早熟优质杏新品种中杏3号的选育

夏乐晗1,黄振宇1,刘红君2,陈 龙1,陈玉玲1*

1中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009;2濮阳县林业科学研究所,河南濮阳 457100)

摘 要:中杏3号是以早金艳为母本、蜜香为父本人工杂交选育而成的早熟优质杏品种。果实近圆形,平均单果质量95.80 g,最大单果质量105.80 g;果实较对称,缝合线浅,梗洼中深,果顶微凹,无果顶尖,果皮有茸毛,中厚;果实底色黄色,阳面有红色斑点。果肉橙黄色,肉厚质细,纤维少,汁液多,味甜,芳香浓郁。果核卵圆形,褐色,离核。核仁苦,种仁较饱满。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)16.2%,维生素C含量8.26 mg·100 g-1,可食率96.30%。新乡地区3月中旬开花,5月下旬果实成熟,11月中旬落叶。树体生长势强,易成花,以短果枝和花束状果枝结果为主,自花结实能力差,需配置授粉树。中杏3号外观美,品质优,早熟,丰产稳产,抗冻能力强,适应性强,适合在河南及周边平原、丘陵、山地等杏栽培区种植。

关键词:杏;新品种;中杏3号;早熟;优质

杏(Prunus armeniaca Lam.)属于蔷薇科(Rosaceae),是原产中国的果树树种之一[1]。杏在我国有悠久的栽培历史,栽培面积和产量均居世界首位[2]。杏作为夏季时令水果,具有成熟早、色泽艳丽、风味浓郁、果实营养丰富等优点,深受消费者青睐[3]。杏树具有抗寒、抗旱、耐瘠薄的优良特性,是我国“三北”生态区建设中兼具经济效益、社会效益及生态效益的经济林树种[4-6]。目前,我国广泛栽植的杏品种大多是地方优良品种,口感较好但产量低且不稳。近些年来,我国杏育种工作者相继培育出一系列杏品种,如早金艳[7]、金宇[8]、玫硕[9]、京香红、京脆红[10]、玫香[11]、早红艳[3]、陇杏3 号[12]等,仍不能满足不同栽培条件的需要。杏树开花早,花期气温变化大,特别是北方杏产区,早春温度升高快,晚春经常会不同程度地受到大风降温、寒流、晚霜、降雪等恶劣天气的影响[13]。据调查,在花蕾期低于-3.9 ℃,花期低于-2.2 ℃,幼果期低于-0.6 ℃,且低温时间持续超过30 min,杏树的花芽、花朵以及幼果等组织易发生冻害,致使杏减产或绝收,严重影响和制约杏产业的发展[14-16]。因此亟须选育出优质抗冻品种,提升杏产业效益。中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所针对早春冻害现象,以早熟、硬肉、高产、优质、抗冻为育种目标,经过多年的系统选育,选育出早熟优质杏新品种中杏3号。

1 选育经过

2010 年以早金艳为母本、蜜香为父本进行杂交,获得杂交种子186 粒,翌年春季播种,繁育出杂交苗95株,于2012年春季定植于中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所李杏种质资源圃,进行正常水肥抚育管理,分别编号、调查。

2013 年杂交实生苗首次结果,对果实经济性状、结果习性等方面进行调查,编号为6-2的杂交实生苗综合性状突出:果形美观,肉厚质细,纤维少,汁液多,可溶性固形物含量15.5%~16.5%,浓郁芳香,香甜可口,果实5 月下旬成熟,抗冻能力强,遂定为优良单株。当年7月高接到5年生树上,同时进行苗木嫁接繁育,第2年定植嫁接苗。第3年调查发现高接树和嫁接苗,均开始开花结果,并表现良好。经连续3 a(年)对实生母树、高接树和嫁接苗进行连续观察,6-2品质和性状稳定。2015年复选为优系,暂定名中杏3号。

2016年起在河南省新乡市新乡县、开封市兰考县、濮阳市濮阳县、驻马店市上蔡县、安阳市内黄县采用1年生嫁接苗的形式进行品种区域试验。定植第2 年开始挂果,第3 年大量结果,第4 年进入丰产期。2021 年12 月通过河南省林木品种审定委员会审定,命名为中杏3 号(良种编号:豫S-SV-PA-005-2021)(图1)。

图1 杏新品种中杏3 号
Fig.1 A new apricot cultivar Zhongxing No.3

2 主要性状

2.1 果实经济性状

果实近圆形,平均单果质量95.80 g,最大单果质量105.80 g。纵径5.30 cm,横径5.50 cm,侧径5.60 cm。果顶微凹,无果顶尖,缝合线浅,较明显,梗洼中深。果实底色黄色,阳面有红色斑点,果皮中厚。果肉橙黄色,肉厚质细,纤维少,汁液多,味甜,芳香浓郁,离核。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)16.2%(表1),维生素C含量8.26 mg·100 g-1,可溶性糖含量9.23%,总酸含量0.82%。核卵圆形,干核平均质量2.60 g,纵径2.45 cm,横径1.62 cm,侧径1.16 cm。种仁较饱满,干仁平均质量0.60 g;可食率96.3%。

表1 中杏3 号与对照品种果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of economic characters for Zhongxing No.3 apricot and the control cultivars

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2.2 植物学特征

树体生长势强,树姿较开张。树皮棕褐色,多年生枝灰褐色,1 年生枝条阳面紫红色,较粗壮,锐角斜生,光滑无毛。节间长1.80 cm,皮孔灰白色,椭圆形,中多、平、小。花5瓣,浅粉色;每朵花雌蕊1枚,雄蕊28~38枚,花药黄色。叶片基部钝圆形,先端渐尖,叶片尖端夹角中等钝角,叶长7.51 cm,叶宽6.42 cm,叶厚0.05 cm,叶柄长2.86 cm,叶柄暗红色,蜜腺圆形,多于3 个;叶片深绿色,有光泽,叶缘起伏弱,圆锯齿;主脉黄色,侧脉黄绿色。

2.3 生长结果特性

中杏3号树势较强,树姿开张,经调查,新乡地区6 年生树高2.59 m,冠幅2.62 m,干周40.50 cm。当年新梢平均长43.60 cm,枝条直径平均为0.70 cm,以花束状枝和短果枝结果为主。1 年生嫁接苗第2 年开始开花结果,3 年即可大量结果,5 年生树株产45.00 kg,成龄大树株产50.00 kg 以上。经试验对比,中杏3号的产量高于同类品种金太阳、早金艳等(表2)。

表2 中杏3 号与对照品种产量比较
Table 2 Comparison of fruit yield for Zhongxing No.3 apricot and the control cultivars

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2.4 物候期

在河南省新乡地区,中杏3号3月初花芽萌动,3月中旬开花,花期7~10 d,5 月下旬果实成熟,果实发育期约62 d;3 月下旬叶芽开始萌动,4 月上旬展叶,11月初开始落叶,到11月中旬完全落叶,树体营养生长期220 d 左右。新乡物候期比郑州晚5 d 左右。

2.5 抗逆性与适应性

2021年和2022年早春,新乡地区均遭遇极端低温天气,其他杏品种坐果率非常低,而中杏3号坐果率未受影响,丰产稳产,抗倒春寒能力强。中杏3号在砂壤土、壤土、平原沙土、丘陵黏土等不同土壤条件下进行区域试验时生长良好,表现出较好的耐干旱、抗冻、耐瘠薄能力,适应性强,表明中杏3号在河南、陕西、山西、河北、山东等黄河流域及生态类型相似地区均可栽培。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园定植

选择地势较高、交通便利、无核果类重茬的地块建园。在山坡、丘陵、沙荒等干旱瘠薄地区可适当密植,株行距以(2~3)m×(3~4)m为宜;在地势平坦、土壤肥沃、肥水充足的平原地区可适当稀植,株行距以(3~4)m×(5~6)m 为宜。定植前挖深、宽60~80 cm的定植沟或穴(60 cm 见方),将底土和表土分开堆放,沟底先垫20 cm 厚的秸秆,然后将有机肥(每666.7 m2 4000~5000 kg)与表土混匀施入,最后填底土。浇透水,待水渗下后,再挖小穴定植[17]。在落叶后到萌芽前均可定植,定植后立即灌透水,在50~80 cm高度处选饱满芽定干。中杏3 号自花结实率较低,建园时需同时栽植与其花期相一致的杏品种作为授粉树,如金太阳、凯特、玫香、红艳等,配置比例一般为4∶1。

3.2 整形修剪

中杏3 号可采用疏散分层形的树形。定植后50~60 cm定干,选择健壮、方位合适的3~4个分枝作为第一层主枝,主枝新梢生长到40~50 cm时及时摘心,促进分枝,以形成侧枝。选择直立生长的强旺新梢作中央领导干,在80 cm 处短截,促发二次分枝,扩大并充实树冠。选择与第一层主枝方向不重叠的两个枝作为二层主枝,其他枝作为辅养枝,生长到30~40 cm 时连续摘心,促进花芽的形成,有利于提早结果,提早形成丰产树形。在主干上选留一个枝作为第三层主枝,短截促生侧枝。选留生长健壮枝作为各级骨干枝的枝头,剪留长度为40~60 cm,其余枝条缓放,缓和树势,可提早结果。

3.3 花果管理

花前短截过弱的花枝,回缩过长的花枝,可以促进营养枝的萌发,保证当年果实有充足的营养。疏果可进行两次,花后20 d进行第一次疏果,疏去发育不良和拥挤的果实,15 d后进行第二次疏果,长果枝留4~6个果,中果枝留2~3个果,短果枝留单果。

3.4 肥水管理

每年9—10 月施入以有机肥(腐熟的牛粪或羊粪)为主的基肥,幼树株施25~50 kg,盛果期树株施50~100 kg,以满足果树需肥高峰期对肥料的需求。追肥主要集中在春季,萌芽期株施0.25 kg高氮型复合肥,促进萌芽开花;果实硬核期株施0.5 kg高钾型复合肥,促进果实增大和花芽分化;果实采收后株施0.25 kg氮磷钾复合肥,有利于恢复树势,补充养分,提高花芽质量[8]。根据土壤墒情确定灌水时期,主要包括花前水、硬核水、膨大水和封冻水,以湿透根系集中分布层为宜。施肥后和土壤干旱时适时浇水,雨季要注意排水防涝[18]。果实采收前10 d 内不宜浇水,以防出现裂果。

3.5 病虫害防治

中杏3号果实成熟较早,病虫害相对较少,日常管理可加强果园水肥管理,合理修剪,增强树势,提高树体抗病能力。药物防治要选择生物制剂和高效低毒农药,早春杏树发芽前,喷1 次5°Bé 石硫合剂,消灭越冬若虫,重点加强蚜虫、介壳虫等虫害,褐腐病、疮痂病、穿孔病等病害的防治。

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Breeding report of a superior early-maturing apricot cultivar Zhongxing No.3

XIA Lehan1,HUANG Zhenyu1,LIU Hongjun2,CHEN Long1,CHEN Yuling1*

(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China;2The Forestry Science Research Institute of Puyang Country,Puyang 457100,Henan,China)

Abstract: Zhongxing No. 3 is a new early-maturing and frost resistant apricot (Prunus armeniaca Lam.)cultivar selected from 186 hybrid seeds from a crossing between Zaojinyan and Mixiang apricot.Zaojinyan apricot was used as the female parent,which is an extremely early-maturing apricot with only 55 days growth periods. Mixiang apricot was used as the male parent, which is a local variety in Henan Province,with sweet kernel and outstanding fruit quality.Zhongxing No.3 apricot was approved by the Approval Committee for Improved Varieties of Forest Tree of Henan Province in December,2021.The fruit shape is near round with attract appearance,and the average fruit weight is 95.80 g,the maximum fruit weight is 105.80 g.The fruit is nearly symmetry,the suture is shallow,the cavity is medium deep, the apex is slightly concave and has no fruit top.The ground color is yellow and the sunny side has red spot at full ripening stage, the fruit surface has villus and the fruit peel is medium thick.The fruit pulp is orange-yellow in color,delicate in texture,with a low fiber content,has balanced sugar/acid ratio and intense fruity aroma.The fruit soluble solids content is 16.2%,the total soluble sugar content is 9.23%, the total acid content is 0.82%, and the vitamin C content is 8.26 mg·100 g-1. The fruit stone is ovate,brown and detached from the flesh.Zhongxing No.3 apricot has bitter and plump kernel.The edible rate is 96.3%.The flower buds of Zhongxing No.3 apricot start germinating in early-March,blossoming in mid-March and the flowering period is approximately 7-10 days in Xinxiang, Henan Province.The flower of Zhongxing No. 3 apricot is showy, the anther is light yellow with a lot of pollen. The fruit ripening date of Zhongxing No. 3 apricot is late May in Xinxiang, Henan province. The leaf buds start germinating in late March and expanding in early April.Trees defoliation starts in early-November.The tree vegetative growth periods are about 220 days.The tree posture of Zhongxing No.3 apricot is spreading and the tree vigor is strong, and it’s easy to florescence, and the fruits are mainly bore on short fruit branches and bouquet fruit branches.The pollination trees are needed because of its self sterility. The average yield of a five-years old tree would reach up to 45.00 kg. Zhongxing No. 3 apricot is frost resistant and very productive.It would be suitable for cultivation in Henan province and other apricot suitable planting areas of China.

Key words:Apricot;New cultivar;Zhongxing No.3;Early-maturing;Superior

中图分类号:S662.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)08-1774-05

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230052

收稿日期2023-03-02

接受日期:2023-04-04

基金项目中国农业科学院科技创新工程专项(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-ZFRI-08);河南省林木种质资源建设项目(豫财环资[2022]28号);国家园艺种质资源库(NHGRC);河南省科技兴林项目(YLK202212)

作者简介夏乐晗,女,助理研究员,硕士,研究方向为种质资源评价及新品种选育。Tel:0371-65330980,E-mail:xialehan@caas.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0371-65330980,E-mail:chenyuling@caas.cn