6个制汁葡萄果实品质差异分析

荀志丽1,2,马小河1,2,黄丽萍1,2,王 敏1,2,刘晓婷1,2,赵旗峰1,2*

1山西农业大学果树研究所,山西太谷 030815;2果树种质资源创新和利用山西省重点实验室,山西太谷 030815)

摘 要【目的】分析不同制汁葡萄品种果实品质及香气成分,筛选优良制汁品种。【方法】以国家种质资源圃太谷葡萄圃中6个制汁葡萄为试验材料,对其成熟期果实果粒大小、制汁率和可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、总酸、总酚、维生素C含量,以及香气成分和含量等指标进行测定分析。【结果】6个制汁葡萄品种单果粒质量在2.57~4.18 g之间,出汁率在68%~75%之间;除可溶性固形物含量无显著差异外,可溶性糖、总酸、总酚、维生素C含量均有显著差异;6个制汁品种共检测出65种香气化合物,组成与含量各不相同,其中OAV(odor activity value)≥1的化合物有19种。主成分分析得出,柔丁香和外明红葡萄位于第一主成分的正半轴,白香蕉和黑虎香葡萄在第二主成分的正半轴;香气化合物芳樟醇、玫瑰醚、苯乙酸乙酯、庚醛、壬醛、苯乙醛、β-大马士酮、戊酸乙酯、月桂烯的贡献率较大;聚类分析显示,果实中香气化合物可分为四大类,依据香气成分进行归类,可将白香蕉、康拜尔早生、外明红、柔丁香等6个品种区分开。【结论】根据果实中可溶性糖、维生素C、总酚含量以及果汁pH,底拉洼葡萄品质较好;根据香气化合物组成及含量,6个品种被明显区分,柔丁香葡萄香气物质种类最丰富,萜烯类贡献率较高,黑虎香葡萄C13-降戊二烯贡献率最高,柔丁香和黑虎香2个葡萄品种的香味更特殊。

关键词制汁葡萄;品种;果实;香气;主成分分析

葡萄作为世界第二大水果,除鲜食、酿酒、制干外,还可以制汁,葡萄汁酸甜可口、营养丰富深受人们喜爱,一直被人们誉为“植物奶”[1]。我国葡萄汁产业起步较晚,发展较缓慢,目前市场上的葡萄汁大部分以进口为主。2020年,我国进口葡萄汁的数量与金额分别达4.46万t和7 101.81万美元,分别占我国进口果蔬汁总量与总额的20.23%和20.56%[2]。葡萄产业用于制汁的葡萄品种特性各异,不同品种表现出不同的风味和加工特性。近年来,随着人们生活品质的提高,不仅对葡萄汁产量的需求不断增加,对品质追求也越来越高[3],但我国制汁葡萄品种数量少,可作为优良亲本的品种更少,且生产品种单一,无法满足人们对高品质葡萄果汁的需求,适宜品种较少成为制约葡萄制汁产业发展的一个重要因素[4]。香气作为衡量葡萄果实的一个重要品质指标,直接影响葡萄的风味和特性,因此,对制汁葡萄果实品质及香气进行研究对制汁品种选育及制汁产业发展具有重要意义。

研究表明,不同品种果实香气成分有明显差异。谭伟等[5]对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠、梅鹿辄、品丽珠等5个不同营养系果实的香气研究显示,花香、果香、焦糖、植物香为其主要香气,但同样,4种香气在5个营养系果实中的贡献比例存在显著差异。夏弄玉等[6]分析了3个酿酒葡萄品种及其营养系果实的香气成分,发现各品种及各营养系之间呈现香气的主要物质及含量各不同。孙磊等[7]测定分析了5个早中熟鲜食葡萄品种及其亲本果实中香气成分单萜物质的含量,发现不同品种中单萜物质含量差异显著。牛早柱等[8]对15个鲜食葡萄香气成分的分析结果同样表明不同葡萄品种的香气物质的组成及含量不同。

关于葡萄香气的研究主要集中在酿酒葡萄,鲜食葡萄次之,而关于制汁葡萄香气的报道几乎没有。针对目前不同制汁品种果实品质,特别是果实香气方面研究的不足,笔者在本研究中以国家葡萄种质资源圃太谷圃中保存的6个制汁葡萄品种为研究对象,对其果实品质,包括果粒大小及可溶性糖、总酚、维生素C 含量等指标,重点对香气成分进行测定及分析,明确各品种香气成分存在的差异,为葡萄制汁品种选育及制汁产业发展提供一定的参考依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

6 个具有香味的制汁葡萄品种,白香蕉(Triumph,BXJ)、柔丁香(Roudingxiang,RDX)、外明红(Wyoming Red,WMH)、底拉洼(Delaware,DLW)、黑虎香(Heihuxiang,HHX)、康拜尔早生(Campbell Early,KBEZS),6个品种均为欧美杂种,柔丁香原产地不详,其余5个品种原产地均为美国。6份材料采自国家葡萄种质资源圃太谷圃(37°23′N,112°32′E,海拔830 m,年均温10.6 ℃,无霜期160~180 d,年降水量400~600 mm),厂字形篱架整形,南北行向,株行距为1.2 m×3.0 m。取样时间为2021年6—10月,分别于每份种质果实成熟期,随机采集葡萄树上果穗底部、中间和顶端长势良好的无病害浆果100粒,3次重复,一部分果实用来测定果实品质,另一部分果实液氮速冻,-80 ℃保存。

1.2 果实基本理化指标测定

用万分之一电子天平测量果粒质量;用游标卡尺随机测量每个品种15 颗果粒的纵径、横径,计算其平均值;果实中可溶性固形物含量使用数显折光仪进行测定;可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮-H2SO4[9]测定;总酸含量用碱溶液滴定法[10]测定;果实中维生素C(Vc)含量用钼蓝比色法[11]测定;果实中总酚含量采用福林-肖卡法[12]测定。

1.3 果实香气成分测定

参考Wu等[13]的方法,利用顶空固相微萃取气质联用技术测定果实挥发性物质。具体操作方法如下:果实去核,加维生素C(50 mg·L-1)2 mL,榨汁机匀浆,4 ℃离心20 min,取上清6 mL并加1.5 g NaCl和5 μL内标(2-辛醇,155 mg·L-1)于20 mL空瓶中。提取完成后进行萃取,50 ℃条件下萃取40 min后将萃取头(50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS)插入GC口,进行热解析5 min。气相色谱为Thermo Trace 1300,质谱为Thermo Trace ISQ,毛细管柱为VF-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),载气为高纯氦气,流速为1 mL·min-1。柱温箱的升温程序:40 ℃保持5 min,接着以5 ℃·min-1的速度升温至230 ℃,保持5 min;再以20 ℃·min-1的速度升温至250 ℃,保持5 min。

1.4 数据处理

结果中显示数值均为3 次测定结果的平均值,采用Excel 2007和SPSS 22.0进行统计分析,用Duncan法进行差异显著性比较(p<0.05)。利用质谱全离子扫描的图谱,依据已有标样的色谱保留时间和质谱信息、NIST2011标准谱库比对结果以及相关文献对葡萄挥发性化合物进行定性;采用面积归一化法进行定量分析。利用Canoco 5进行主成分分析,利用TBtools进行聚类分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同品种制汁葡萄的生物学特性

表1为6 个制汁葡萄果实的生物学特性,白香蕉、柔丁香为黄绿色,外明红为红色,底拉洼为紫红色,黑虎香、康拜尔早生为蓝黑色。6份制汁品种单果粒质量在2.57~4.18 g 之间,从大到小依次为白香蕉>康拜尔早生>黑虎香>柔丁香>外明红>底拉洼,pH 范围在2.82~3.56,黑虎香、康拜尔早生、外明红pH值较低,显著低于其他3个品种。果粒出汁率在68%~75%之间,其中康拜尔早生出汁率较低,仅为68%。结果显示,6个制汁品种果实的果色、单果质量等方面各不相同。

表1 6 个制汁葡萄果实生物学特性
Table 1 Biological characteristics of six juice grapes

注:同列不同小写字母表示在p<0.05 水平显著差异。下同。
Note:Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference at p<0.05.The same below.

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2.2 不同品种葡萄果实的基本理化指标

表2为6 个制汁葡萄品种果实成熟时的总酸含量、可溶性糖含量等基本理化指标的测定值。除可溶性固形物含量在6个不同品种果实中无显著差异外,其他指标均有显著差异。总酸含量在黑虎香与康拜尔早生中最高,其次是白香蕉、柔丁香、外明红、底拉洼中含量最低。可溶性糖含量在柔丁香、外明红、底拉洼和黑虎香中显著高于白香蕉和康拜尔早生。维生素C含量在底拉洼中最高,在白香蕉、柔丁香、黑虎香中较低。总酚含量在康拜尔早生、外明红中较高,显著高于黄绿色品种白香蕉和柔丁香。

表2 6 个制汁葡萄果实理化指标
Table 2 Physical and chemical indexes of six juice grapes

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2.3 不同品种葡萄果实的香气化合物成分分析

2.3.1 香气化合物种类及数量分析 如表3 可知,在6 个制汁葡萄品种中共检测出65 种香气化合物,根据化学官能团分为C6化合物、醇类、酯类、醛类、酸类、萜烯类、酮类、C13-降异戊二烯类及芳香族含苯化合物。其中柔丁香葡萄果实中的香气化合物种类最多,有61种,且萜烯类化合物种类最多;其次为白香蕉葡萄,果实中的香气化合物种类有58 种,以酯类化合物为主;底拉洼葡萄品种果实中香气化合物种类最少,仅有41 种。数据显示,香气化合物会因制汁葡萄品种差异而不同,但整体来看,不同制汁葡萄品种的香气化合物以酯类和萜烯类化合物为主。

表3 6 个制汁葡萄香气化合物种类及数量
Table 3 The kinds and numbers of aroma components in the six juice grapes

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2.3.2 香气化合物组成及含量分析 6 个制汁葡萄品种成熟果实中香气化合物组成及含量如表4 所示。康拜尔早生、白香蕉、底拉洼果实中C6化合物含量显著高于黑虎香、外明红、柔丁香。醇类化合物含量在6 个葡萄品种中的高低依次为柔丁香、外明红、底拉洼、黑虎香、康拜尔早生、白香蕉,且品种间差异显著。酯类化合物含量在白香蕉中最高,为465.58 μg·L-1,显著高于康拜尔早生、黑虎香及外明红,而在底拉洼果实中未检测出。萜烯类化合物含量在柔丁香中最高,为336.26 μg·L-1,显著高于外明红、黑虎香、白香蕉、底拉洼、康拜尔早生,分别是其的3.42、4.41、4.89、4.90、13.91 倍,其中黑虎香、白香蕉、底拉洼差异不显著。测定结果说明,香气化合物组成及含量在品种间差异显著。

表4 6 个制汁葡萄香气化合物含量
Table 4 The contents of aroma components in the six juice grapes(μg·L-1

注:-表示未检测出。
Note:-indicates no detection.

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2.3.3 香气化合物含量及OAV 贡献率分析 由图1-A 可知,成熟期白香蕉与康拜尔早生葡萄品种的果实香气化合物主要为C6化合物及酯类物质。由图1-B 可知,成熟期康拜尔早生葡萄香气化合物的OAV贡献率同样以C6化合物及酯类物质为主,但白香蕉葡萄品种OAV贡献率却不同,其果实中除了C6化合物、酯类化合物外,C13-降异戊二烯类的OAV贡献率占30.65%。柔丁香葡萄品种中,果实主要香气化合物含量,其贡献率高低依次为C6化合物、萜烯类、酯类、醇类、芳香族化合物,但就OAV 贡献率而言,萜烯类化合物高于C6化合物。外明红葡萄果实香气物质主要来自于C6化合物、萜烯类、芳香族含苯化合物及醇类化合物,但C13-降异戊二烯类、萜烯类、C6化合物的OAV贡献率较高,尤其是C13-降异戊二烯类OAV 贡献率占58.17%。底拉洼葡萄品种香气化合物含量贡献率与OAV贡献率基本保持一致,主要由C6化合物与萜烯类化合物构成。黑虎香葡萄品种的香气化合物主要由C6化合物、酯类及萜烯类构成,但OAV贡献率与外明红相似,C13-降异戊二烯类占84.68,为OAV最主要贡献化合物。

图1 不同品种总香气化合物贡献率(A)与OAV 贡献率(B)
Fig.1 Contribution rate of total aroma compounds(A)and OAV(B)from different varieties

结果显示,C6化合物虽然在6 个制汁葡萄品种的总香气化合物含量的贡献率均较高,但其OAV贡献率却不尽相同。主要原因是不同香气化合物的香气阈值不同,OAV 是香气化合物含量与其阈值的比值,因此有些香气化合物比如C13-降异戊二烯类的β-紫罗兰酮、β-大马士酮,阈值分别为0.007、0.002 μg·L-1,虽然含量较低,但由于其含量远远大于其阈值,最终导致较高的OAV 值。而OAV 值是挥发性化合物对果实香味贡献的衡量标准,因此果实特征香味的呈现不仅与香气化合物的组成与含量有关,更与OAV有关。

2.3.4 香味OAV 贡献率分析 成熟期葡萄果实中不同挥发性物质香气属性,使葡萄最终呈现出不同香味,这些特征香气主要有植物香、果香、花香、脂膏香。图2为6个制汁葡萄品种的香味贡献率。白香蕉、柔丁香、黑虎香葡萄品种的主要香味为果香与花香,虽然图1和图2显示该3个葡萄品种的香气化合物含量及OAV 贡献率不同,但其主要呈现香味相似,主要是因为同一种香气物质会呈现不同的香味,且同一香味可以由许多种香气物质组成。外明红的主要香味为花香与脂膏香;底拉洼的主要香味为植物香与花香,其中植物香占比65.88%;康拜尔早生主要香味为植物香与果香,其中植物香占比79.43%。

图2 不同品种的香味OAV 贡献率
Fig.2 Contribution rate of aroma OAV from different varieties

2.3.5 香气化合物主成分分析 本文6个制汁葡萄品种共检测出游离态香气化合物65种,根据各化合物的阈值计算得到OAV值,其中OAV大于1的香气化合物有19种。为了比较6个制汁葡萄品种香气化合物的总体差异,对该19种香气化合物的OAV值进行主成分分析。从主成分得分图(图3-A)可以看出PC1 的贡献率为35.71%,PC2 的贡献率为56.67%,其累计贡献率为92.38%。品种间差异明显,白香蕉、柔丁香、外明红、康拜尔早生在位置上可以明显区分,柔丁香和外明红位于第一主成分的正半轴,白香蕉和黑虎香在第二主成分的正半轴。

图3 6 个制汁葡萄品种果实香气化合物得分图(A)与载荷图(B)
Fig.3 Score plot(A)and loading plot(B)of aroma componentsin the six juice grapes varieties

1.己醛;2.2-己烯醛;3.丁酸乙酯;4.戊酸乙酯;5.己酸乙酯;6.芳樟醇;7.玫瑰醚;8.月桂烯;9.罗勒烯;10.松油醇;11.苯乙酸乙酯;12.苯乙醛;13.萘酮;14.2-丁烯-酮;15.β-紫罗兰酮;16.β-大马士酮;17.庚醛;18.壬醛;19.壬醇。
1.Hexanal;2.2-hexenal;3.Ethyl butanoate;4.Ethyl pentanoate;5.Ethyl hexanoate;6.Linalool;7.Rose oxide;8.Myrcene;9.Ocimene;10.Terpineol;11.Ethyl phenylacetate;12.Benzeneacetaldehyde;13.Naphthalenone.14.2-butene ketone;15.β-Ionone;16.β-Damascenone;17.Heptaldehyde;18.Nonanal;19.Nonanol.

从主成分载荷图(图3-B)可以看出,香气化合物芳樟醇、玫瑰醚、罗勒烯、松油醇、苯乙酸乙酯、苯乙醛、庚醛、壬醛位于第一主成分的正方向,对第一主成分有正的响应。香气化合物β-大马士酮、戊酸乙酯、月桂烯、2-己烯醛、己醛、己酸乙酯、松油醇、壬醛、苯乙酸乙酯、玫瑰醚、芳樟醇、庚醛位于第二主成分的正方向,对第二主成分有正的响应。其中,香气化合物芳樟醇、玫瑰醚、苯乙酸乙酯、庚醛、壬醛、苯乙醛、β-大马士酮、戊酸乙酯、月桂烯的贡献率较高,这些香气化合物含量的差异可以在一定程度上区分品种。同时,说明本文中6 个制汁品种中柔丁香和黑虎香这2 个品种的香味更能区别于另外4 个品种。

为了进一步研究6个制汁品种香气化合物的差异,对6个制汁品种果实中香气化合物OAV值大于1的化合物进行了层次聚类分析。如图4所示,香气化合物可分为四大类。其中,类群1包括己醛、2-己烯醛、2-丁烯-酮、壬醇、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯;类群2包括己酸乙酯、罗勒烯、萘酮;类群3包括庚醛、苯乙酸乙酯、壬醛、苯乙醛、芳樟醇、玫瑰醚;类群4 包括松油醇、β-大马士酮、戊酸乙酯、月桂烯。6个制汁葡萄品种,底拉洼和黑虎香最为相似,其次为白香蕉、康拜尔早生、外明红和柔丁香。说明,香气化合物成分可以将本文中的6个制汁品种明显区分开来。

图4 6 个制汁葡萄品种果实中香气化合物聚类热图分析
Fig.4 Clustered heatmap of aroma components in the six juice grapes varieties

1.己醛;2.2-己烯醛;3.丁酸乙酯;4.戊酸乙酯;5.己酸乙酯;6.芳樟醇;7.玫瑰醚;8.月桂烯;9.罗勒烯;10.松油醇;11.苯乙酸乙酯;12.苯乙醛;13.萘酮;14.2-丁烯-酮;15.β-紫罗兰酮;16.β-大马士酮;17.庚醛;18.壬醛;19.壬醇。
1.Hexanal;2.2-hexenal;3.Ethyl butanoate;4.Ethyl pentanoate;5.Ethyl hexanoate;6.Linalool;7.Rose oxide;8.Myrcene;9.Ocimene;10.Terpineol;11. Ethyl phenylacetate; 12. Benzeneacetaldehyde; 13.Naphthalenone.14. 2-butene ketone;15. β-ionone;16.β-damascenone;17. Heptaldehyde;18.Nonanal;19.Nonanol.

3 讨 论

对制汁葡萄果实进行品质评价,既能为制汁葡萄新品种培育提供参考依据,又能更好地反映该品种加工葡萄汁的品质。前人对鲜食葡萄及酿酒葡萄果实品质的研究结果表明,果实品质会因品种、地域、土壤、栽培管理方式等因子而表现不同[14-15]。同一地域不同品种之间的果实品质也存在显著差异,同一地域同一品种,不同管理模式也会存在差异[16]。葡萄汁的适宜pH应保持在3.0~3.6之间[3],过高的pH 会加速葡萄汁的氧化,并影响果实的颜色。赵宝龙等[4]对生长在新疆的不同制汁品种的调查研究显示,白香蕉、柔丁香和康拜尔早生果实pH较高,但果实糖含量高,综合性状较好。本研究结果表明,白香蕉等6 个制汁品种的pH 在2.82~3.56 之间,其中外明红、黑虎香、康拜尔早生的pH 低于3.0,而白香蕉、柔丁香、底拉洼的pH 在3.0~3.6 之间;柔丁香中糖含量较高,白香蕉与康拜尔早生中糖含量较低。白香蕉、柔丁香、康拜尔早生的酸与糖含量与新疆地区表现不一致,其主要原因是不同地区光照、温度条件等。

香气是衡量葡萄果实品质的重要指标,香气化合物的种类、组成及含量会因果实品种、地域、栽培管理方式等不同而存在差异[10]。谭伟等[17]对8 个鲜食葡萄的香气化合物研究显示,香气化合物中芳香物质的差异较大,C6化合物物质含量较高。张云峰等[18]对威代尔葡萄香气的研究表明,C6化合物、萜烯类、酯类含量较高。孙磊等[19]研究了5 种不同砧木对鲜食葡萄香气的影响,结果表明不同砧木对果实中游离态香气化合物影响不同,有的可以显著提高葡萄玫瑰香味,有的对葡萄香味影响较小。彭婧等[20]研究了贺兰山东麓产区4 个不同地块对2 个酿酒葡萄品种果实香气的影响,结果表明同一品种葡萄在不同地块生长,其果实香气化合物存在显著差异。本研究中6个不同制汁葡萄品种的香气化合物种类、组成及含量均存在差异,整体而言,6 个品种中C6化合物、萜烯类、酯类的含量占总香气化合物总量的比值较高,与前人研究结果一致。关于葡萄的香气特征,张文文等[21]对3 个巨峰系葡萄的香气化合物研究显示,植物香、花香、果香是其主要香气,但3个营养系之间的香气浓郁程度各不同。本研究与前人研究结果一致,6 个制汁品种的主要香气为植物香、果香、花香、脂膏香,但6个品种虽然均为欧美杂种,但不同香气贡献率表现不同,制汁时可根据每个品种的香气特点进行筛选。

成熟葡萄果实中香气化合物种类较多,但并非检测出来的每种化合物都对葡萄香味有贡献,因每种化合物都有嗅觉阈值,因此,香气物质对香味的贡献主要取决于OAV[22],且其值大于等于1,该化合物才可被认为对香味有贡献[23]。本文研究显示,外明红和黑虎香果实中虽然C13-降异戊二烯萜总含量较低,但C13-降异戊二烯萜的OAV 贡献率最高,因为,在前人对酿酒葡萄及鲜食葡萄研究中,β-大马士酮和β-紫罗兰酮的香气阈值极低,分别为0.002 和0.007 μg·g-1[24-25]。前人对威代尔冰葡萄香气的研究同样表明,β-大马士酮、紫罗兰酮对典型香气有着重要贡献[26],说明极低阈值的β-大马士酮和紫罗兰酮可以赋予果实典型香气。玫瑰香型葡萄果实中含有丰富的萜烯类化合物,主要有芳樟醇、橙花醇、香茅醇等,其中芳樟醇的香气阈值较低,因此芳樟醇对玫瑰香味贡献较大[22,27]。醇类物质对香味的呈现较小,萜烯化合物和C13-降异戊二烯化合物可以赋予酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒特殊的香味[16,28]。醛类是果实草本香的主要贡献者,己醛、苯乙醛含量较高[29]。酯类化合物是酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒中重要的香气物质之一,赋予葡萄及葡萄酒果香及花香[30],其中己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯的香气浓度较高[31]。本研究中,对OAV≥1的香气化合物进行主成分分析及聚类分析,发现芳樟醇、戊酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、庚醛、壬醛、苯乙酸乙酯、β-大马士酮等对香气的贡献率较高,这些物质分别为萜烯类、醛类、酯类及C13-降异戊二烯类。与前人研究相比,呈现香气的主要物质类型相同,但具体化合物不完全相同。说明与酿酒葡萄和鲜食葡萄相比,制汁葡萄品种具有其特殊的香味。

4 结 论

同属欧美杂种的6个制汁葡萄品种果实品质各不相同。根据果实中维生素C 及总酚含量,康拜尔早生、外明红、底拉洼葡萄品质较好;根据可溶性糖含量,柔丁香、黑虎香、底拉洼葡萄品质较好;根据果汁pH,白香蕉、柔丁香、底拉洼葡萄品质较好;根据香气化合物组成及含量,6个品种被明显区分,柔丁香葡萄香气物质种类最丰富,萜烯类贡献率较高,黑虎香葡萄C13-降异戊二烯贡献率最高,柔丁香和黑虎香这2个品种的香味更特殊。

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Difference analysis on the berry quality among six juicing grape cultivars

XUN Zhili1,2,MA Xiaohe1,2,HUANG Liping1,2,WANG Min1,2,LIU Xiaoting1,2,ZHAO Qifeng1,2*
(1Pomology Institute,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030815,Shanxi,China;2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Germplasm Resources,Taigu 030815,Shanxi,China)

Abstract:【Objective】In China,the number of juicing grape varieties is few,excellent parents are fewer and varieties suitable for production are scarce, which cannot meet consumer’s demands for highquality grape juice.Evaluation on berry quality of juice grape cultivars is key for development of grape juice industry. The study aims to analyze the berry quality and aroma components of different juicing grape varieties,and screen out the excellent juice-making varieties.【Methods】Six juicing grape varieties,Triumph,Roudingxiang,Wyoming Red,Delaware,Heihuxiang and Campbell Early,in Taigu Grape Nursery of National Germplasm Resource Nursery were used as experimental materials. The berry weight, the contents of soluble sugar, total acid, vitamin C (Vc) and total phenol, and components and content of aroma in the mature berry were determined and analyzed. The berry weight was measured with a 1/10 000 electronic balance,the vertical diameter and transversal diameter were measured with a vernier caliper, the content of soluble solids was determined with a digital refractometer, the content of soluble sugars was determined by the anthrone-H2SO4 method, the total content of acids was titrated with alkali solution, the content of Vc was determined by molybdenum blue colorimetry, and the total content of phenols was determined by Folin-Schoka method.Aroma components were analyzed by the headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Extraction method: the berry pit was removed,2 mL Vc(50 mg·L-1)was added,the sample was homogenized with a juicer and centrifuged for 20 min.6 mL supernatant was taken and 1.5 g NaCl and 5 μL internal standard(2-octanol,155 mg·L-1)were added into the 20 mL headspace bottle.Extraction conditions:It was balanced at 40 ℃for 15 min (rotating speed: 250 r·min-1, shaken for 3 s, intermittently for 4 s), and extracted at 50 ℃for 40 min.The flow rate was 1 mL·min-1,with SPME automatic injection.The temperature procedure of the column temperature box was 40 ℃for 5 min.When the temperature rose to 230 ℃at the rate of 5 ℃·min-1, and then the temperature raised to 250 ℃at the rate of 20 ℃·min-1 for 5 min.The mass spectrometry interface temperature was 280 ℃,the ion source temperature was 230 ℃,the ionization mode was EI,the ion energy was 70 EV,and the mass scanning range was 20-400 m·z-1.【Results】The berry mass of 6 juice grape varieties was 2.57-4.78 g, and the juice yield was 68%-75%. Except for soluble solids,the soluble sugar,total acid,total phenol and Vc contents were significantly different.A total of 65 aroma compounds were detected from 6 juice grape varieties, with different compositions and contents.According to chemical functional groups,it was divided into C6 compounds,alcohols,esters, aldehydes, acids, terpenes, ketones, C13-hypoisoprenes and aromatic benzene-containing. There were the most kinds of aroma compounds in the Roudingxiang berry, especially for the terpenes. Triumph was followed, it contained 58 kinds of aroma compounds, and the kind of esters was the most.There were only 41 kinds of aroma compounds in the Delaware berries. The data showed that aroma compounds were different according to the juice grapes varieties, and the main compounds were esters and terpenes. OAV (odor activity value) is a measurement of the contribution of aroma compounds to fruit flavor,so the presentation of berry characteristic aroma was related to the composition and content of aroma compounds and OAV. Only when OAV value was larger than or equal to 1, was this compound considered as contributing to aroma.Among aroma components,the number of compounds with OAV≥1 was 19. Principal component analysis was carried out for the aroma compounds with OAV≥1 in the berries of six juicy varieties.And the results showed the contribution rate of PC1 was 35.71, the contribution rate of PC2 was 56.67,and the cumulative contribution rate was 92.38.There were obvious differences among varieties,Triumph,Roudingxiang,Wyoming Red and Campbell Early can be clearly distinguished in location, Roudingxiang and Wyoming Red were on the positive half axis of the first principal component,while Triumph and Heihuxiang were on the positive half axis of the second principal component. Aromatic compounds such as linalool, rose oxide, ethyl phenylacetate, heptaldehyde,nonaldehyde,phenylacetaldehyde,damastone,ethyl valerate and myrcene were more contributed.Hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out for the aroma compounds with OAV≥1 in the berries of six juice grape varieties.And the result showed that the aroma compounds were divided into four categories,with Delaware and Heihuxiang were the most similar,followed by Triumph,Campbell Early,Wyoming Red and Roudingxiang.【Conclusion】According to the contents of berry soluble sugar,Vc and total phenol, and pH of grape juice, the quality of Delaware grape was better;According to the composition and content of aroma compounds, six grape varieties were distinguished clearly.The kinds of aroma compounds with Roudingxiang berries were the most abundant, and the contribution rate of terpenes was higher.In Heihuxiang berries,the contribution rate of C13-pentadiene was the highest.Among the six juicing grape varieties,the aroma of Roudingxiang and Heihuxiang was more special.Grape variety with different aroma feature should be chosen according to different consumers.

Key words:Juice grapes;Cultivar;Fruit;Aroma;Principal component analysis

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)08-1717-11

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230009

收稿日期2023-01-19

接受日期:2023-04-21

基金项目山西省博士毕业生、博士后研究人员来晋工作奖励资金科研项目(SXBYKY2021085);山西省回国留学人员重点科研项目(2017-重点7);山西农业大学博士科研启动项目(2022BQ14);枣、葡萄种质资源安全保存及普查收集资源鉴定与繁殖编目入圃(19221876);葡萄种质资源精准鉴定(19221993);山西省科技创新重点人才团队(202204051002037)

作者简介荀志丽,女,博士,主要从事葡萄种质资源利用及品质机制研究。Tel:13653608311,E-mail:xzlgss@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13935492764,E-mail:gssqfzhao@163.com