35份软枣猕猴桃资源果实品质分析与综合评价

何艳丽,秦红艳,温锦丽,范书田,杨义明,张宝香,曹炜玉,路文鹏,李昌禹*

(中国农业科学院特产研究所,长春 130112)

摘 要:【目的】综合评价软枣猕猴桃资源果实品质,建立果实品质评价体系,为筛选优良软枣猕猴桃资源提供依据。【方法】以35份软枣猕猴桃资源果实为试验材料,分析测定果实21项品质指标,采用系统性描述、相关性分析、主成分分析和因子分析法,对果实外观品质和营养成分进行分析和综合评价。【结果】不同资源软枣猕猴桃果实的各项指标存在差异,SH5的横径、L*、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比、原果胶与果胶含量,SH1的单果质量、纵径、果形指数与还原糖含量,B080701 的可滴定酸含量和可溶性糖含量,B070101 的可滴定酸含量,B080401 的维生素C 含量显著高于其他材料;各品质指标存在一定的相关性;通过主成分分析对35份软枣猕猴桃资源的主要果实品质指标进行简化,从13项指标中提取了5个主成分,累计贡献率达到76.782%。【结论】通过变异系数分析、相关性分析与主成分分析筛选出可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、出汁率、单宁含量、a*、单果质量、可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量作为软枣猕猴桃果实品质评价的核心指标;通过因子分析法筛选出SH5、SH1、SH3、SH4、B080701为排名前5的优良软枣猕猴桃资源。

关键词:软枣猕猴桃;果实品质;主成分分析;综合评价

软枣猕猴桃[Actinidia arguta(Sieb. & Zucc.)Planch.ex Miq.]别名软枣子、奇异莓、猕猴梨等,属于猕猴桃科(Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werderm.)、猕猴桃属(Actinidia Lindl.)大型落叶藤本植物[1]。其果实在鲜食时爽口多汁,果味鲜美且含有丰富的维生素C、蛋白质及矿质元素等营养物质[2],除此之外软枣猕猴桃还有极高的药用价值,果实药用具有养生保健、解热的功效,还有抗肿瘤[3]、抗辐射、抗氧化、抗衰老、降血糖、抗炎、抑制失眠、提高免疫力、润肠通便等功效[4-7]。它除用于鲜食以外,还可用于果酱、罐头、酿酒、冻干粉等[8]加工原材料,深受广大消费者喜爱。软枣猕猴桃野生种质资源丰富,主要分布在中国、朝鲜、日本及俄罗斯远东地区,在中国则是东北三省资源分布最为丰富[9]。基于丰富的种质资源,中国已先后选育出魁绿[10]、丰绿[11]、佳绿[12]等优良品种。

种质资源重要性状表型评价鉴定是加快育种进程、选育优良品种的重要工作之一,果实品质性状的评价是软枣猕猴桃种质资源表型鉴定的重要内容,也是筛选优异种质材料的重要依据[13]。有关软枣猕猴桃种质资源的评价主要集中在表型性状[14-15]、抗寒性[16]、抗病性[17]等方面,但近几年对果实品质也进行了相关研究。秦红艳等[18]对70 份软枣猕猴桃的15个性状指标进行主成分分析,并提取了4 个主要成分,且发现在育种改良过程中第1 主成分增大时有利于增大果实大小,第3 主成分增大时有利于提高果实品质;仇占南等[19]的研究表明,野生软枣猕猴桃个体间果实品质差异大,并建立果实以总酚含量、维生素C 含量、固酸比、平均单果质量、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量为主要指标的评价体系。科学评价软枣猕猴桃果实品质是高效利用种质资源的前提,核心评价指标的筛选与综合评价方法的应用是科学评价果实品质的重要步骤。因此需要在已有的研究基础上构建更加合理有效的评价指标体系。

笔者在本研究中以35 份软枣猕猴桃资源为材料,以形态指标、颜色指标、加工与风味指标、营养指标等21 个指标组成原始指标体系,采用变异系数、相关性分析、主成分分析进行软枣猕猴桃果实品质评价核心指标筛选,并用因子分析法对果实品质综合评价,通过上述方法旨在建立软枣猕猴桃果实品质综合评价体系,筛选出优质资源,为科学评价其果实品质及选育优良品种提供理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

供试的35 份软枣猕猴桃资源(表1)均于2022年9 月采自中国农业科学院特产研究所软枣猕猴桃、五味子国家林木种质资源库,采摘后放入薄膜盒运回实验室,于当天完成果实外观等相关指标的测定后于-80 ℃超低温保存备用。

表1 35 份软枣猕猴桃资源果实外观品质评价
Table 1 Evaluation of appearance quality of the 35 Actinidia arguta fruits

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1.2 主要品质评价指标与方法

1.2.1 外观品质 参照《猕猴桃种质资源描述规范和数据标准》[20]对果实的外观品质性状进行分类评价鉴定。果实形状:短圆为1,梯形为2,短圆柱为3,长圆柱为4,圆球形为5,扁圆形为6,卵形为7,圆柱形为8,倒卵形为9,椭圆形为10,短椭圆形为11,长椭圆形为12。果皮颜色:浅绿为1,绿为2,深绿为3,浅褐为4,褐色为5,深褐为6,浅红为7,红为8,紫红为9。果肩形状:方为1,圆为2,斜为3。果喙形状:浅钝凸为1,深钝凸为2,浅尖凸为3,深尖凸为4。

1.2.2 果实品质 单果质量:称质量法测定,随机选取各资源10个果实,计算平均单果质量。果实横纵径:数显式游标卡尺测定,果形指数=纵径/横径。果实色度:采用NH-310高品质便携式电脑色差仪测定果实色差L*(反映颜色的明亮度,L*<0 表示偏黑,L*>0 表示偏白)、a*(反映颜色的红绿程度,a>0 表示颜色偏红,a<0表示颜色偏绿)、b*(反映颜色的黄蓝程度,b>0表示颜色偏黄,b<0表示颜色偏蓝)、c*(表示色彩饱和度)[13]。可溶性固形物含量采用手持折光仪测定;可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮试剂法测定;可滴定酸含量采用氢氧化钠溶液滴定法测定;维生素C含量采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定;pH采用pH计法测定;出汁率:随机选取10~20 个果实,称取果实质量,榨汁并测定果汁质量,计算出汁率,出汁率/%=果汁质量/果实质量×100;还原糖含量采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定;单宁含量采用Folin-Denis 试剂法测定;可溶性蛋白质含量采用考马斯亮蓝法测定;可溶性果胶、原果胶及果胶含量采用咔唑比色法测定;固酸比为可溶性固形物含量与可滴定酸含量的比值[21-23]。

1.3 数据处理

应用Excel 2010 软件对试验数据进行统计整理,SPSS 23.0 对试验数据进行差异性分析、相关性分析、主成分分析。基于主成分分析所筛选的指标再作因子分析,并以提取因子所对应的方差贡献率为权重,采用参考文献[24]的方法计算各因子得分与综合得分,实现基于因子分析法的果实品质综合评价,评选出果实品质优良的软枣猕猴桃资源。

2 结果与分析

2.1 软枣猕猴桃果实外观品质分析

对35份软枣猕猴桃果实外观品质进行分析(表1)。不同软枣猕猴桃资源的外观品质存在一定差异。从果实形状方面看,有3 份资源为短圆形,有6份资源为梯形,有5份资源为短圆柱形,有14份资源为长圆柱形,有6 份资源为倒卵形,有1 份资源为短椭圆形;从果皮颜色方面看,主要有浅绿色、绿色和深绿色,其中15份资源为浅绿色,16份资源为绿色,4份资源为深绿色;从果肩形状来看,主要为方形和圆形;从果喙形状来看,有11份资源为浅钝凸形,有8 份资源为深钝凸形,有10 份资源为浅尖凸形,有6份资源为深尖凸形。

2.2 软枣猕猴桃果实品质性状及差异分析

对35 份软枣猕猴桃资源果实主要品质指标进行测定(表2)。通过显著性差异分析可以看出,SH1、SH5、A130701 的单果质量显著大于大多数材料。SH5、A100101、SH1、T060203 的横径最大,在2.90~3.12 cm 之间且无显著差异。SH1、A130701、SH5、A140301 的纵径显著大于其他资源。A130701、SH1、SH2 的果形指数最高,且无显著差异。SH5 和SH2 的L*显著高于其他材料,说明SH5和SH2的果实明亮度高。A191002和B080401的a*值较高,b*值和c*值较低,说明这2份资源的果实颜色偏绿且果实的色彩饱和度低。

表2 35 份软枣猕猴桃资源果实品质性状
Table 2 Fruit quality traits of the 35 Actinidia arguta fruits

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表2 (续) Table 2 (Continued)

注:不同小写字母表示在p<0.05 水平差异显著。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant difference at p<0.05.

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不同软枣猕猴桃的内在果实品质也存在差异。SH5、SH3和SH1的可溶性固形物含量最高且存在显著差异,为16.50%~17.73%;B080701的可滴定酸和可溶性糖含量均高于其他材料,说明该资源果实口感酸甜;SH5的固酸比显著高于其他材料,达到54.77;A100703和B080401的维生素C含量最高且无显著差异,达到102.61 mg·100 g-1和101.92 mg·100 g-1;A020203的可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于其他材料,达0.43 mg·g-1;A040103的出汁率最高,达74.30%,显著高于其他材料;各个资源果实的pH在3.54~4.24;各个资源还原糖含量有较大差异,含量为0.41%~7.52%,其中SH1的还原糖含量最高;B070101的单宁含量(ρ)显著高于其他材料,达0.80 g·L-1;A140101的可溶性果胶和果胶含量均显著高于其他材料,分别为0.92%和1.82%;SH5的原果胶含量显著高于其他材料。

2.3 果实品质指标间的相关性分析

由表3可知,外观指标单果质量、横径、纵径与果形指数互呈极显著相关;颜色指标L*a*b*c*互呈极显著相关,L*与风味指标可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和固酸比均呈极显著相关,a*与功能性成分维生素C含量呈极显著正相关;风味指标可溶性固形物含量与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关,与固酸比呈极显著正相关,可滴定酸含量与固酸比极显著负相关,与可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关,单宁含量与可溶性固形物含量和固酸比呈极显著负相关,与可滴定酸含量呈极显著正相关;营养指标可溶性蛋白质含量与可溶性固形物含量和固酸比呈极显著正相关,与可滴定酸含量和原果胶含量呈极显著负相关;功能性成分维生素C含量与a*和可滴定酸含量呈极显著正相关;加工指标出汁率与L*b*、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比呈极显著负相关,与可滴定酸含量、可溶性果胶含量呈极显著正相关;可溶性果胶含量、原果胶含量与果胶含量之间互呈极显著正相关。

2.4 果实品质指标的主成分分析

主成分分析是通过降维的方式,将多个变量简化为少数的几个综合变量,使现有的几个少数综合变量可以直接反映原来变量的信息[25]。通过前文结果,剔除横径、纵径、c*、还原糖含量、可溶性果胶含量、原果胶含量、果胶含量后,对其余13项指标进行数据标准化,使KMO值大于临界值0.6,进行主成分分析。

由表4可知,根据特征值大于1的原则共提取5个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到76.782%,综合了13项品质指标的大部分信息。主成分1 的贡献率为25.288%,主要代表固酸比、可滴定酸含量、单宁含量、出汁率和可溶性固形物含量,反映风味与加工品质;主成分2的贡献率为16.954%,主要代表L*a*b*,反映果实颜色;主成分3的贡献率为14.535,主要代表单果质量与果形指数,反映果实大小;主成分4的贡献率为10.177%,主要代表可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量,反映营养品质;主成分的贡献率为9.828%,主要代表维生素C含量与a*,反映功能性成分。

表4 旋转后因子载荷矩阵及贡献率
Table 4 Factor loading matrix and contribution rate after rotation

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2.5 软枣猕猴桃资源果实品质综合评价

与主成分分析相同,对剩余的13项指标进行因子分析,提取前5 个因子所对应的方差贡献率为权重,对35份软枣猕猴桃资源进行基于因子分析法的果实品质综合评价。

由表5可知,SH5在因子1和因子2得分排名均位于第一,说明SH5在因子1和因子2中包含的指标中表现均为最优;因子1 得分最低的是B070101,说明B070101 在因子1 所包含的指标中表现最差;因子2得分最低的A191002,说明A191002在因子2所包含的指标中表现最差;因子3得分最高的是SH1,最低的是A160701,说明SH1 在因子3 包含的指标中表现最优,而A160701 在因子3 所包含的指标中表现最差;因子4 得分最高的是B080701,最低的是SH4,说明B080701 在因子4 包含的指标中表现最优,而SH4在因子4所包含的指标中表现最差;因子5 得分最高的是A180902,最低的是A101201,说明A180902 在因子5 中包含的指标中表现最优,而A101201 在因子5 所包含的指标中表现最差。计算各个资源在因子分析法中的综合得分并进行排序,结果表明SH5、SH1、SH3、SH4、B080701 为排名前5的优良软枣猕猴桃资源;A020203 和A060902 的综合得分和排名相同,均为-0.02和15。

表5 35 份软枣猕猴桃资源果实品质综合评价结果
Table 5 Quality comprehensive score and ranking of the 35 Actinidia arguta fruits

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3 讨 论

种质资源是软枣猕猴桃种质创新的重要基础,而有效利用种质资源的前提则是对资源进行综合评价,不同软枣猕猴桃种质资源间果实品质性状的差异性,是育种材料的选择和产品开发的重要参考依据。从差异性结果分析可知,B080701 的可滴定酸和可溶性糖含量均显著高于其他材料;SH1 和SH5单果质量、横径、纵径均显著高于其他材料;A100703 和B080401 的维生素C 含量均高于其他材料,这些材料可作为果实风味、大小和功能性成分的优良育种材料;而A040103的出汁率最高,可作为加工果汁果酒的材料。

从相关性分析结果可以看出,21项指标存在一定的相关性,需要进一步简化果实品质评价体系,因此结合变异系数分析、相关性分析及主成分分析对核心指标进行筛选。加工与风味指标中固酸比在因子1中权重高且变异系数大,但固酸比为导出指标,因此出汁率、单宁含量、可滴定酸含量与可溶性固形物含量代表加工与风味指标;颜色指标L*a*b*在因子2中权重都较高,但是a*的变异系数最高,且反映的是果实红绿程度,因此相比之下a*更能作为颜色指标;在反映果实大小指标中果形指数为导出指标,但单果质量变异系数大,且与横径、纵径均呈极显著相关,因此单果质量作为果实大小指标,因子4中可溶性糖含量的权重最高且变异系数大,因此作为营养指标;因子5中维生素C含量的权重最高,变异系数大,且与其他指标的相关性低,因此作为功能性指标。综上可以筛选出可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、出汁率、单宁含量、a*、单果质量、可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量作为软枣猕猴桃果实品质评价的核心指标,这与仇占南等[19]筛选出来的部分指标一致,笔者在本研究中筛选的指标还包含了出汁率、单宁、a*与可溶性糖含量。

3 品质指标间相关性分析
Table 3 Correlation analysis among quality indicators

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因子分析法是常用的果实品质评价方法[26]。因子分析法是通过主成分分析在最大程度保留原有信息的前提下,将多个相关变量转化为少数相关性较小的综合指标,并以各个因子的贡献率为权重计算各个资源果实品质的综合得分,可以有效针对较多指标的数据集进行综合评价[27]。荆荣线等[28]对香菇7个品质参数进行主成分分析,将7个品质指标简化为总灰分含量和粗多糖含量作为筛选营养品质优异香菇的2个重要指标。笔者在本研究中通过主成分分析对35 份软枣猕猴桃资源的主要果实品质指标进行简化,从13项指标中提取了5个主成分,累计贡献率达到76.782%,最后以各主成分对应的贡献率为权重,基于因子分析法对果实品质进行综合评价,得到SH5、SH1、SH3、SH4、B080701为排名前5的优良软枣猕猴桃资源。在评价优良种质资源时除了考虑果实品质之外,还需要对耐贮性、抗病性、抗寒性、抗旱性、丰产性等因子进行评价,因此在果实品质评价的基础上,进一步结合耐贮性、抗病性、抗寒性、抗旱性、丰产性等进行全面评价,才能筛选出适宜软枣猕猴桃产业发展的优良软枣猕猴桃资源。

4 结 论

通过对35 份软枣猕猴桃资源果实品质综合分析得到的结论如下:SH5、SH1、SH3、SH4、B080701为排名前5的优良软枣猕猴桃资源;可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、出汁率、单宁含量、a*、单果质量、可溶性糖含量和维生素C 含量为软枣猕猴桃果实品质评价的核心指标。

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Quality analysis and comprehensive evaluation of 35 Actinidia argute accessions

HE Yanli, QIN Hongyan, WEN Jinli, FAN Shutian, YANG Yiming, ZHANG Baoxiang, CAO Weiyu,LU Wenpeng,LI Changyu*

(Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of CAAS,Changchun 130112,Jilin,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The fruit quality of Actinidia argute was evaluated comprehensively, and a fruit quality evaluation system was established for selecting excellent resources of A. argute.【Methods】Fruits of 35 A.argute were used as the test materials for determining the fruit appearance quality and 21 other quality indexes. The appearance quality indexes included fruit shape, fruit color, shoulder shape and fruit tip shape,and the 21 quality indexes included single fruit mass,transverse diameter,longitudinal diameter, fruit shape index, fruit color values (L*, a*, b* and c*), soluble solids content(SSC), titratable acids(TA),solid to acid ratio,soluble sugars,vitamin C,soluble proteins,juice yield,pH,reducing sugars,tannins,soluble pectin,protopectin and pectin.Systematic description,correlation analysis,principal component analysis and factor analysis were used to analyze and evaluate the fruit appearance quality and nutrient composition.【Results】The single fruit quality of SH1,SH5 and A130701 was significantly higher than that of most of the materials by significance difference analysis.The transverse diameters of SH5,A100101,SH1,and T060203 were the highest and in the range of 2.90 to 3.12 cm and had no significant difference.The longitudinal diameter of SH1,A130701, SH5 and A140301 was significantly higher than that of the other accessions.The fruit shape index of A130701,SH1 and SH2 was the highest, and there was no significant difference. The L* of SH5 and SH2 was significantly higher than that of the other materials,indicating that the fruits of SH5 and SH2 were whiter and brighter.The a*values of A191002 and B080401 were higher,while their b*and c*values were lower,indicating that the fruit color of these two accessions was more greenish and the color saturation was lower.The internal fruit quality of different A.argute is also different.SH5,SH3 and SH1 had the highest soluble solids in the range of 16.50%-17.73%. Titratable acid content of B070101 and B080701 was the highest but had no significant difference compared with the other accessions, whose TA was 1.59%-1.51%. The solid to acid ratio of SH5 was the highest, reaching 54.77, which was significantly higher than the other materials.The soluble sugar content of B080701 was significantly higher than that of the other materials, reaching 13.97%. The vitamin C content of A100703 and B080401 was the highest reaching 102.61 mg·100 g-1 and 101.92 mg·100 g-1,respectively,but had no significant difference with the other materials.The soluble protein content of A020203 was 0.43 mg·g-1,significantly higher than that of the other materials.The juice recovery of A040103 was the highest,up to 74.30%,which was significantly higher than that of the other materials. The pH of fruit ranged from 3.54 to 4.24. The highest pH was found in A170303 and T060203, and the lowest in SH1 and SH2. Reducing sugar content varied in a range of 0.41%-7.52%.That in SH1 was significantly higher than in the other materials.The tannin content in B070101 was the highest, reaching 0.80 g·L-1, which was significantly higher than in the other materials.The soluble pectin and pectin contents in A140101 were the highest(0.92%-1.82%)and significantly higher than in the other materials.The protopectin content in SH5 was significantly higher than in the other materials.The correlation analysis showed that the appearance index of single fruit weight,transverse diameter and longitudinal diameter had an extremely significant correlation with fruit shape index.Color indexes L*,a*,b*and c*were significantly correlated with each other.L*was significantly correlated with flavor indexes including SSC,TA and solid to acid ratio,and a*was significantly positively correlated with vitamin C.SSC was negatively correlated with TA and positively with solid to acid ratio;TA was negatively correlated with solid to acid ratio and positively with soluble sugar;tannin was negatively correlated with SSC and solid to acid ratio and positively with TA.Soluble protein was positively correlated with SSC and solid acid ratio, and negatively correlated with TA and protopectin. The functional component vitamin C was positively correlated with a*and TA.The juice yield was negatively correlated with L*,b*,SSC and solid to acid ratio,and positively correlated with TA and soluble pectin.The soluble pectin,protopectin and pectin were positively correlated with each other.According to the principle that the characteristic value was greater than 1,five principal components were extracted,and the cumulative variance contribution rate reached 76.782%.Most of the information of the 13 quality indexes were integrated.The contribution rate of principal component 1 was 25.288%,which mainly represented solid to acid ratio,TA,tannin,juice yield and soluble solid,reflecting flavor and processing quality.The contribution rate of principal component 2 was 16.954%,which mainly represented L*,a*and b*,reflecting fruit color.The contribution rate of principal component 3 was 14.535%, which mainly represented single fruit quality and fruit shape index,reflecting fruit size.The contribution rate of principal component 4 was 10.177%, which mainly represented soluble sugar and soluble protein, reflecting nutritional quality. The contribution rate of the fifth principal components was 9.828%, which mainly represented vitamin C and a*,reflecting functional components.【Conclusion】TA,SSC,juice yield,tannin,a*,fruit weight,soluble sugar and vitamin C were selected as the core indexes of fruit quality evaluation by coefficient of variation, correlation analysis and principal component analysis. SH5, SH1, SH3, SH4 and B080701 were selected as the top 5 excellent A.argute lines according to factor analysis.

Key words:Actinidia argute;Fruit quality;Principal component analysis;Comprehensive evaluation

中图分类号:S663.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)08-1523-11

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220659

收稿日期2022-11-29

接受日期:2023-04-12

基金项目吉林省发展和改革委员会(2022C037-2);长春市科技发展计划项目(21ZGN09);中国农业科学院创新工程(201409);中国农业科学院特产研究所软枣猕猴桃、五味子国家林木种质库

作者简介何艳丽,女,硕士,研究方向为特色植物资源育种。Tel:15379723891,E-mail:2305457747@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:19969547299,E-mail:tcslicy@163.com