4<r<0.917 2)正相关,O2-·生成速率与脱萼率呈极显著(r>0.917 2)正相关,H2O2含量与脱萼率呈极显著(r>0.917 2)正相关。大蕾期后10 d 脱萼的SOD活性与脱萼率呈负相关,但不显著(r<-0.811 4),POD 活性与脱萼率呈极显著(r>-0.917 2)负相关,CAT 活性与脱萼率呈显著(-0.811 4<r<-0.917 2)负相关;大蕾期后20 d脱萼的SOD活性与脱萼率呈显著(r>-0.811 4)负相关,POD 活性与脱萼率呈极显著(r>-0.917 2)负相关,CAT 活性与脱萼率呈极显著(r>-0.917 2)负相关。

图10 大蕾期后10 d 与大蕾期后20 d 萼筒活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性与脱萼率相关性分析
Fig.10 Correlation analysis of reactive oxygen content and antioxidant enzyme activity of calyx tube with desiccation rate at 10 days after large bud stage and 20 days after large bud stage

相关系数临界值,α=0.05 时,r=0.811 4;α=0.01 时,r=0.917 2。A.SOD;B.POD;C.CAT;D.·OH 清除率;E.O2-·生成速率;F.H2O2 含量;G.脱萼率。数字1 代表大蕾期后10 d,数字2 代表大蕾期后20 d;*代表显著,**代表极显著。
Critical value of correlation coefficient, r=0.811 4 for α=0.05; r=0.917 2 for α=0.01 A.SOD; B.POD; C.CAT; D.·OH scavenging rate; E.O2-·production rate; F.H2O2 content; G.Desiccation rate; number 1 represents 10 days after the large bud stage, number 2 represents 20 days after the large bud stage;*Represents significant,**Represents extremely significant.

2.8 香梨萼片PCD过程的形态特征

2.8.1 外观形态特征 图11 为香梨萼片离层发育的外观形态特征。图11-a~b为大蕾期后10 d形成的宿萼果,萼片离区随干旱的持续并无明显变化;图11-c~d)为大蕾期后20 d的脱萼果,萼片离区在花后10 d出现明显的黄色离层,并且随着干旱的持续,花后20 d萼片离层已经出现明显的脱落。

图11 脱萼果宿萼果外观形态
Fig.11 Morphology of the appearance of the desiccated fruit with persistent calyx

a.大蕾期后10 d 宿萼;b.大蕾期后20 d 宿萼;c.大蕾期后10 d 脱萼;d.大蕾期后20 d 脱萼下同。图12,图14 同。
a.Persistent calyx 10 days after large bud stage; b.Persistent calyx 20 days after large bud stage; c.Decalcification 10 days after large bud stage;d.Decalcification 20 days after large bud stage.Figure 12 and 14 are the same.

2.8.2 显微结构观察 大蕾期后10 d 和大蕾期后20 d 宿萼离区细胞并未发现有明显番红着色现象(图12-a~b);大蕾期后10 d 脱萼离区细胞番红着色比例为48%(图12-c),大蕾期后20 d 脱萼离区细胞番红着色比例高达85%(图12-d),说明脱萼离区随干旱胁迫的持续木质化程度加重,促进萼片脱落。

图12 脱萼果和宿萼果显微结构的观察
Fig.12 Observation of microstructure of desiccated and persistent calyx fruit

箭头所指位置为离层形成区域。
The location indicated by the arrow is the off-layer formation area.

2.8.3 DNA ladder 检测 从图13 可知,大蕾期后10 d和大蕾期后20 d宿萼对应的1、2泳道细胞的总DNA 表现为1 条完整的带,表明该时期未发生PCD。大蕾期后10 d 脱萼对应的3 泳道可以看到DNA 的断裂程度加重,呈现模糊的DNA 梯状条带(DNA Ladder),此时该离区细胞DNA 降解。大蕾期后20 d脱萼对应的4泳道DNA电泳图谱呈“涂片状”,梯状条带消失,可能是因为随着PCD 的深化,细胞内部DNA降解为更小的片段,并被细胞吸收利用,转化为细胞壁的一部分。DNA 电泳图谱显示,离区细胞从大蕾期后10 d 开始发生明显的PCD,出现明显的DNA 梯状条带。随着PCD 的深入发展,DNA电泳图谱逐渐增宽并且强度下降,表明小片段的DNA迅速增多,随着PCD不断深化,最后被吸收利用。该检测结果证明了萼片脱落发生时离区细胞的PCD死亡特征。

图13 DNA ladder 检测
Fig.13 DNA ladder detection

泳道M.100 bp 间隔的分子质量Marker;泳道1.大蕾期后10 d宿萼;泳道2.大蕾期后20 d 宿萼;泳道3.大蕾期后10 d 脱萼;泳道4.大蕾期后20 d 脱萼。
Lane M.molecular weight marker at 100 bp intervals; lane 1.calyx lodging 10 days after large bud stage;lane 2.calyx lodging 20 days after large bud stage; lane 3.calyx removal 10 days after large bud stage;lane 4.calyx removal 20 days after large bud stage.

2.8.4 TUNEL 标记和DAPI 染色 大蕾期后10 d和大蕾期后20 d 宿萼离区细胞TUNEL 标记和DAPI 染色观察并无变化,未发现死亡细胞(图14-a~b);大蕾期后10 d 脱萼,TUNEL 标记可以看到离层细胞有少数的细胞核呈现为阳性,并且是在已经出现离层的离区细胞上发生的(图14-c-1);大蕾期后20 d 脱萼,TUNEL 标记的细胞核随着干旱的持续,细胞核基本消失不见,说明此时离区细胞的细胞核已经被吸收利用(图14-d-1)。大蕾期后10 d,TUNEL 标记的离区阳性细胞核开始出现并逐渐增多,随着PCD 的加深,离区细胞的细胞核普遍表现为阳性,并迅速萎缩变小直至消失。并且随着PCD的进行大蕾期后10 d 脱萼离层出现明显断裂(图14-c-3),大蕾期后20 d 脱萼离层断裂更加明显(图14-d-3)。

图14 TUNEL 标记和DAPI 染色
Fig.14 TUNEL markup and DAPI staining

图中1、2 代表细胞核的变化,3 代表离层断裂位置。
1,2 in the figure represent the changes of the nucleus,3 represents the location of the delamination break.

大蕾期后10 d脱萼(图14-c-2),DAPI染色出现明显的细胞核浓缩,并且呈月牙形的染色质向核膜靠拢,表明细胞已经开始凋亡;大蕾期后20 d 脱萼(图14-d-2),DAPI 染色离区细胞出现细胞破裂,细胞呈大小不一的碎片,并被细胞膜所包裹,此时的细胞已经基本全部凋亡。

3 讨 论

干旱胁迫造成器官衰老,引起器官的非正常脱落。任莹莹[23]研究发现,同一梨园内,浇水困难的干燥区的梨树脱萼果率高于正常浇水区的梨树,且靠近水渠一侧的树体宿萼果多,而其他方向平均较少,充足的水分会导致香梨宿萼果增多。这与本研究中的结果基本一致,即花前和花期灌水与对照(不灌水处理)相比,对照(不灌水处理)短果枝水势下降幅度最小,土壤含水量因持续的干旱胁迫处于较低水平,并且与香梨的脱萼率呈显著负相关,香梨的脱萼率高于花前和花期灌水处理。

本研究中大蕾期后10 d 脱萼的·OH 清除率、O2-·生成速率和H2O2的含量呈上升趋势,并且随着干旱胁迫时间的持续大蕾期后20 d 脱萼的·OH、O2-·和H2O2在不断累积,同时对比花前和花期灌水处理,对照(不灌水处理)脱萼的·OH、O2-·和H2O2随胁迫时间的持续变化最为明显。杨伟等[24]在对干旱胁迫下抗旱性老芒麦幼苗的研究中发现,随着干旱胁迫时间的持续和强度的增强,植物·OH 清除率、O2-·生成速率和H2O2的含量呈上升趋势。张木清等[25]研究发现,干旱胁迫会促进细胞内·OH、O2-·和H2O2的累积,这与本文研究结果一致。

马福林等[26]研究表明,受到干旱胁迫后,植物体内抗氧化酶活性并不都处于持续上升的过程;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,植物体内抗氧化酶活性的变化是动态的,即在受到胁迫初期呈现上升的趋势,随着胁迫的加剧又处于下降的趋势。本研究得到了相同的结果,即花前和花期灌水处理和对照脱萼萼筒的SOD、POD、CAT 活性在大蕾期后10 d 均呈上升趋势;随着胁迫的加剧,脱萼萼筒的SOD、POD、CAT活性在大蕾期后20 d 均呈下降趋势,并且对照相对于花前和花期灌水处理的ROS 清除酶活性下降最明显。

ROS是植物PCD的关键影响因子,与发育过程和环境应激反应有关,ROS含量较低可以提高植物的抗逆性,而较高则可能导致PCD,并且ROS 含量的变化会影响PCD进程,从而影响离区发育。在干旱胁迫下,一定含量的ROS 自由基对植物生长有利,但是过多的ROS 自由基会毒害植物,破坏植物的光合系统和细胞膜稳定性,从而使植物的生长受到抑制[27]。在本研究中,花前和花期灌水处理和对照在大蕾期后10 d 和大蕾期后20 d 宿萼萼筒的ROS含量随着干旱胁迫的加剧变化并不显著,与之相对应的抗氧化酶活性也处于平稳状态;同时大蕾期后20 d脱萼的ROS含量明显高于大蕾期后10 d,并且相对应的抗氧化酶活性也随干旱胁迫的加剧明显降低,脱萼率与活性氧呈极显著正相关,与抗氧化酶活性呈极显著负相关。这与谷岩等[28]结论相一致。说明随着干旱胁迫的加剧,萼筒的抗氧化酶不足以清除多余的ROS,从而影响PCD进程。

刘喜明等[29]认为巨尾桉脱落树皮离区细胞形成和分离中细胞属于主动的PCD,本试验通过石蜡切片、DAPI 染色、TUNEL 检测、DNA laddering得出了相似的结论。本研究结果表明,离区细胞已经具备了明显的PCD 特征,随着离区细胞的发展,PCD 程度不断深化。TUNEL检测和DNA梯度检测的结论均为阐明离区细胞死亡的PCD 特征提供了充足的证据。

4 结 论

综上所述,在不同物候期灌水对香梨萼片脱落的影响并不显著,而持续的干旱胁迫萼片脱落效果最为明显,并且随着干旱胁迫的加剧萼筒ROS含量升高导致抗氧化酶无法清除从而影响萼筒离区发育,影响PCD进程,促进香梨萼片脱落。

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Effects of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on reactive oxygen species metabolism and programmed cell death in the calyx tubes of Kuerlexiangli pear

CHEN Lei1, 2, WANG Hao1, 2, CHEN Yan1, 2, ZHENG Qiangqing2, WANG Zhendong2, WANG Wenjun2,BAO Jianping1,2*

(1College of Horticulture and Forestry,Tarim University,Alar 843300,Xinjiang,China;2Korla Pear Germplasm Innovation,Quality Improvement and Efficiency Improvement Group Key Laboratory,Alar 843300,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this study is to disclose the effect of pre-flowering and flowering irrigation on sepal abscission of Kuerlexiangli pear.【Methods】This experiment was conducted by measuring the calyx abscission rate, soil water content, water potential in fruiting spurs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and antioxidant enzymes activity of detached calyx, so as to verify the cell death in detached calyx by microscopic observation,DNA ladder detection,DAPI staining and TUNEL labeling.The programmed cell death (PCD) characteristics of calyx abscission were also demonstrated by microscopic observation, DNA ladder assay, DAPI staining and TUNEL labeling.【Results】There was no significant difference between pre-flowering and flowering irrigation treatments in terms of calyx abscission rate, and non-irrigation (control) promoted calyx abscission during flowering although the highest calyx shedding rate was 56.57%.The soil water content of non-irrigation(control)was lower than the irrigation treatments at different phenological stages and exhabited a continuous decreasing trend.By comparing the spur water potential changes between pre-flowering or flowering stage irrigation treatments and control 10 days after those, the spur water potential decreased by (-0.31 MPa), (-0.33 MPa) and (-0.20 MPa), respectively, among which the spur water potential of non-irrigation (control)decreased the least.With the increase of drought stress,the changes of reactive oxygen contents and antioxidant enzyme activity of persistent calyx tubes with pre-flowering and flowering irrigation treatments and control were not significant at bloom and 10 days after bloom,while those of shedding calyx at bloom and 10 days after bloom were significant.Among them,the·OH scavenging rate,O2-·production rate and H2O2 content in the non-irrigated (control) calyx tubes were significantly higher by 46.24%,36.12%and 53.84%,respectively,compared with the bloom stage,while SOD,POD and CAT activities decreased significantly by 45.57%, 69.76% and 62.47%, showing the most significant changes.By observing the microstructure of paraffin sections of calyx tubes,no significant saffron coloration was found in the cells of the persistent calyx isolates during flowering and 10 days after flowering; the percentage of saffron coloration in the cells of the desiccated isolates during flowering was 48%, and that 10 days after flowering was as high as 85%,indicating that the continued lignification of the desiccated isolates increased with drought stress and promoted sepal abscission.The total DNA in the persistent calyx cells showed a complete band during flowering and 10 days after flowering, indicating that no programmed cell death occurred during this period.The degradation of cellular DNA in this isolated region was observed at this time,and the DNA electrophoresis pattern of the calyx at 10 days after flowering was“smear-like”with the disappearance of the ladder band,probably due to the degradation of intracellular DNA into lower DNA fragments as the programmed cell death deepened.This is probably due to the fact that as the programmed cell death deepens, the DNA inside the cell is degraded into smaller fragments,which are absorbed and used by the cell as part of the cell wall.No changes were observed in the TUNEL labeling and DAPI staining of the isolated cells from the persistent calyx during and 10 days after flowering,and no dead cells were found;during the desiccation of the calyx at flowering, a few nuclei showed positive TUNEL labeling, indicating that the PCD process had started in the isolated cells and occurred first in the differentiated mature isolated cells; during the desiccation of the calyx 10 days after flowering, fewer nuclei were seen with TUNEL labeling, and the occasional nuclei that were visible were brownish in color,indicating that the nuclei had been absorbed and used or were severely atrophied at this stage.At 10th day after anthesis, the nuclei of the DAPI stained isolated cells showed nuclear condensation and deepened staining, and the nuclear chromatin was gathered in a crescent shape on one side of the nuclear membrane, indicating that the cells had begun with apoptosis; 10 days after anthesis, the nuclei of the DAPI stained isolated cells broke into round vesicles of different sizes and were surrounded by the cell membrane, indicating that the cells had entered apoptosis.【Conclusion】The combination of paraffin sectioning, DNA ladder detection, DAPI staining and TUNEL labeling showed that with the increase of drought stress, the calyx tube ROS contents increased, leading to the inability of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge, thus affecting the development of the calyx tube free zone, affecting the PCD process and promoting the sepal abscission of Kuerlexiangli pear.This study showed that the effect of irrigation on sepal shedding of Kuerlexiangli pear was not significant during pre-flowering and flowering stage, while the effect of continuous drought stress on sepal shedding was mostly obvious.

Key words: Kuerlexiangli pear;Phenological phase;Irrigation;ROS;Antioxidant enzymes;PCD

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)10-2124-12

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220702

收稿日期:2022-12-30

接受日期:2023-06-18

基金项目:库尔勒香梨种质创新与提质增效兵团重点实验室开放课题(2020DA004-202103);兵团财政科技计划项目(2021CB055,2022CB001-11);国家自然科学基金项目(31860528、U2003121);塔里木大学科研条件项目(TDZKKY202204)

作者简介:陈磊,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为果树生理与高效栽培技术。Tel:18638284505,E-mail:1439391376@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:15003014726,E-mail:baobao-xinjiang@126.com