猪粪有机肥对红富士苹果产量及品质的影响

马悦欣1,刘乐彤1,唐 锐3,孙国涛1,史新娥2,邹养军1*

1西北农林科技大学园艺学院,陕西杨凌 712100;2西北农林科技大学动物科技学院,陕西杨凌 712100;3西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌 712100)

摘 要:【目的】探究猪粪有机肥不同施用水平对盛果期红富士苹果品质产量及果园土壤肥力的影响,确定有机肥的最佳施用量,为盛果期苹果园科学合理施肥提供依据。【方法】以27年生盛果期长富2号/八棱海棠为试材,设置5个有机肥施用水平:0、5、10、15、20 kg·株-1(对照、T1、T2、T3、T4)。结合主成分分析对长富2号苹果产量、品质、叶片生长及土壤肥力进行综合评价。【结果】与单施化肥处理相比,适量增施猪粪有机肥有利于提高土壤有机质含量,有效改善果园土壤理化性质,提高叶面积(LA)、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci),促进叶片干物质的累积与转化,提高果实优果率、可溶性固形物含量及果肉脆度,降低果实酸度,促进果园增收。【结论】施用猪粪有机肥可显著提高土壤肥力及果实综合品质,其中15 kg·株-1猪粪有机肥处理效果最佳。

关键词:富士苹果;猪粪;有机肥;果实产量及品质;综合评价

洛川县位于陕西黄土高原苹果产区核心区域,属黄土台塬沟壑地貌,是日照高值区,其气候、土壤、地理位置均符合优质苹果的生产条件[1-2]。2021 年洛川全县苹果栽植面积3.53 万hm2,苹果总产量98.5 万t,鲜果总收入65 亿元,苹果产业总产值达110亿元[3],但洛川苹果在快速发展过程中仍存在部分问题。洛川县果园土壤有机质含量较低,果农普遍采用传统的栽培管理模式,存在有机肥不足和化肥超量施用的现象[4],缺乏科学合理的施肥依据,破坏果园土壤结构、导致土壤养分比例失衡,影响果园生产能力、果实品质,造成果实商品率和经济效益同步下降,甚至影响果园生态环境[5-6]。如何控制洛川苹果产业园可持续发展中存在的限制因素,成为目前亟须解决的问题。研究表明,果园配施有机肥可以显著改善土壤理化性状、维持养分均衡、增强土壤保墒能力和优化土壤微生物的群落结构,适量有机肥施用不仅可以提高果园应用效果,而且是保护生态环境的重要举措[7-8]。于会丽等[9]研究发现,生物有机肥可增强苹果幼苗抗逆性和促进养分吸收,提高叶绿素SPAD值;适量施用有机肥可以增加梨树叶面积,提高叶片净光合速率,调节叶片蒸腾速率[10-11];明广增等[12]研究结果表明,施有机肥能促进桃树生长,显著提高百叶厚和百叶质量;有机肥还可以显著影响果实内在品质指标,促进果实中干物质及糖分积累,降低果实可滴定酸含量,更好地调节果实糖酸比,从而提高口感[13];前人在生物有机肥增施和有机肥替代化肥研究中发现,增施有机肥可显著提高果实硬度和果皮着色率,提升优果率和果园产量[14-15]。可见,有机肥在改良土壤和提高作物的生产效益方面发挥着十分重要的作用,因而具备可行性。近年来,诸多科研单位就增施有机肥对土壤肥力、作物产量及品质等方面的影响进行了广泛和深入的研究,但对大龄苹果园最佳施肥方案研究较少。而洛川苹果多数在20世纪90年代建园,目前老园提质增效是当地苹果产业的主要任务。为了延长结果年限,提高老园效益,笔者在本试验中以27年生苹果为试材,针对当前陕西洛川苹果生产中有机肥不足的问题,开展猪粪有机肥增施定位试验,分析增施有机肥对土壤养分含量、果树生长发育及果实品质产量的影响,旨在为渭北黄土高原苹果产区有机肥适宜施用量提供理论依据,促进苹果产业绿色可持续发展。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地位于陕西省洛川县旧县镇(109°59′17.44′′E,35°86′94.84′′N),属黄土高原沟壑区,平均海拔1072 m,暖温带大陆性季风气候,年平均气温9.2 ℃,年平均日照2525 h,日照率达58%,无霜期年均167 d(5—10 月中旬),昼夜温差12.8 ℃,年平均降水量622 mm,约66%的降水集中于夏秋两季,雨热同季,有利于花芽的形成和果实的膨大。供试土壤为黄绵土,土壤基本理化性状如表1所示,2021年10月至2022年10月试验区月平均气温和月平均降水量如图1所示。

图1 2021—2022 年月平均气温与月平均降水量
Fig.1 Monthly average temperature and average monthly precipitation in 2021—2022

表1 试验区土壤基本理化性状
Table 1 Basic physical and chemical properties of soil in the test site

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洛川大北农繁育厂提供自制猪粪有机肥,通过对干清猪粪好氧发酵,加入赋形剂进行无害化处理后直接用于果园,畜禽粪污综合处理利用率达到85%,这不仅能解决养殖粪污问题,同时可以提高果园土壤有机质含量和果实品质,实现“畜-肥-果-益”良性循环的绿色生态农牧产业,推动养殖业带动果业发展,提升苹果品牌。

1.2 试验材料

供试富士品种为乔化长富2 号,砧木为八棱海棠[Malus×robusta (CarriŠre) Rehder],树龄27 a(年),株行距6 m×8 m,成熟期10月中下旬。

供试基肥为洛川大北农繁育厂自制猪粪有机肥[(N+P2O5+K2O)含量(w,后同)≥4%,有机质含量≥40%],力康农复合肥料(N+P2O5+K2O 17-17-17),金正大有机硅钙镁复合肥;供试追肥为金正大高塔硝硫基复合肥(15-6-22),壳寡糖水溶肥(12-8-40),矿源黄腐酸钾。

1.3 试验设计

试验于2021年10月至2022年10月进行,2021年10月下旬选择长势一致、树冠完整的红富士为试验用树,试验设置5个处理(表2),每处理3株树,共15株树。2021年10月23日施基肥,施用方法为在距离树干1.5 m的东、西两侧各挖长宽深2 m×40 cm×40 cm的条状沟,将肥料均匀施入后覆土。对照(农户模式:力康农复合肥料硫酸钾型8 kg·株-1,金正大有机硅钙镁7.5 kg·株-1),处理1~4在对照基础上条状沟增施不同梯度的自制猪粪有机肥。2022年5月下旬、7月下旬和8月上旬进行3次追肥,所有处理追肥量一致、不设置梯度,施用方法为在距离树干1.5 m的东、西两侧各挖长宽深2 m×40 cm×40 cm的条状沟,将肥料均匀施入后覆土。果园全年雨养不灌,其他管理措施保持一致。

表2 试验施肥方案
Table 2 Experiment with fertilization protocols

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1.4 测定指标和方法

1.4.1 土壤样品的采集与测定 土壤样品分别于2021年及2022年收果后进行采集,每个处理3个样本,每株以树干为中心,距离施肥位置外围10 cm处沿树冠落雨线圆周每120°取1个点,共3个取样点位取土,每个取样点位不能与施肥位置重合。取样深度:0~20 cm,>20~40 cm,>40~60 cm,同一处理同层各点土壤混匀后,按照“四分法”取对角两部分土壤装入对应编号的自封袋中,立即封口以防止水分散失。土壤肥力指标参考鲍士旦[16]主编的《土壤农化分析》中的方法进行测定。土壤pH 值采用Mettler Toledo pH计(电位测定法)进行测定;土壤有机质含量采用重铬酸钾容量法(外加热法)进行测定;土壤全氮含量采用H2SO4消煮法测定;土壤速效氮含量使用HCl(1 mol·L-1)浸提法进行测定;土壤有效磷含量用钼锑抗比色法测定;土壤速效钾含量用原子吸收分光光度法测定。

1.4.2 叶片相关指标测定 2022 年分别在幼果期、膨果期和成熟初期每处理每株树随机选取距离地面1.5 m处的外围新梢中部的成熟叶片测定叶面积、百叶厚、百叶鲜质量和叶片叶绿素含量;叶片光合参数在膨果期进行测定。

叶面积使用AM350手持式叶面积仪进行测定;百叶厚使用游标卡尺进行测量;百叶鲜质量使用百分之一电子天平称量;叶绿素含量使用手持式叶绿素仪(Chlorophyll Meter SPAD-502 Plus)测定;叶片光合参数使用LI-6400光合仪测定。

1.4.3 果实相关指标测定 在果实成熟期(2022年10月中旬),每个处理随机选择15个果实,进行果实品质测定。

单果质量使用百分之一电子天平称量;果实横、纵径采用游标卡尺测量,果形指数为果实纵横径之比;果实色差采用手持色差仪(Chroma Meter CR-400)测定果皮亮度值L*、红色饱和度a*和黄色饱和度b*;果实硬度及脆度采用质构仪(FTC TMS-Pilot)测定;可溶性固形物含量使用NY/T手持糖量计测定,可滴定酸含量采用便携式酸度计(GMK-835F)测定,计算固酸比;2022年10月中旬果实成熟期,采集所有果实,统计初果产量。产量统计时以每个处理为1个区组统计结果量、单株产量,采用实收实测方法测定。总产值根据苹果不同分级价格进行计算。

1.5 数据处理与分析

数据处理采用Microsoft Excel 2019 和IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 软件进行数据统计分析,采用Duncan 法对试验数据进行方差分析和显著性检验(p<0.05),使用Origin 2022作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 猪粪有机肥对土壤肥力的影响

果实采收后,各处理(表3)有机质含量、全氮含量、速效氮含量、有效磷含量及速效钾含量均较试验前有不同程度的提高,且随着土层深度的增加养分含量逐渐降低。土壤有机质含量在各土层均表现为T3 处理含量最高,分别较对照处理提高了17.67%、10.94%和16.29%,T4 处理较T3 处理稍有降低但无显著差异。土壤全氮含量(w,后同)在0~60 cm土层中整体变化范围为0.83~1.16 g·kg-1,0~20 cm 土层T2 处理达到最高为1.16 g·kg-1,>20~40 cm 土层各处理全氮含量无显著差异,>40~60 cm土层T3处理达到最高为1.06 g·kg-1。猪粪有机肥对0~60 cm 土层土壤速效氮含量影响显著,均表现为T3处理时含量最高,分别较对照处理增加了31.88%、37.03%和42.16%。在0~60 cm土层中,各处理有效磷含量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,0~20 cm、>20~40 cm,>40~60 cm 土层有效磷含量分别在T3、T2、T1 处理达到最高。在0~60 cm 土层中,各处理速效钾含量均表现为T3处理含量最高,且与对照处理差异显著。各处理间pH无显著差异,范围在8.09~8.38之间。

表3 猪粪有机肥对苹果采收后0~60 cm 土层土壤肥力的影响
Table 3 Effect of pig manure organic fertilizer on soil fertility of 0-60 cm soil layer after apple harvest

注:同列不同小写字母表示相同土层下处理间差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences between treatments under the same soil layer (p<0.05).The same below.

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2.2 猪粪有机肥对叶片生长指标的影响

2.2.1 猪粪有机肥对叶面积、百叶厚、百叶鲜质量及叶绿素含量的影响 苹果叶片的良好发育是花芽分化及果实生长发育的基础。由图2-A可知,从幼果期到成熟期,试验各处理叶面积均有所增加。在幼果期,T3 处理叶面积最大,较对照处理显著提高16.28%;在膨果期,T3处理与对照、T2处理有显著差异,分别较对照、T2处理提高24.8%、14.36%;在果实成熟期,T3、T4处理与对照处理差异显著,分别较对照处理提高16.32%、12.91%。在幼果期,增施有机肥处理百叶厚、百叶鲜质量均较对照处理差异显著(图2-B~C),其中T4处理百叶厚最厚为8.47 cm,T3处理百叶鲜质量最重为95.3 g;在膨果期,T3处理百叶厚与对照、T4处理差异显著,分别较对照、T4处理提高18.89%和10.71%,百叶鲜质量为T2 处理最高,为98.23 g;在成熟期,各处理百叶厚与百叶鲜质量无显著差异,T3 处理百叶厚与百叶鲜质量最大,分别为11.49 cm、120.79 g。叶绿素含量可以直接调控果树叶片的光合速率,提升果树光合能力,进而影响果树产量与果实品质,是评价果树生长发育和营养状况的关键指标[17-18]。由图2-D可知,幼果期至成熟期各处理叶片SPAD值波动较小,随着猪粪有机肥的增施整体表现为先上升后下降的趋势。其中,T3处理在各时期均与对照处理有显著差异。综上,施用猪粪有机肥可以促进叶片生长、提高叶片叶绿素含量,进而促进叶片光合作用和树体养分吸收。

图2 猪粪有机肥对叶片生长指标的影响
Fig.2 Effect of organic fertilizer of pig manure on leaf growth index

不同小写字母表示相同生长时期内处理间差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments during the same growth period(p<0.05).The same below.

2.2.2 猪粪有机肥对果树叶片光合指标的影响 叶片光合能力的强弱对果实品质的形成有决定性作用,叶片的光合产物是树体干物质量的主要来源[19]。由图3-A 可知,增施猪粪有机肥较对照处理显著提高叶片净光合速率,其中T3处理较对照处理显著增加26.38%;猪粪有机肥对苹果叶片气孔导度影响显著,有机肥施量越高气孔导度越大,T3、T4处理与对照处理差异显著(图3-B);由图3-C 可知,胞间CO2浓度随着有机肥施用量的增加呈现先下降后升高趋势,而T3 处理时胞间CO2浓度最低,较对照处理降低15.28%;从图3-D可以看出,叶片蒸腾速率在T3 处理达到最高,较对照、T1、T4 处理分别显著提高33.43%、28.78%、31.45%。综上,T3 处理可以提高果树的净光合速率,升高叶片气孔导度与叶片蒸腾速率,降低叶片胞间CO2浓度,从而影响叶片干物质的积累与转化,促进叶片对矿物质的吸收与转运,进而提高果实品质与产量。

图3 猪粪有机肥对叶片光合参数的影响
Fig.3 Effect of organic fertilizer of pig manure on photosynthetic parameters of leaves

2.3 猪粪有机肥对果实品质的影响

2.3.1 猪粪有机肥对果实外观品质的影响 由表4可知,有机肥增施处理对盛果期富士苹果果实外观品质有一定的影响,单果质量、纵横径及果皮色差指标在不同处理下均差异显著。其中,T3处理下单果质量最高达324.89 g,较对照处理显著增加11.69%,T1、T2、T4处理与对照处理无显著差异;在果实纵横径方面,均表现为T3处理最高,纵径为85.15 mm、横径为87.69 mm,分别较对照处理提高5.57%和3.91%;各处理间果形指数无显著差异,相比之下T3处理最高为0.97。果皮的亮度及色泽度是衡量果实品质的重要指标之一,更是决定果实商品价值的重要因素[20]。在果实着色方面,不同施肥处理对果实着色程度影响显著。T1、T3处理亮度值L*均与对照处理差异显著,分别较对照处理降低11.55%和14.85%;T3处理果皮红色度a*最高为27.71,T1处理次之;同时在黄色度b*中,T1、T3处理b*较低且与对照处理差异显著,分别较对照处理降低18.88%、15.7%;综合比较各处理的果皮L*a*b*值,可推测T3 处理果皮最有营养,其L*值最低、a*值最高、b*值较低,与李卓等[21]、Pavlina等[22]的研究报道一致。综上表明,增加猪粪有机肥施用量在一定程度上可以提高果实的外观品质,以T3处理最佳。

表4 猪粪有机肥对果实外观品质的影响
Table 4 Effect of pig manure organic fertilizer on fruit appearance quality

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2.3.2 猪粪有机肥对果实内在品质的影响 果实质构、可溶性固形物含量及可滴定酸含量可作为评价苹果果实内在品质优劣的标准。农业部[23]发布的NY/T 1075—2006《红富士苹果》中规定,一级、二级红富士果皮硬度>6.5 N,可溶性固形物含量≥12.5%,可滴定酸含量≤0.4%。如表5 所示,随着猪粪有机肥施用量的增加,果皮硬度、果皮延展性、果肉硬度、果肉脆度、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比均呈现先上升后下降趋势,其中果皮硬度、果肉脆度、可溶性固形物含量与固酸比均在T3处理达最大值,分别较对照处理提高14.05% 、7.65% 、6.31%和84.69%;果皮延展性与果肉硬度在T2处理达到最大值,分别较对照处理提高3.32%、22.22%。各处理间可溶性固形物含量无显著差异,但T3 处理最高为15.17%;可滴定酸含量则表现为T3 处理最低,较对照处理显著下降70.59%,这利于提高固酸比;因而,T3 处理固酸比值最高,较其他处理均有显著差异。综上,认为T3 处理较优,适量增施猪粪有机肥有利于果实采后贮运,提升果实可溶性固形物含量、降低果实酸度,从而提高果实风味。

表5 猪粪有机肥对果实内在品质的影响
Table 5 Effect of pig manure organic fertilizer on the intrinsic quality of fruit

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2.3.3 猪粪有机肥对果园经济效益的影响 果实的果径大小直接影响果实的商品率与苹果的市场价格。根据现行果实分级标准[23]:果径>80 mm 为一级果、75~80 mm为二级果、<75 mm为三级果。由表6 可知,各处理一、二级果率均最高于80%,其中T2、T3 处理一、二级果率达100%,优于其他处理。各处理优果率表现为T3>T2>T4>T1>对照,T2和T3 处理分别较对照处理显著提高26.7 和33.4个百分点。此外,一定范围内增施有机肥对苹果的增产效益显著,产量随有机肥施量增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在T3处理达到最高产,T3处理较对照处理增产19.49%,T2次之为17.63%;增施有机肥处理下苹果总产值均达到11万元·hm-2以上,平均较对照处理增加了3.06万元·hm-2,剔除各项投入成本后,T3处理收入增加值最高为5.5万元·hm-2

表6 猪粪有机肥对果园经济效益的影响
Table 6 The effect of pig manure organic fertilizer on the economic efficiency of orchards

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2.4 猪粪有机肥对果园土壤肥力、叶片生长及果实品质的综合评价

选取影响长富2 号苹果果园土壤肥力、叶片生长发育及果实品质产量的主要指标进行主成分分析,提取特征值大于1的4个主成分及各主成分的特征值、贡献率和累积贡献率,如表7 所示。结果表明,各主成分特征值分别为15.559、4.932、3.169、2.340,第1、2、3、4 主成分的总方差贡献率分别为59.841%、18.971%、12.187%、9.001%,4 个主成分累计贡献率达到100%,说明所提取的4个主成分可以替代土壤、叶片及果实的项目指标以反映全部信息。其中,叶面积、叶片净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度、果实横径、果皮硬度及果园产量与第1主成分相关性极高(>0.9),土壤有机质含量、速效氮含量、速效钾含量、百叶厚、百叶鲜质量、叶片SPAD值、叶片蒸腾速率、单果质量、果肉脆度和可溶性固形物含量等与第1 主成分相关性较高(>0.7),而土壤全氮含量、果皮亮度值L*与第1主成分存在负相关性;在第2主成分中,土壤有效磷含量和果皮延展性有较大的正向量值,叶片气孔导度、可滴定酸含量有较大负向量值;土壤全氮含量(0.92)对第3 主成分的贡献最大;果皮亮度值L*(0.534)对第4主成分的贡献最大。

表7 不同施肥水平下各指标成分矩阵
Table 7 Matrix of components of each index at different fertilization levels

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根据主成分方差贡献率,可得各施肥处理的主成分综合得分。如表8所示,主成分综合得分大小顺序为:T3>T2>T1>T4>对照,由此得出增施猪粪有机肥处理对富士苹果叶片生长、果实品质产量和果园土壤肥力的影响效果较好,尤其以T3处理相对最优。

表8 不同施肥处理的主成分分析得分、综合得分及排序
Table 8 Principal component analysis score,comprehensive score and ranking of different fertilization treatments

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3 讨 论

有机肥对土壤中有机质的空间分布及土壤养分的积累和供应都会产生直接影响,其投入量的多少更是影响土壤理化性质和土壤环境质量状况的关键因素[24-25]。本研究结果表明,随着猪粪有机肥施用量的增加,各处理0~60 cm 土层土壤养分含量均得到一定程度的提高,这说明猪粪有机肥可以活化土壤中难溶性养分,从而改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤保肥能力,这与李艳等[26]研究结果一致。但是,有机肥施量超过一定范围时,反而造成土壤养分含量下降。从果实成熟期0~60 cm 土层来看,多数养分指标在T3 处理达到最大值却在T4 处理时开始降低,说明在该果园土壤肥力基础上增施15 kg·株-1猪粪有机肥能达到最优效果,为果树生长创造良好的根际环境,这与Ling 等[27]的研究结果一致。如果继续增施猪粪有机肥,可能会因为有机肥过量施入受到土壤温度和水分的影响而难以释放,或因为有机肥施入超量造成土壤局部生理干旱,导致根系吸收能力降低,影响树体对土壤养分的有效利用[28]

果树叶片的生长发育是苹果高产、稳产、优质的基础[29],有研究发现果园增施有机肥可以促进果树叶片生长与代谢[30]。在本研究中,不同增施猪粪有机肥处理叶面积在1 733.8~4 563.33 cm2,从各个时期来看,均表现为T3处理叶面积最大;同时,适量增施有机肥提高了叶片百叶厚与百叶鲜质量,可能是因为有机肥改善了土壤理化性质,活化了土壤养分,易于树体吸收利用,促进养分迁移转化,进而导致叶片增大、增厚,这与李庆军等[31]和李涛涛等[32]的研究一致。前人研究表明叶片叶绿素含量与SPAD值显著相关[33],在本研究中,增施猪粪有机肥处理各时期叶片SPAD 值均较对照处理显著提升,说明增施有机肥可以使叶片变绿,保证枝叶的稳定正常生长;同时,由于有机肥显著改变了叶面积、叶厚、叶质量、SPAD 值等指标,而叶片生长发育的好坏会显著影响光合速率。因此,一定范围内增施有机肥处理苹果叶片净光合速率Pn、气孔导度Gs及蒸腾速率Tr均有所提高,而当有机肥施量过高时,各叶片光合指标均呈下降趋势。胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与PnGsTr的变化趋势相反,可能是因为叶片光合作用的增强加剧了胞间CO2的消耗,进而导致Ci降低。

苹果品质直接影响果园经济效益,前人研究发现有机肥可以促进果实中干物质及糖分积累,更好地调节果实糖酸比,从而提高口感[34]。在生物有机肥增施和有机肥替代化肥研究中发现,有机肥的增施可以显著提高苹果产量与质量[35-36]。本研究结果表明,在盛果期富士苹果园施用猪粪有机肥较对照处理均可显著提高优果率6.7%~33.4%,实现增产3.79%~19.49%。但当有机肥施量过高时,反而不利于产量增加,这与刘俊灵等[37]研究一致。与对照处理相比,有机肥施用可以显著影响果实内在品质指标,其中可滴定酸含量随有机肥的增施下降显著,这与弓萌萌等[14]研究结果一致。同时,随着猪粪有机肥施用量的增加,果实可溶性固形物含量、果皮红色度a*、果皮硬度及果肉脆度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,各处理均与对照处理差异显著,一致表现为T3处理最高,T4 处理各指标开始降低,因为过度施入有机肥可能造成生理干旱以导致果实品质下降[38]

主成分分析是通过线性降维技术将多个原始变量数据进行处理,把多个相关变量转换成几个综合变量来反映整个数据集的评价方法,可以有效避免人为主观因素评判和原始数据量纲不同的影响[39-40]。苹果生长发育受到诸多因素影响,而一个或几个因素指标难以综合涵盖所有指标信息。因此,本文中选用主成分分析,以综合评价不同施肥处理对长富2号苹果叶片生长、果实产量品质及果园土壤肥力的影响。主成分分析结果表明,各猪粪有机肥增施处理效果均优于对照处理,且以T3处理最好。

4 结 论

富士苹果果园土壤肥力、叶片生长发育、果实产量及品质受有机肥施用量的影响,相较于单施化肥处理(对照),增施有机肥5 kg·株-1(T1)、增施有机肥10 kg·株-1(T2)、增施有机肥15 kg·株-1(T3)、增施有机肥20 kg·株-1(T4)均可以不同程度地提高耕层土壤养分含量;在一定范围内还能提升叶片百叶厚、叶面积、百叶质量、SPAD 值和净光合速率,以T3 处理效果最好;T3处理单果质量、果皮硬度、果肉脆度和固酸比达到最大值,较对照增加了11.69%、14.05%、7.65%和84.69%;T2 处理果皮延展性和果肉硬度较其他处理表现最好;T4处理果面亮度值L*最高;与对照相比,T3处理优果率、产量和收入增加值增幅最明显,T2处理次之。综合各项指标表现情况,在果园实际生产中有机肥增施15 kg·株-1最为适宜。

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Effects of organic fertilizer of pig manure on yield and quality of Red Fuji apple

MA Yuexin1,LIU Letong1,TANG Rui3,SUN Guotao1,SHI Xin’e2,ZOU Yangjun1*
(1College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;2College of Animal Science and Technology,Northwest A& F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;3College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A& F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Luochuan county,Shaanxi province is an agricultural area featuring apples as the leading industry, and due to its natural geographical resource advantages, it has become a typical location on the world's best apple growing belt.Most of the Luochuan apples were built in the 1990s of last century,and improving the quality and efficiency of the old orchards is the main task of the local apple industry. In addition, Luochuan’s history has frequent natural disasters such as drought, little rain, soil erosion and low soil organic matter content in Luochuan orchards, fruit farmers have long emphasized the application of chemical fertilizers,and soil impoverishment has seriously affected the yield and quality of apples and even caused great harm to the soil environment,becoming an obstacle factor in the sustainable development of Luochuan apple industry. In order to prolong the fruiting life of the old orchard, improve the production efficiency of the old orchard and change the current situation of insufficient organic fertilizer in the sustainable development of Luochuan apple industry, this study explored the effects of different application levels of organic fertilizer (pig manure) on the quality and yield of Red Fuji apple and soil fertility of orchards at peak fruiting period by adopting the ecological model of fruit and animal combination,and determines the optimal application amount of organic fertilizer,so as to provide a basis for scientific and reasonable fertilization of apple orchards at full fruit stage.【Methods】Taking the 27-year-old Changfu 2 apple as the research material,a one-year experiment on the application of pig manure was carried out in a grower’s orchard in Luochuan county,Shaanxi province.In the experiment, a total of 5 organic fertilizer application levels were set as below: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg·tree-1(control,T1,T2,T3,T4),respectively,the leaf area,leaf thickness,weight per 100 leaves and leaf SPAD values were determined at the young, swelling and ripening stages of fruit trees, photosynthetic indexes were measured at the fruit swell stage,fruit weight,longitudinal and transverse longitude,soluble solids content, titratable acid content, fruit parenchymal structure, peel color and other indicators were collected at the fruit ripening stage,and 0-20 cm soils were collected in the orchard after fruit harvest. The soil organic matter content, total nitrogen content, available nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, available potassium content and pH values were determined in 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil samples, and the measured indexes of different treatments were comprehensively evaluated by the principal component analysis.【Results】Compared with control treatment, soil nutrient content significantly increased by the application of organic fertilizer,and the soil organic matter content,available nitrogen content and available potassium content increased most significantly under 0-20 cm soil layer, increasing by 2.60%-17.67%, 9.16%-31.88% and 0.30%-38.92%, respectively. The total nitrogen content and available phosphorus content increased very significantly under the 40-60 cm soil layer,increasing by 10.84%-27.71%and 26.77%-80.84%,respectively.Compared with control treatment,the application of organic fertilizer increased apple leaf area, leaf thickness, weight per 100 leaves and relative chlorophyll content at the young fruit stage,swelling stage and ripening stage.In the fruit swelling stage, the application of organic fertilizer increased the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of leaves, and decreased the intercellular CO2 concentration of leaves, all of which reached the highest value in T3 treatment. Compared with other organic fertilizer treatments,T3 treatment was beneficial to leaf growth, which was conducive to increasing the photosynthetic rate of leaves and promoting the accumulation and transformation of dry matter in leaves.Compared with control treatment, the organic fertilizer application treatment could increase the fruit yield by 3.79%-19.49%, and the T3 treatment could fully improve the income increase effect of the orchard in the test area.With this treatment,the single fruit weight,longitudinal and transverse warp rates,peel redness a*,peel hardness,pulp brittleness and soluble solids content increased the most obviously,and the peel yellowness b*and titratable acid content were effectively reduced with this treatment,all of which were significantly different from control treatment. T2 treatment had significant effects on peel brightness L*,peel ductility and pulp hardness. A total of four principal components were extracted by the principal component analysis method, and the characteristic values of each principal component were 15.559,4.932,3.169 and 2.34,the total variance contribution rates of the 1st,2nd,3rd and 4th principal components were 59.841%,18.971%,12.187%and 9.001%,respectively,and the cumulative contribution rate was 100%.The results of principal component analysis showed that the increased application of organic fertilizer had a good effect on the leaf growth,fruit quality,yield and soil fertility of Fuji apple,and especially T3 treatment was relatively optimal.The comprehensive scores of organic fertilizer application treatment from different pig manure sources were as follows: T3>T2>T1>T4>control.【Conclusion】Under the conditions of this experiment, the application of 15 kg·plant-1 of pig manure can improve the soil fertility of orchards and achieve the effect of improving fruit quality and increasing yield in orchards, which is the optimal amount of organic fertilizer in apple orchards at peak fruiting stage,and can be promoted in actual production.

Key words: Fuji apple; Pig manure; Organic fertilizer; Fruit yield and quality; Comprehensive evaluation

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)08-1559-13

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230067

收稿日期2023-02-27

接受日期:2023-04-20

基金项目国家苹果产业技术体系延安综合试验站(CARS-27)

作者简介马悦欣,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为果树栽培生理。Tel:15230301110,E-mail:1429142410@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13759941176,E-mail:yangjunzou@126.com