石榴MAPK家族基因鉴定及其响应冷胁迫的表达分析

陈利娜1,曹尚银1#,唐丽颖2,李好先1,严 琼3,李松开3,杨庆华3,鲁振华1*

1 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009;2 河北省承德市农林科学院,河北承德 067000;3蒙自市果蔬技术推广站,云南蒙自 661100)

摘 要:【目的】评价不同石榴种质资源籽粒硬度及抗寒性,筛选可能参与调控石榴抗寒性的MAPK家族基因。【方法】以31份石榴种质资源为试材,进行抗寒性及籽粒硬度评价;基于全基因组筛选石榴MAPK家族基因,对其进行进化、基因结构和蛋白理化性质分析,同时利用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)分析冷胁迫对石榴MAPK家族基因表达模式的影响。【结果】31个石榴品种籽粒硬度及半致死温度测定结果表明,峄城粉红牡丹、淮北六棱甜和鲁白榴2号等硬籽石榴抗寒性较强,华紫、以3和玛丽斯等软籽石榴抗寒性较弱。基于石榴全基因组鉴定出17个MAPK家族基因,广泛分布于8条染色体上;MAPK家族所有成员主要分为3个亚类,其中,A和B亚类成员主要包含PKc_MAPKK_plant_like 和PTZ00024 结构域,C 亚类主要包含PLN00034 结构域,所有成员均具有S_TKc 结构域;各成员氨基酸残基数量分布在314~860 aa,外显子数目1~18个,蛋白分子质量为34 910.05~97 965.26 u,等电点4.94~9.35;PgMKK2PgMPK6PgMPK9PgMPK16PgMPK13在峄城粉红牡丹响应冷胁迫过程中表现为显著上调,PgMKK8PgMPK1-1PgMKK4在玛丽斯响应冷胁迫过程中表现为显著上调;PgMKK2PgMPK6PgMPK9PgMPK16PgMPK13在峄城粉红牡丹响应冷胁迫过程中的表达量显著高于玛丽斯,PgMKK8PgMPK1-1在玛丽斯响应冷胁迫过程中的表达量显著性高于峄城粉红牡丹;PgMKK3在峄城粉红牡丹不同时间均未检测到表达,在玛丽斯中表现为先升高后降低的趋势;PgMPK12-2在玛丽斯不同时间均未检测到表达,在峄城粉红牡丹中表现为逐渐升高的趋势。【结论】石榴MAPK家族基因响应冷胁迫信号,其中,PgMKK2PgMPK6PgMPK12-2PgMPK9可能参与正调控石榴的抗寒性。

关键词:石榴;籽粒硬度;抗寒性;MAPK;表达分析

石榴(Punica granatum L.)属千屈菜科(Lythraceae)石榴属(Punica L.)落叶果树,是中国重要的经济作物。石榴抗寒性差,硬籽石榴一般遇-17 ℃以下低温会出现冻害,以突尼斯软籽为代表的软籽石榴遇-10 ℃以下低温即出现冻害[1-2]。软籽石榴商品价值高,约占石榴总市场的80%,已成为多个石榴主产区的主栽品种。但是,目前主栽的软籽石榴突尼斯软籽和中农红等品种在河南、山东、陕西等主产区频发冻害,给果农造成了极大的损失,这已成为制约石榴产业健康和可持续发展的主要问题。

为缓解石榴冻害问题,国内外学者通过冬季扣棚或埋土、抗寒砧木嫁接和冬季喷施防冻剂等栽培方式防寒[3],并在部分地区取得了缓解冻害的效果。但与此同时,培育优良抗寒软籽石榴新品种仍是解决冻害问题的根本途径。目前,国内软籽石榴资源较少,收集或创制并筛选抗寒性强的软籽石榴资源可加快优良抗寒软籽石榴培育进程。本研究团队对经过多年收集或创制获得的软籽石榴种质资源进行抗寒性评价,其结果可为亲本选择提供依据。石榴抗寒性评价方法主要包括组织褐变法、生理生化指标测定法和电导法等,其中电导法是石榴抗寒性最可行的评价方法[4-6]

截至目前,已有大量报道植物抗寒调控关键基因的研究,其中CBF(C-repeat binding factors)基因是调控植物抗寒性的重要开关基因[7],而促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)可通过级联反应调控CBF 基因的表达从而调控植物抗寒性。MAPK 是一类保守的丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶,主要通过逐级磷酸化放大和传递细胞外来刺激[8],在植物生长发育和胁迫响应过程中发挥重要作用[9-12]。MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4级联反应可通过与MPK3 和MPK6 拮抗,激活CBF 基因表达从而提高植物抗寒性[13-15];MPK3和MPK6等主要通过调控质膜H+-ATP酶活性,磷酸化ICE1蛋白,从而抑制CBF基因表达,负调控植物抗寒性[16-18]

关于石榴抗寒性机制研究的相关报道较少。刘贝贝[19]研究表明,CBF1基因是参与调控石榴抗寒性的关键基因。同时,MAPK 级联途径相关基因在硬籽群体内受强烈选择,这从进化角度初步解释了大部分硬籽石榴抗逆能力强于软籽石榴的原因,暗示了MAPK 级联途径对石榴抗逆过程中的作用[20]。Ren 等[21]的研究发现,MAPK 家族基因可能参与石榴顶端分生组织、花和果实发育过程。但MAPK家族基因对石榴抗寒性的影响尚不明确。

因此,为研究MAPK家族基因在石榴冷胁迫过程中表达变化,笔者在本研究中对31份种质资源进行籽粒硬度及抗寒性评价。同时,基于全基因组挖掘MAPK家族基因,对MAPK家族基因成员进行系统进化、基因结构和蛋白理化性质分析,明确MAPK 家族基因在石榴响应冷胁迫过程中的表达模式,进而为石榴抗寒机制的研究提供理论支持。

1 材料和方法

1.1 植物材料及试验地概况

试验以31个石榴品种的果实和枝条为试材,进行籽粒硬度和抗寒性检测。试验材料均取自国家园艺种质资源库(郑州)内7年生石榴树,株行距2 m×4 m,树体主干开心形,管理方式采用常规栽培管理,土壤为壤砂土。

1.2 试验方法

1.2.1 不同品种石榴籽粒硬度的测定 成熟期取石榴果实籽粒,每个果实取上中下部各10粒种子混合测定(每个果实测定30 个籽粒),每个品种取3 个果实分别测定。测定时使用纱布去除籽粒外种皮,取光洁未被破坏的籽粒进行硬度测定,使用TA-XT质构仪(英国SMS)测定,选择P2 探头(位移1.3~2.0 mm),测前测后速率5 mm·s-1,测中速率1 mm·s-1

1.2.2 不同品种石榴枝条电导率的测定 2021年1月中旬,选取每个品种1 年生健壮枝条20~30 根,用去离子水洗净,吸干水分后剪成8~10 cm小段,每组5 段,分成3 组,捆绑并用保鲜膜包裹。将分组的枝条于4 ℃冰箱预冷24 h,之后用低温培养箱进行梯度冷处理,处理温度分别为-4、-8、-12、-16、-20 ℃,降温速率4 ℃·h-1,达到目的温度后保持24 h,以4 ℃为对照。

在50 mL 离心管中加入25 mL 去离子水,将低温处理后的枝条剪成0.5 cm 的小段,各称取1 g,加入去离子水中,置于25 ℃摇床中,90 min,用电导率仪(雷磁DDS-307型号)测量初始电导值,然后沸水浴20 min,自然冷却至室温,测量其终电导值。相对电导率=初始电导值/终电导值[6]。Logistic回归方程y=k/(1+ae-bx),其中y为相对电导率,x为处理温度,k为当x趋于无穷大时的值,a和b 为方程参数。计算半致死温度(LT50)。

1.2.3 MAPK 家族基因鉴定及生物信息分析 拟南芥MAPK 家族的30 个成员的氨基酸序列(包括10 个MKK 和20 个MPK 成员)来源于拟南芥基因数 据 库TAIR(https://www.arabidopsis.org/)[22]。以突尼斯软籽石榴基因组为参考基因组通过NCBI blast+-2.9.0 进行本地blast 获得。氨基酸序列通过在线软件emboss[23](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/st/emboss_transeq/)翻译获得。各编码蛋白的分子质量和理论等电点通过在线软件ProtParam(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)进 行 预 测[24]。MAPK 家族基因系统发育树的构建和多序列比对使用本地软件MEGA7.0[25],采用邻接法,bootstrap值为1000,进化树可视化通过Evolview在线软件[26]。氨基酸序列的保守结构域通过在线软件Batch CD-Search(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi)进行预测[27],通过DNAMAN进行MAPK家族基因多序列比对。通过在线网站String(https://cn.string-db.org/)在线网站进行蛋白互作网络预测。

1.2.4 MAPK响应冷胁迫过程中表达模式分析 取峄城粉红牡丹、玛丽斯1年生枝条,8~10 cm小段,每组5 段,分成3 组。4 ℃开始降温,温度达到-12 ℃时,分别处理0(对照)、5、10、20、30、60、120 min 后取出枝条剪成0.5 cm 小块,液氮速冻,-80 ℃保存。每个处理设3次生物学重复。

以石榴PgActin 为内参基因[28],实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)测定各基因在不同胁迫条件下的相对表达量。利用NCBI在线软件Primer-BLAST 设计引物(表1)。选用Universal SYBR Green Master 荧光定量试剂盒(Roche)在LightCycler® 480 Ⅱ(Roche)进行检测。Real Time-qPCR 反应程序:95 ℃5 min;95 ℃10 s、56 ℃10 s、72 ℃10 s,共45 个循环;95 ℃5 s、65 ℃1 min,10个循环;40 ℃冷却。

表1 MAPK 家族基因实时荧光定量引物
Table 1 Real-time fluorescent quantitative primers for MAPK genes

基因名称Gene name PgActin PgMKK2 PgMKK6 PgMKK3 PgMKK8 PgMKK4 PgMPK1-1 PgMPK1-2 PgMPK8 PgMPK9 PgMPK16 PgMPK6 PgMPK3 PgMPK12-2 PgMPK12-1 PgMPK13 PgMPK20 PgMPK18引物名称Primer name PgActin-F PgActin-R PgMKK2-F PgMKK2-R PgMKK6-F PgMKK6-R PgMKK3-F PgMKK3-R PgMKK8-F PgMKK8-R PgMKK4-F PgMKK4-R PgMPK1-1-F PgMPK1-1-R PgMPK1-2-F PgMPK1-2-R PgMPK8-F PgMPK8-R PgMPK9-F PgMPK9-R PgMPK16-F PgMPK16-R PgMPK6-F PgMPK6-R PgMPK3-F PgMPK3-R PgMPK12-2-F PgMPK12-2-R PgMPK12-1-F PgMPK12-1-R PgMPK13-F PgMPK13-R PgMPK20-F PgMPK20-R PgMPK18-F PgMPK18-R引物序列(5’-3’)The sequence of primers(5’-3’)AGTCCTCTTCCAGCCATCTC CACTGAGCACAATGTTTCCA AAAGGGGAACGGTGGAATCG CGAGCACACTCCTCGATGTT GACCGTGGTTCTCTGGTTGA GGAGCACCTGCTTACAGACA GAGACCCTTTTGCATGTCGT TCGGGTTCCATGCAAGTAGT CCTTAACCCGTGCAACTCCT GTCGTAGTTCCCGCCATAGG CCAGATTTTGAGAGGCGCTG AGGATTGAGCAGCTGACCTTG TGGACGTGGACGAGGATTCA CGACAGCGACGGCATAAAG ATGGCACCTTCAGTTCAGGC ACCGTCACTCATGGAGTAGT TTATGGTGTGGTTGGCTCCG ACGAGTGGCATCGGAAACAT TCGTGCACCAACTCGATCTC GCCGAGGTACCTTCTTGCTT AGTCGCATGTTGAGAGGAGTT TAGCAGCTGCACCTTGGGT CCAAGTACAAGCCCCCGATT GCCACGTGCTCATTTGTCTC TTCGTCCGGAATGAGGAAGC ACGTGGGGGAAGACACTAGA CGAGGTCTCCACCAAGTACG TCCTCCCGTGTCTCAGAGTT CCTTACATGGAAGCTGTTGTTGG GGGAGTTTCAGAGCAGCGT ACCGGGTGATTCGGATCTTG TGCTTTGGGACTTGAGGGAG TGGCAAAAGTGGGCCTGTAA GTGGAATGGGGCTGGAATGA TGTCCGAAGCACCAAAGACA GGCCTGAAAAAGCAGTGTGG

1.3 数据统计与分析

采用Excel 2013 对枝条电导率进行计算和Logistic 方程对31 个石榴品种的电导率进行回归分析,荧光定量数据计算采用2-ΔΔCT[29]。采用Excel 2013、SPSS 25.0对籽粒硬度与相对电导率相关性和荧光定量结果进行数据整理与分析。利用R 语言gplots 绘制不同基因表达热图。使用T 检验和多重比较法进行差异显著性分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 石榴籽粒硬度与抗寒性分析

籽粒硬度测定结果表明,31个石榴品种籽粒硬度范围主要分布在(1.21±0.48)~(1.96±0.44)kg·cm-2和(4.10±0.80)~(7.29±2.14)kg·cm-2;依据Zarei等[30]分的籽粒硬度等级标准,将籽粒硬度分布在(1.21±0.48)~(1.96±0.44)kg·cm-2的品种归类为软籽,将籽粒硬度分布在(4.10±0.80)~(7.29±2.14)kg·cm-2的品种归类为硬籽;31份石榴种质资源共包括17份软籽和14份硬籽资源(表2)。

表2 31 份石榴种质资源抗寒性及籽粒硬度评价
Table 2 Cold resistance and seed hardness evaluating of 31 pomegranate cultivars

注:数据为平均值±标准差;不同小写字母表示同列数据在p<0.05 水平差异显著。
Note:The data in the table were the average values±standard diviation,different small letters represented the significant difference at p<0.05 level.

软Classification of soft级分籽Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Hard-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Hard-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Soft-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed Soft-seed Hard-seed Hard-seed硬and hard seeds籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽籽软软软软软硬软软软软硬软软软软软软软硬硬硬硬硬硬硬硬硬硬软硬硬籽Seed hardness/度硬粒(kg·cm-2)1.93±0.42 i 1.96±0.44 i 1.21±0.48 i 1.63±0.32 i 1.43±0.57 i 4.95±1.18 fg 1.50±0.43 i 1.56±0.35 i 1.82±0.39 i 1.63±0.57 i 6.45±1.73 bc 1.81±0.34 i 1.53±0.35 i 1.38±0.30 i 1.42±0.27 i 1.76±0.49 i 1.57±0.23 i 1.56±0.41 i 6.88±1.11 ab 4.10±0.80 h 5.64±0.62 def 5.54±1.48 ef 5.98±2.26 cde 4.70±1.08 gh 5.05±1.07 fg 6.42±1.49 bcd 6.13±1.27 bcde 5.68±1.80 cdef 1.62±0.40 i 4.66±1.55 gh 7.29±2.14 a半Semi-lethal度温死致temperature/℃-13.774 100 86-16.141 778 97-16.177 493 15-16.693 353 56-16.867 517 48-17.390 554 56-17.403 958 79-19.085 638 96-19.877 479 58-20.225 069 32-20.863 051 18-21.110 823 48-21.848 693 18-22.511 800 84-22.968 418 46-23.205 219 40-23.332 019 62-24.030 425 47-24.347 476 75-25.969 997 20-26.304 659 35-26.351 403 45-27.531 793 54-28.802 714 08-28.834 713 41-28.952 760 75-29.374 663 34-30.275 572 05-30.951 868 54-32.515 934 56-32.787 673 07合拟Degree of fitting度0.956 0.928 0.890 0.885 0.833 0.823 0.845 0.883 0.908 0.752 0.895 0.694 0.756 0.823 0.869 0.839 0.912 0.838 0.771 0.793 0.757 0.807 0.742 0.763 0.762 0.794 0.828 0.831 0.679 0.766 0.794-20 ℃74.99±0.02 66.69±0.02 64.85±0.02 61.16±0.02 64.63±0.01 62.85±0.02 63.38±0.02 51.16±0.00 56.14±0.01 59.19±0.01 52.43±0.03 58.56±0.01 56.45±0.02 52.63±0.00 51.19±0.01 47.72±0.01 49.49±0.02 50.97±0.01 51.75±0.03 49.38±0.03 50.40±0.02 49.08±0.02 48.95±0.01 47.48±0.01 45.09±0.06 46.40±0.02 45.82±0.01 45.15±0.00 47.85±0.01 44.76±0.02 43.89±0.00-16 ℃52.67±0.00 44.59±0.05 48.15±0.03 51.72±0.02 44.30±0.00 41.80±0.01 40.07±0.01 49.26±0.00 39.17±0.02 34.28±0.01 43.31±0.05 35.28±0.01 32.59±0.01 34.90±0.01 38.31±0.02 45.49±0.03 33.32±0.00 34.90±0.01 36.13±0.02 36.42±0.00 33.60±0.00 31.61±0.01 33.26±0.03 30.02±0.01 33.14±0.01 29.25±0.02 34.50±0.01 34.21±0.00 31.02±0.02 32.95±0.00 31.89±0.02-12 ℃37.63±0.01 34.69±0.08 31.36±0.01 31.41±0.02 32.02±0.01 32.82±0.01 33.64±0.00 36.92±0.00 30.44±0.01 34.91±0.01 32.76±0.01 32.93±0.01 34.58±0.01 36.49±0.01 30.34±0.01 32.27±0.01 30.45±0.00 31.52±0.00 31.04±0.01 34.58±0.01 31.11±0.00 29.68±0.01 29.66±0.01 27.89±0.01 27.78±0.01 31.51±0.01 30.36±0.00 30.39±0.00 29.64±0.01 29.18±0.01 33.34±0.02 Electrical conductivity-8 ℃30.86±0.02 26.71±0.03 30.58±0.01 25.09±0.01 28.59±0.01 34.81±0.01 33.92±0.01 41.61±0.01 27.27±0.02 34.41±0.00 32.75±0.02 35.18±0.01 33.11±0.01 26.57±0.03 30.91±0.01 30.57±0.00 24.41±0.00 32.84±0.00 28.50±0.01 29.87±0.05 30.10±0.01 28.23±0.01 34.64±0.01 29.16±0.01 35.63±0.04 28.20±0.01 29.98±0.01 30.40±0.00 33.09±0.01 29.94±0.01 28.30±0.01值率导电-4 ℃25.97±0.02 26.50±0.03 30.88±0.01 31.15±0.02 34.06±0.00 33.37±0.03 31.01±0.01 34.28±0.03 26.64±0.00 32.16±0.00 32.35±0.00 35.00±0.01 30.60±0.02 31.09±0.01 29.90±0.01 34.02±0.01 24.03±0.00 28.76±0.01 33.18±0.01 34.11±0.02 31.86±0.00 27.98±0.01 29.44±0.00 27.39±0.01 25.11±0.08 26.88±0.01 30.42±0.01 30.17±0.02 30.45±0.01 30.62±0.00 30.48±0.02对Control照33.15±0.02 26.62±0.02 32.03±0.01 30.88±0.01 29.40±0.02 34.72±0.02 32.74±0.00 36.96±0.02 32.24±0.02 35.43±0.00 33.67±0.02 30.33±0.01 36.98±0.02 40.55±0.03 31.90±0.01 34.94±0.03 30.76±0.03 34.95±0.05 29.77±0.01 28.64±0.01 33.00±0.00 27.65±0.02 27.08±0.06 27.34±0.01 27.85±0.01 29.35±0.05 25.96±0.01 30.74±0.04 25.77±0.01 29.42±0.01 27.93±0.01 Mengzitianguangyan Mengzihoupishazi Tukumansitan Tunisiruanzi Kaifengsijihong Taishanhong Zhongshiliu 8 Lubailiu 2 Zhongshiliu 4籽Mengyanghong丹Huaibeiliulengtian Jingpitian牡Shandazi甜Mollar Yichenghongpimayatian品Variety name牙8号沙籽马颜Piyaman坦红大玛M0107皮光皮季2号4号软Suanmeiren红棱Yichengbaipidazi Huazi皮Yichengfenhongmudan Malisi称Hongmeiren甜人曼名Zaohong华以土D4N11 Suanmei红籽甜紫3 Yi3斯红Tianshihong 红斯人斯Huaguan甜四榴榴粉六库乐自美美种城亚城封白石城北石自丽冠红使尼美山阳皮大慕蒙酸红D2N14榴厚中蒙籽华早天突酸泰蒙净陕White红曼白峄皮峄开鲁中峄淮

对31个石榴品种半致死温度测定结果表明,半致死温度分布范围在-13.78~-32.79 ℃;其中,峄城粉红牡丹、淮北六棱甜和鲁白榴2号等硬籽石榴抗寒性较强,华紫、以3和土库曼斯坦等软籽石榴抗寒性较弱;除蒙自甜光颜和蒙自厚皮沙籽外,硬籽石榴半致死温度低于大部分软籽石榴;同时,除中石榴4号外,软籽石榴半致死温度高于大部分硬籽石榴(表2)。

2.2 石榴MAPK家族基因的进化分析

基于拟南芥MAPK 家族成员氨基酸序列从突尼斯软籽石榴基因组数据库中筛选出17 个候选的MAPK同源基因(包括5个MAKK和12个MAPK成员)(表3),根据与拟南芥MAPK家族基因同源性进行命名,广泛分布于8条染色体上(图1)。通过拟南芥与石榴MAPK 家族基因系统发育分析,石榴MAPK 家族基因可分为3 个亚类(A、B、C),其中,A亚 类 包 含PgMPK12- 1PgMPK12- 2PgMPK6PgMPK3PgMPK13PgMPK1-1PgMPK1-2 共7个 成 员,B 亚 类 包 含PgMPK18PgMPK16PgMPK20PgMPK8PgMPK9 共5 个成员,C 亚类包含PgMKK2PgMKK3PgMKK4PgMKK6PgMKK8共5个成员(图2)。

图1 石榴MAPK 家族基因在染色体上的分布
Fig.1 Positions of MAPK genes on the pomegranate pseudo-chromosomes

图2 石榴与拟南芥MAPK 家族基因系统发育与功能结构域分析
Fig.2 Analysis of phylogeny relationship of MAPKs in pomegranate and Arabidopsis

绿色框代表A 类,红色框代表B 类,蓝色框代表C 类蛋白。
Proteins highlighted in green box represented group A,red represented group B and blue represented group C.

表3 石榴MAPK 家族的序列分析
Table 3 Sequence analysis of MAPK gene family in pomegranate

家族Family基因名称Gene name基因ID Gene ID染色体上位置信息Position on chromosome基因长度ORF/bp等电点pI外显子数Exon number分组Gruop MAPKK MAPK PgMKK2 PgMKK6 PgMKK3 PgMKK8 PgMKK4 PgMPK1-1 PgMPK1-2 PgMPK8 PgMPK9 PgMPK16 PgMPK6 PgMPK3 PgMPK12-2 PgMPK12-1 PgMPK13 PgMPK20 PgMPK18 PgL0059140 PgL0019130 PgL0044640 PgL0307510 PgL0195580 PgL0154120 PgL0154130 PgL0030130 PgL0307070 PgL0142910 PgL0066890 PgL0300000 PgL0200430 PgL0187840 PgL0300040 PgL0226500 PgL0335370 LG01:14 354 277~14 357 581 LG07:13 612 200~13 616 491 LG01:2 401 332~2 404 194 LG06:3 620 585~3 622 595 LG03:5 520 997~5 523 341 LG02:6 229 201~6 230 334 LG02:6 233 547~6 234 680 LG07:25 215 947~25 219 536 LG06:3 281 458~3 285 543 LG00:54 215 218~54 220 134 LG01:26 190 661~26 195 979 LG05:27 161 882~27 164 034 LG03:8 712 267~8 715 865 LG03:485 725~498 050 LG05:27 190 634~27 192 917 LG03:34 805 345~34 809 858 LG06:28 350 692~28 354 673 3305 4292 2863 2011 2345 1134 1134 3590 4086 4917 5319 2153 3599 12 326 2284 4514 3982氨基酸数目Number of amino acid/aa 352 354 541 314 518 377 377 615 619 566 391 375 380 860 377 617 597分子质量Molecular mass/u 38 956.51 39 870.90 60 717.15 34 910.05 58 398.57 42 694.48 42 552.40 68 952.19 69 387.45 64 371.77 44 872.36 42 968.25 43 399.50 97 965.26 43 002.99 70 420.74 68 130.90 5.49 5.96 5.77 8.35 8.58 8.56 9.23 7.69 8.06 8.76 5.57 5.78 6.20 6.74 4.94 9.19 9.35 8 7 9 1 6 1 1 10 10 10 6 6 6 18 6 10 10 C C C C C A A B B B A A A A A B B

2.3 石榴MAPK家族的结构分析

对石榴和拟南芥MAPK家族的功能域进行分析,发现这些基因均具有促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(Pkinase)的功能结构域,其中,A 和B 亚类成员主要包含PKc_MAPKK_plant_like、PTZ00024 结构域,C 亚类主要包含PLN00034结构域(图2)。基于石榴MAPK家族基因氨基酸多序列比对结果,发现其具有MAPK家族特有的保守结构域S_TKc(图3)。

图3 石榴MAPK 蛋白序列比对分析
Fig.3 Sequence alignment analysis of MAPK protein in pomegranate

黑色框代表保守结构域S-TKc。
The conserved domain were highlighted in the black box.

石榴MAPK家族结构分析结果显示,石榴MAPK家族各成员氨基酸残基数量分布在314~860 aa(表3),外显子数目1~18个,同一亚类成员间外显子数目、位置及大小类型相近;A亚类成员外显子数目主要为6个,PgMAK1-1和PgMAK1-2外显子数目为1个,PgMAK12-1外显子数目为18个;B亚类成员外显子数目主要为10 个;C 亚类成员外显子数目主要为6~9个,PgMKK8外显子数目为1个(表3)。利用ProtParam对石榴MAPK家族基因蛋白理化性质进行分析,结果显示,石榴MAPK家族蛋白分子质量为34 910.05~97 965.26 u,等电点4.94~9.35(表3)。

2.4 石榴MAPK 家族基因冷胁迫过程中表达模式分析

在抗寒性强的峄城粉红牡丹石榴响应冷胁迫的过程中,随着冷胁迫时间推移,MAPK家族基因表达模式主要分为3类(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类)。Ⅰ类基因随着冷胁迫时间推移表达量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,主要包括PgMKK2PgMPK13PgMPK1-2PgMPK8PgMKK4PgMPK20PgMPK18共7个基因;Ⅱ类基因随着冷胁迫时间推移表达量表现为逐渐升高的趋势,主要包括PgMPK3PgMKK6PgMPK1-1PgMPK16共4个基因;Ⅲ类基因表达量表现为逐渐降低的趋势,主 要 包 括PgMPK12- 1PgMPK12- 2PgMPK6PgMPK9PgMKK8共5个基因;PgMKK3在峄城粉红牡丹石榴冷胁迫不同时间均未检测到表达(图4-A)。

图4 MAPK 家族基因在冷胁迫不同时间表达模式
Fig.4 Expression patterns of MAPK genes in response to cold stress

A.峄城粉红牡丹冷胁迫不同时期;B.玛丽斯冷胁迫不同时期。根据表达模式分类Ⅰ代表表达量先升高后降低;Ⅱ类代表表达量降低;Ⅲ类代表表达量升高;*代表未检测到表达。
A.Different stages of Yichengfenhongmudan in response to cold stress.B.Different stages of Malisi in response to cold stress.Groups clustered by expression pattern,Ⅰrepresented genes whose expression level increased firstly and then decreased.Ⅱrepresented genes whose expression level decreased.Ⅲrepresented genes whose expression level increased.*represented gene whose expression was not detected.

在抗寒性差的玛丽斯石榴响应冷胁迫过程中,随着时间推移,MAPK家族基因表达模式同样主要分为3 类(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类)。Ⅰ类主要包括PgMKK3PgMKK2PgMPK20PgMPK13PgMPK1-1 共5 个基因;Ⅱ类 主 要 包 括 PgMPK6PgMKK6PgMPK9PgMPK16PgMPK18PgMPK3 共6 个基因;Ⅲ类主要包括PgMPK8PgMKK4PgMKK8PgMPK12-1PgMPK1-2 共5 个基因;PgMPK12-1 在玛丽斯响应冷胁迫过程中未检测到表达(图4-B)。

其中,PgMKK2PgMPK20PgMPK13 在峄城粉红牡丹石榴和玛丽斯石榴冷胁迫过程中表达量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势;PgMPK3PgMKK6PgMPK16 表达量均表现为逐渐降低的趋势;PgMPK12-1PgMKK8 表达量均表现为逐渐升高的趋势(图4)。PgMPK9PgMPK6 在峄城粉红牡丹石榴响应冷胁迫过程中表现为逐渐升高的趋势,在玛丽斯石榴中表现为逐渐降低的趋势;PgMPK18在峄城粉红牡丹石榴不同时间表现为先升高后降低的趋势,在玛丽斯石榴中表现为逐渐降低的趋势;PgMPK1-2PgMPK8PgMKK4在峄城粉红牡丹石榴不同时间表现为先升高后降低的趋势,在玛丽斯石榴中表现为逐渐升高的趋势;PgMPK1-1 在峄城粉红牡丹石榴不同时间表现为逐渐降低,在玛丽斯石榴中表现为先升高后降低;PgMKK3 在峄城粉红牡丹石榴不同时间均未检测到表达,在玛丽斯石榴中表现为先升高后降低的趋势;PgMPK12-2在玛丽斯石榴不同时间均未检测到表达,在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中表现为逐渐升高的趋势(图4)。

MAPK家族基因在峄城粉红牡丹石榴和玛丽斯石榴间的相对表达量差异结果表明,PgMKK2PgMPK6PgMPK9PgMPK16 在响应冷胁迫过程中,在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中的相对表达量显著高于玛丽斯石榴;PgMPK13 相对表达量在响应胁迫后5和10 min 时在峄城粉红牡丹石榴和玛丽斯石榴间不存在显著性差异表达,20、30 和60 min 时在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中的相对表达量显著高于玛丽斯石榴;PgMKK8PgMPK1-1 在玛丽斯石榴中的相对表达量显著性高于峄城粉红牡丹石榴;PgMKK6PgMPK12-1PgMPK3 的相对表达量在玛丽斯和峄城粉红牡丹石榴间无显著差异;PgMKK4PgMPK8PgMPK1-2响应冷胁迫前期在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中的相对表达量显著高于玛丽斯石榴、后期在玛丽斯石榴中的相对表达量显著高于峄城粉红牡丹石榴;PgMPK20PgMPK18 的相对表达量与石榴对冷胁迫的响应无显著相关性(图5)。

图5 MAPK 家族基因在峄城粉红牡丹石榴和玛丽斯石榴间相对表达量
Fig.5 The expression of MAPK genes between Yichengfenhongmudan and Malisi

柱状图蓝色代表玛丽斯石榴,橘色代表峄城粉红牡丹石榴。*代表在p<0.05 水平具有差异显著性。
Blue bar represented Malisi,Orange bar represented Yichengfenhongmudan.*represented the significant difference at p<0.05 level.

3 讨 论

3.1 枝条取样时间不同影响检测的半致死温度

笔者在本研究中测定的不同石榴品种半致死温度范围在-13.77~-32.79 ℃,与罗华等[31]发表的石榴半致死温度存在范围差异(-9.04~-11.77 ℃)。Ghasemi 等[4]对不同取样时间的石榴枝条半致死温度检测的差异进行分析,发现同一品种1 月份取石榴枝条进行测定获得的半致死温度显著低于3月份取枝条所获得的半致死温度。笔者取样时间为石榴枝条休眠期(1月中旬),罗华等[31]取样时间为萌芽前(3 月中旬),这一结论解释了本研究测定的石榴半致死温度范围显著低于其发表范围的原因。但是,半致死温度的范围不影响品种间抗寒性强弱的差异比较。

3.2 石榴抗寒性可能与籽粒硬度呈正相关

大部分硬籽石榴果实内种皮次生细胞壁厚度显著高于软籽石榴,枝条较软籽石榴硬。石榴抗寒性和籽粒硬度性状可能存在连锁遗传现象。例如,NAC家族基因通过调控木质素、纤维素和半纤维素合成从而参与调控石榴籽粒硬度形成[28],在硬籽石榴中的表达量显著高于软籽石榴。同时,NAC家族基因参与植物对抗寒性等非生物胁迫的响应[32]。同时,已有研究报道生长环境温度对植物抗寒性具有显著影响,来源于云南产区的蒙自甜光颜石榴和蒙自滑皮沙籽石榴抗寒性、显著低于新疆、山东、河南和安徽产区的石榴,长期自然环境驯化对石榴抗寒性具有显著影响[33]

3.3 石榴MAPK家族基因响应冷胁迫

目前,水稻[34]、玉米[35]、葡萄[36]、枣[37]、麻风树[38]等多个物种上MAPK家族基因被挖掘,在植物生长发育、抗逆等过程中发挥重要功能。笔者在本研究中分析石榴MAPK家族基因功能性结构域,发现在不同物种间MAPK 家族基因功能性结构域具有保守性。在拟南芥和玉米中MAPK 家族基因MPK3MPK4MPK6MKK2等在冷处理30 min内表达量显著上调[34-35]MKK2基因在马铃薯响应冷胁迫过程中显著上调表达[39]MPK5[40]MPK3[41]响应香蕉冷胁迫处理过程,并通过调控NAC042ICE1基因表达从而参与调控香蕉抗寒性。石榴17个MAPK家族基因中12 个均能不同程度地响应石榴冷胁迫信号。PgMKK2PgMPK6PgMPK9PgMPK16PgMPK13在峄城粉红牡丹石榴响应冷胁迫过程中表现为显著上调,PgMKK8PgMPK1-1PgMKK4 在玛丽斯石榴响应冷胁迫过程中表现为显著上调,MAPK 家族基因参与石榴响应冷胁迫过程。

3.4 PgMKK2-MPK6 级联反应途径可能参与调控石榴抗寒性

已有研究表明,低温诱导MKK2蛋白磷酸化[15],MKK2 激 发MPK4/MPK6 蛋 白 磷 酸 化[14]MPK4/MPK6 通过调控ICE1CBF 基因表达从而调控植物抗寒性[14];同时MKK2-MAPK4/7通过调控ICE1基因表达从而参与调控植物抗寒性;MEKK1-MKK2-MPK4 通过调控CBFs 基因表达从而正调控植物抗寒性。而低温处理可显著激活石榴PgMKK2PgMPK6 基因表达,冷胁迫处理后PgMKK2PgMPK6在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中的表达量显著高于玛丽斯石榴,同时,PgMPK6表达趋势与PgMKK2一致,推测PgMPK6 基因表达上调可能与PgMKK2 级联反应相关,PgMKK2-MPK6 级联反应途径可能参与正调控石榴抗寒性。

3.5 PgMPK12-2可能参与正调控石榴抗寒性

油菜、拟南芥等物种中MPK12MPK9功能冗余,正向调控脱落酸、茉莉酸、水杨酸[42-43]、低温和盐[44]等逆境胁迫过程。而石榴PgMPK12-2 在玛丽斯石榴不同时间均未检测到表达,在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中表现为逐渐升高的趋势。PgMPK9在响应冷胁迫过程中在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中的表达量显著高于玛丽斯石榴。PgMPK12-2PgMPK9 可能参与石榴响应低温胁迫的过程。

4 结 论

笔者在本研究中基于石榴全基因组共挖掘到17 个MAPK 家族基因成员,分布于不同染色体,根据系统发育树将其分为3 个亚类,所有成员均含有S-TKc结构域,同一亚类成员间保守结构域、外显子数目具有保守性。在响应冷胁迫过程中,PgMKK2PgMPK6PgMPK9PgMPK16PgMAPK13 在峄城粉红牡丹石榴中的表达量显著高于玛丽斯石榴,PgMKK8PgMPK1-1在玛丽斯石榴中的表达量显著高于峄城粉红牡丹石榴,PgMKK2PgMPK6PgMPK12-2PgMPK9可能正调控石榴抗寒性。

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Identification of MAPK family genes and analysis of their expression patterns in response to cold stress in pomegranate

CHEN Lina1, CAO Shangyin1#, TANG Liying2, LI Haoxian1, YAN Qiong3, LI Songkai3, YANG Qinghua3,LU Zhenhua1*

(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China;2Hebei Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Chengde 067000,Hebei,China;3Mengzi Fruit and Vegetable Technology Promotion Station,Mengzi 661100,Yunnan,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Cold stress is one of the most important factors limiting the progress of pomegranate production.The objectives of this study were to compare the cold hardiness among 31 pomegranate cultivars with wide distribution of seed hardness,and analyze the expression pattern of Mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) family genes in response to cold stress.The results can pave the way for shedding light to the function of Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in pomegranate cod tolerance.【Methods】Plant materials were cultivated in the National Horticulture Germplasm Resources Center of China (NHGRC), with conventional cultivation management.Juvenile branches of 31 pomegranate cultivars were sampled in mid-January, the relative electrolyte conductivity (REC) was measured, and the semi-lethal temperature (LT50) was calculated for the evolution of cold hardiness.Seed hardness was detected by the TA-XT texture apparatus.MAPK family genes of Arabidopsis were used as queries to search in the whole pomegranate genome database, and reference genome sequence of‘Tunisia’was obtained from NCBI database.Potential members of MAPK family were identified.Phylogeny relationship, gene structure and protein physicochemical properties were analyzed.Moreover,we performed real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to analyze the expression pattern of 17 MAPK family genes in response to cold stress.【Results】The seed hardness and cold tolerance were evaluated.A total of 17 MAPK family genes were identified, which widely distributed on different chromosomes.All the members of the MAPK family could be mainly divided into three sub-classes,among which the members of subclass A and B mainly included PKc_MAPKK_plant_like and PTZ00024 Domain, subclass C mainly contained the PLN00034 domain, and all members contained a S_TKc domain.The results of analysis of physicochemical properties of proteins showed that the number of amino acid residues of each member distributed from 314 to 860 aa,the number of exons was from 1 to 18,the molecular weight of the protein was from 34 910.05 to 97 965.26 u,and the isoelectric point was from 4.94 to 9.35.Specific primer was designed for each PgMAPKs and PgMAPKKs, and their expression patterns were detected.The results showed that 12 out of 17 members were activated after low-temperature treatment.Yichengfenhongmudan that showed strong cold tolerance, and Malisi with weak cold tolerance,were both selected to compare the expression pattern of MAPKs. PgMKK2, PgMPK6, PgMPK9,PgMPK16 and PgMPK13 were all rapidly activated after low-temperature treatment in Yichengfenhongmudan. PgMKK8, PgMPK1-1 and PgMKK4 were rapidly activated in Malisi. PgMKK2, PgMPK6,PgMPK9, PgMPK16 and PgMPK13 showed significantly higher expression level in Yichengfenhongmudan than those in Malisi after low-temperature treatment.The expression of PgMPK3, PgMPK12-1,PgMPK20, PgMPK18 and PgMKK6 was not affected by low- temperature treatment. PgMKK8,PgMPK1-1 and PgMKK4 were up-regulated in Malisi than Yichengfenhongmudan.The expression of PgMPK12-2 was not activated after low-temperature treatment in Malisi, but showed gradual increase in Yichengfenhongmudan.The expression level of PgMKK3 increased at first and then decreased during low-temperature treatment in Malisi, whereas it was not detected in Yichengfenhongmudan.【Conclusion】Pomegranate MAPK family genes responded to cold stress signals. PgMKK2, PgMPK6,PgMPK12-2 and PgMPK9 might positively regulate cold tolerance.

Key words: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.); Seed hardness; Cold resistance; MAPK; Expression analysis

中图分类号:S665.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)10-2076-13

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230136

收稿日期:2023-04-12

接受日期:2023-06-27

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1600802);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI);河南省科技攻关项目(212102110421)

作者简介:陈利娜,女,助理研究员,研究方向为果树遗传育种。Tel:13283811852,E-mail:1571863765@qq.com。#为共同第一作者。

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0371-65330990,E-mail:luzhenhua@caas.cn