平邑甜茶高位嫁接丽嘎拉苹果树体结构和果实产量的形成特点

李宏建,王 宏*,于年文,宋 哲,里程辉,张秀美,韩丽红

(辽宁省果树科学研究所,辽宁熊岳 115009)

摘 要:【目的】了解以平邑甜茶为砧木、采用高位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉苹果幼树至结果树的树体结构和果实产量的形成规律,为辽宁寒地苹果密植园中该种栽培模式的推广应用提供理论依据。【方法】以丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗组合苹果树为试材,调查2011—2019年树体结构、枝类组成、果实产量的年生长动态变化,评价2种砧木果实产量的冠层空间分布特点和品质差异。【结果】2011—2019年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树高、主枝长和覆盖率等树体结构参数高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2019年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树冠覆盖率分别为74.70%和62.30%,两者间差异显著。2011—2019年丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶品种/砧木干径比值为0.90~0.83,树体表现为“大脚”现象;2011—2014年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶品种/砧木干径比值为0.87~0.77,树体表现为“大脚”现象,而2015—2019年为1.03~1.21,树体表现为“小脚”现象。2011—2019年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树体总枝量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树体总枝量在2015—2017年快速增长,由37.39×104条·hm-2增加至96.70×104条·hm-2,2017—2019年趋于稳定,3年分别为96.70×104条·hm-2、95.10×104条·hm-2、93.05×104条·hm-2。2011—2014年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树长枝比例高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2015—2019 年短枝比例高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2013—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶果实产量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,7年累计产量分别为216 686.25 kg·hm-2和158 802.99 kg·hm-2。果实产量在冠层内的分布存在明显的差异性,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶果实产量主要分布在冠层高度≥2.01 m的空间区域,占总产量的70.86%;而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶为1.01~3.00 m,占总产量的76.11%。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶果实单果质量、果形指数、硬度、果面光亮度和红色程度高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,而可溶性固形物含量和固酸比低于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。【结论】与丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗组合相比,以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉苹果树具有树高生长量大、主枝长、覆盖率高,总枝量多、短枝比例高、果实外观品质好、产量高等优势。

关键词:苹果;砧穗组合;高位嫁接;枝类组成;产量;品质

果园密植栽培是果树实现早期丰产,获得早期收益的有效方式。苹果密植栽培是世界苹果栽培发展的趋势和方向,目前实现苹果密植栽培的最主要途径是利用矮化砧木,而中国苹果密植栽培主要采取自根砧和中间砧的栽培方式[1-3]。辽宁苹果密植栽培先后引进、选育了大量的矮化砧木,如GM256、77-34、辽砧2 号、M9、M26、MM106、T337、SH6 等。辽宁因冬季寒冷,干旱少雨,M 系、MM 系等矮化自根砧木经常发生冻害、死树等现象,无法安全越冬。因此,苹果矮化自根砧栽培在辽宁苹果产区发展速度缓慢,应用面积较少[4-6]。利用中间砧栽培是辽宁苹果密植栽培的主要方式,其中,GM256作为中间砧被广泛应用。GM256 砧木具有矮化性、早果性、丰产性好等优点,但干性差,易倒伏,新植园需利用架式栽培,实现果园的整齐性。辽宁省苹果栽培区域多为丘陵、山地和缓坡,采用GM256中间砧栽培的苹果树,盛果期经常出现中心干长势偏弱、主枝光秃现象严重、结果部位外移、树势衰弱明显、主干日灼和腐烂病发生严重等问题[7]。因此,筛选适宜辽宁寒地果园密植栽培的苹果优良砧木变得尤为重要。

平邑甜茶是湖北海棠中的一个优良、大叶类型,具有较强的无融合生殖能力。平邑甜茶根系发达、整齐度高、抗寒性好和抗病性强,作为抗寒砧木在苹果栽培生产中被广泛应用[8-9]。笔者发现利用平邑甜茶作为砧木,接穗采用高位嫁接方式,按照高纺锤形树形培养,采取适宜栽植密度,参照矮砧密植栽培模式管理,可以达到控制树势,早期丰产的目的,实现果园无架式密植栽培[10-12]。丽嘎拉是辽宁省果树科学研究所从新西兰引进的嘎拉芽变苹果品种,因其色泽艳丽、丰产性好,作为中熟苹果品种深受消费者的喜爱[13]。笔者在本研究中以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧穗组合苹果树为试材,以生产中常用的GM256 作为中间砧,以丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗组合为对照,系统性评价苹果幼树至结果树的树体结构参数和果实产量的形成规律,为辽宁寒地密植果园建设中,利用平邑甜茶为砧木,采取高位嫁接栽培模式的应用推广提供理论参考依据。

1 材料和方法

试验在辽宁省果树科学研究所苹果试验区进行,试验区地势平坦,土壤为轻砂壤土,土壤有机质含量(w,后同)1.33%,全氮含量0.64%,速效磷含量70.3 mg·kg-1,速效钾含量107 mg·kg-1。年降水量686 mm,无霜期178 d,年平均气温9.0 ℃,1 月平均气温-9.2 ℃,极端最低气温-31.7 ℃。果园行间自然生草,灌溉采用微喷管灌系统,666.7 m2施腐熟有机肥3000~3500 kg。

1.1 试验材料

供试苹果品种为丽嘎拉,试验设2个处理,分别为丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2011 年春,栽植丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗组合苹果苗木,苗木要求基砧平邑甜茶干径和长度分别为1.5~1.6 cm 和10~11 cm,中间砧GM256 干径和长度分别为1.3~1.5 cm 和30~31 cm,无分枝,高度为90~110 cm。2011 年春,采取“两头忙”建园方式,栽植丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧穗组合苹果半成品苗木。该组合苗木基砧为3年生平邑甜茶,基砧距离地面5 cm和40 cm处干径分别为1.5~1.6 cm和1.3~1.5 cm。将丽嘎拉接穗利用舌接法,高位嫁接到平邑甜茶砧木距离地面60 cm 处。2 种砧穗组合苗木定植株行距为2.50 m×4.00 m,南北行栽植,按照高纺锤形树形进行整形修剪。

1.2 试验方法

试验于2011—2019年进行,选择生长势基本一致、无病害的试验树30 株,2011—2019 年每年10 月用游标卡尺分别测量品种和砧木嫁接口上部和下部5 cm 处的干径。其中,丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗组合中砧木测量为GM256 砧木的干径。利用钢卷尺分别测量树高、主枝长、冠径(东西),计算覆盖率(%)=冠径(东西)/行距×100;调查树体的主枝数、总枝量,统计短枝、中枝和长枝的比例。2013—2019年每年9月调查单株产量,折合公顷产量,统计7年累计产量;2019年9月按照冠层分格的方法,将试验树从地面到顶部分成4个冠层空间(<1.00 m、1.00~2.00 m、>2.00~3.00 m 和>3.00 m),测定不同冠层内的果实产量,计算产量分布比例[14]

2019 年果实成熟期分别在树冠东南方向随机采摘大小均匀、成熟度一致的果实100个,用于测定果实相关指标。果实单果质量用百分之一天平测量;果实的纵径和横径用游标卡尺测量,计算果形指数;果实硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量分别用GY-1 型硬度计、DR-103 型电子糖量仪和酸碱滴定法测定,果皮色差值采用色差计(Konica Minolta CR-400,USA)测定[12]

1.3 数据处理与分析

数据统计采用Excel 软件,数据差异显著性分析采用SPSS 13.0分析软件。

2 结果与分析

2.1 树体干粗直径的生长动态变化

由表1 可见,2011—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树品种和砧木干径呈现逐年增加的变化趋势。2011—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶品种干径生长速度高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶;2011—2016年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧木干径高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2017—2019 年低于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。观察品种/砧木干径比值,发现丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树2011—2014年表现为“大脚”现象,2015—2019年表现为“小脚”现象;而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树2011—2019 年表现为“大脚”现象。由此说明,结果期丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树砧木干径生长速度低于品种,会表现出轻微的“小脚”现象。

表1 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树干径的影响
Table 1 Effect of different rootstocks on the trunk diameter of variety and rootstock of Regal Gala apple tree

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant difference at p<0.05 level.The same below.

砧穗组合Rootstock-scion combination年份Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019干径Trunk diameter品种Variety/cm 2.04±0.07 a 1.86±0.07 a 3.62±0.06 a 2.71±0.15 b 5.06±0.49 a 3.28±0.17 b 7.05±0.14 a 5.58±0.33 b 10.87±0.36 a 7.40±0.25 b 12.14±0.18 a 9.05±0.30 b 14.49±0.37 a 10.62±0.14 b 15.26±0.31 a 12.55±0.38 b 15.79±0.29 a 13.83±0.21 b品种/砧木Variety/Rootstock 0.87±0.07 b 0.90±0.05 a 0.82±0.04 a 0.78±0.05 b 0.85±0.08 a 0.61±0.03 b 0.77±0.03 b 0.88±0.06 a 1.03±0.05 a 0.86±0.01 b 1.06±0.01 a 0.86±0.04 b 1.21±0.02 a 0.84±0.02 b 1.23±0.02 a 0.85±0.04 b 1.21±0.02 a 0.83±0.02 b丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/Malus hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.砧木Rootstock/cm 2.36±0.13 a 2.08±0.14 a 4.42±0.25 a 3.50±0.18 b 5.96±0.18 a 5.39±0.35 b 9.22±0.17 a 6.36±0.16 b 10.58±0.33 a 8.57±0.21 b 11.45±0.11 a 10.56±0.17 b 11.99±0.22 b 12.69±0.25 a 12.45±0.27 b 14.81±0.39 a 13.05±0.28 b 16.61±0.46 a

2.2 树高和树冠覆盖率的生长动态变化

由图1 可见,2011—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树高年生长量逐年下降,2011—2016年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树高年生长量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶树高分别为4.15 m和3.22 m,两者间差异显著(表2)。由此说明,幼树期丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树高年生长量的快速增加是丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树高显著高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶的主要原因。

图1 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树高年生长量的影响
Fig.1 Effect of different rootstocks on height growth of Regal Gala apple tree every year

表2 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树树高和覆盖率的影响(2019 年)
Table 2 Effect of different rootstocks on the height and coverage rate of Regal Gala apple tree in 2019

砧穗组合Rootstock-scion combination丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/Malus hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/Malus hupehensis Rehd.树高Tree height/m 4.15±0.16 a 3.22±0.06 b覆盖率Coverage rate/%74.70±2.36 a 62.30±2.82 b主枝长度Bough length/m 1.43±0.02 a 1.15±0.04 b

由图2 可见,2011—2016 年和2018—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树冠覆盖率年生长量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶树冠覆盖率分别为74.70%和62.30%,两者间差异显著(表2)。由此说明,与丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树冠覆盖率增长速度快,可以为枝条生长提供足够的空间,有利于结果期树体枝量的快速增加和产量的形成。

图2 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树冠覆盖率年生长量的影响
Fig.2 Effect of different rootstocks on coverage rate of Regal Gala apple tree every year

2.3 主枝长和数量的生长动态变化

由图3 可见,2011—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树主枝长年生长量表现为“前期快速增长,后期增长趋缓”的变化趋势。由表2 可见,2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树主枝长分别为1.43 m 和1.15 m,两者间差异显著。

图3 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树主枝长年生长量的影响
Fig.3 Effect of different rootstocks on the bough length of Regal Gala apple tree every year

由图4 可见,2011—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树主枝数呈现“升高-下降”的变化趋势。2011—2015年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶主枝数高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2016—2019年低于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。幼树期丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶主枝数的快速增加,有利于苹果树高纺锤形树形的培养和早期产量的形成。结果期采取适当缩减主枝的方式,改善树体光照条件和提高果实品质,因此2017—2019 年树体主枝数出现小幅减少的趋势。

图4 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树主枝数的影响
Fig.4 Effect of different rootstocks on the number of bough of Regal Gala apple tree

2.4 枝类组成数量和比例的生长动态变化

由表3 可见,2014—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树枝总量呈快速增长趋势,2011—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶枝总量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2011—2014 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶长枝比例高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2015—2019 年低于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶;2013—2019年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶短枝比例高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。与丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,幼树期丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶高比例的长枝数量有利于苹果树高纺锤形树形的快速构建,而结果期高比例的短枝数量能够为结果树早期丰产和稳产提供保障。

表3 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树枝类组成的影响
Table 3 Effect of different rootstocksonthetypes and proportions of branchesof Regal Gala apple tree

丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.年份Year砧穗组合Rootstock-scion combination枝总量Total branches/(×104 No·hm-2)2011枝类组成比例The proportion of different branch types/%长枝Long shoots 46.46±5.26 a中枝Medium shoots 26.69±3.58 b短枝Spur shoots 26.84±2.59 b 1.97±0.43 a 37.09±5.32 b 31.81±4.52 b 31.10±2.55 a 0.97±0.15 b 2012 44.98±3.25 a 19.44±0.36 b 35.58±3.58 a 5.12±0.25 a 36.92±2.68 b 25.54±3.26 a 37.54±4.26 a 2.71+0.33 b 2013 35.13±3.06 a 19.65±2.55 b 45.22±3.52 a 7.94±0.68 a 27.62±3.08 b 30.02±1.49 a 42.36±4.31 a 6.65±0.79 b 2014 21.29±2.95 a 23.29±3.22 b 55.42±4.32 a 22.38±2.56 a 17.36±2.55 b 30.62±3.06 a 52.02±4.16 a 15.25±2.65 b 2015 11.30±2.33 b 26.09±2.52 b 62.61±8.56 a 37.39±4.68 a 15.26±1.58 a 30.36±3.55 a 54.37±6.28 b 35.71±4.82 a 2016 9.09±0.86 b 25.60±3.68 a 65.31±7.53 a 70.97±6.85 a 11.90±1.53 a 26.26±2.59 a 61.84±6.88 b 54.47±9.25 b 2017 9.03±1.02 a 24.90±3.28 a 66.08±5.36 a 96.70±11.26 a 12.22±1.36 b 25.72±4.16 a 62.07±5.95 b 72.12±9.02 b 2018 7.84±0.65 b 17.38±2.15 b 74.78±9.06 a 95.10±8.85 a 9.98±0.88 a 21.14±2.08 a 68.88±7.35 b 73.77±6.23 b 2019 7.20±0.53 b 16.37±2.05 b 76.43±6.55 a 93.05±6.55 a 9.61±0.96 a 19.00±1.86 a 71.38±7.19 b 72.96±8.12 b

2.5 果实产量和品质的动态变化

由图5可见,2013—2016年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树果实产量呈现快速增长的趋势,2017—2019 年果实产量趋于稳定。2014—2019 年丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶果实产量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。统计2013—2019 年苹果树累计产量(表4),笔者发现丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶和丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树7 年累计果实产量分别为216 686.25 kg·hm-2和158 802.99 kg·hm-2,两者间差异显著。由此可见,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树丰产性和稳产性优于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。

图5 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树果实产量的影响
Fig.5 Effect of different rootstocks on the fruit yield of
Regal Gala apple tree

表4 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树累计果实产量的影响
Table 4 Effect of different rootstocks on the total yield of
Regal Gala apple tree

累计产量Total yield/(kg·hm-2)216 686.25±8 328.10 a 158 802.99±728.99 b砧穗组合Rootstock-scion combination丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.

为了明确砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树果实产量空间分布的影响,将树冠按照冠层高度分为4个区域,统计不同冠层高度内果实产量分布比例。由表5可见,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶果实产量主要分布在冠层高度>2.00 m的空间区域,占全树总产量的70.86%;而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶果实产量主要分布在冠层高度1.00~3.00 m 的空间区域,占全树总产量的76.11%。由此说明,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树冠高大,树冠中上部区域光照和养分积累好,结果枝和果实产量主要集中分布树冠中上部区域;由于GM256中间砧对丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶树高生长的抑制作用,树冠上部的新梢和枝条萌发数量少,果实产量主要分布在树冠中下部区域。

表5 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果树冠层内果实产量分布比例的影响(2019 年)
Table 5 Effect of different rootstocks on the proportion of Regal Gala apple yield in different canopy in 2019%

砧穗组合Rootstock-scion combination丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.冠层高度Canopy height/m<1.00 7.46±0.47 b 18.62±1.06 a 1.00~2.00 21.67±1.26 b 43.85±1.78 a>2.00~3.00 41.32±1.60 a 32.26±2.04 b>3.00 29.54±1.81 a 5.27±0.54 b

由表6可见,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶果实单果质量、果形指数、硬度、可滴定酸含量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,而果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比低于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。由此说明丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树冠高大、枝叶繁茂,果实单果质量、果形指数和硬度等果实品质好;而GM256 中间砧对丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树养分运输具有滞阻作用,叶片光合作用制造的养分对果实分配数量多,因此果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比等品质较好。

表6 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果果实品质的影响(2019 年)
Table 6 Effect of different rootstocks on the fruit quality of Regal Gala apple in 2019

砧穗组合Rootstock-scion combination丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.单果质量Fruit mass/g 217.52±9.23 a果形指数Fruit shape index 0.81±0.01 a硬度Firmness/(kg·cm-2)8.80±0.19 a w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%12.09±0.03 b w(可滴定酸)Titratable acidity/%0.25±0.01 a固酸比TSS/TA 47.65±1.47 b 195.72±13.50 b 0.79±0.01 b 8.06±0.13 b 12.68±0.17 a 0.21±0.01 b 58.01±3.53 a

由表7 可见,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果果实色差L值、a 值均显著高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,而果面色差b 值低于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。由此说明,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶果实果面光亮度、红色程度优于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。由于丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树体高大,主枝和叶片对果实遮挡程度低,果实生长能获得充足的空间和较好的光照条件,因此果面色泽艳丽、外观品质好。

表7 不同砧木对丽嘎拉苹果果实色差值的影响(2019 年)
Table 7 Effect of different rootstocks on the fruit color difference value of Regal Gala apple in 2019

砧穗组合Rootstock-scion combination丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.色差值Color difference value L 78.43±2.71 a 74.03±2.03 b a b 38.35±1.25 a 32.58±1.34 b 15.99±0.73 b 20.90±1.02 a

3 讨 论

砧木能够影响苹果树的生长势和抗逆性,苹果品种利用砧木的抗寒、抗旱等特性增强其适应性,适宜的砧穗组合是实现苹果树优质丰产的基础[15-17]。在栽培管理中,笔者发现采用平邑甜茶为砧木,高位嫁接后的丽嘎拉苹果树干性强、固地性好,新栽植苹果树无须立架支撑,苹果园可保持较高的整齐度;而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶苹果树干性弱,幼树期无立架支撑的苹果树经常会出现树体倾斜的现象,影响果园日常管理和机械化作业。孙长乾[18]和宋哲等[10]发现平邑甜茶高位嫁接富士苹果树存在“小脚”现象,笔者也发现丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树表现为轻微“小脚”现象。果树“大小脚”现象是砧穗轻度不亲和的一种表现,栽培生产中果树“小脚”现象的存在可能会造成树势衰弱,嫁接口部位容易断裂,影响果园作业等问题[17,19]。但在本研究中,未发现丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树出现此类现象。与丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树表现为树势强、干性好、整齐度高,果园管理可采取无架式栽培模式,优化果园建立措施,节省果园成本投入。

果树嫁接砧木后,接穗和砧木会形成“砧穗共生体”,砧穗间组织结构的变化能够影响树体的养分运输、枝类结构和生长发育[20-22]。笔者在本研究中以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉苹果树按照高纺锤形树形培养,参照矮砧密植栽培模式管理。与丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树表现为树高和主枝(长度和数量)增长速度快、树冠覆盖率高,幼树期长枝数量多,结果期短枝比例高的特点。董建波[23]认为优质、丰产的矮砧密植苹果园枝芽量为9.0×105条·hm-2,高登涛等[24]等认为高纺锤形苹果树总枝量为8.1×105条·hm-2时,需要增加留枝量。在本研究中,笔者发现丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树体总枝量高于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树体总枝量达到前人提出丰产园的标准,而丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶树体总枝量略低于前人的研究结果。与丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶幼树期树高的快速增长和高比例的长枝数更有利于高纺锤形树形的快速构建,而结果期高比例的短枝数能够为果树早期丰产和稳产提供保障。栽培生产中,笔者发现以平邑甜茶为砧木,采用传统低位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉苹果树,由于树势强、长枝比例高、短枝数量少,高纺锤形树形培养周期长,早果性和丰产性较差。

砧木影响果树冠层结构、树体产量和果实品质[14,25-26]。笔者在本研究中发现丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶苹果树丰产性优于丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,7年累计产量分别为216 686.25 kg·hm-2 和158 802.99 kg·hm-2。调查果实产量空间分布和果实品质,发现两者间存在明显的差异性。丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶树冠高大(树高4.15 m),树冠中上部光照充足,结果枝和果实产量主要集中在冠层高度≥2.00 m的空间区域。由于叶片光合效率高,养分积累多,因此,果实单果质量大和外观品质好。而矮化中间砧具有阻碍养分、激素、水分运输,限制嫁接品种生长发育的作用[27-31]。丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶树高为3.22 m,树冠上部区域枝条萌发数量少,新梢和枝条主要集中分布在树冠中下部区域,因此,果实产量主要分布在冠层高度1.00~3.00 m 的空间区域。GM256 中间砧对养分运输的滞阻作用,导致同化物进入矮化中间砧后不容易上下运转[21]。叶片光合作用制造的同化物主要用于地上部果实和枝条生长,而外运根的系数量较少,因此,丽嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比等内在品质较好。

4 结 论

采用平邑甜茶砧木高位嫁接丽嘎拉的苹果树具有树高生长量大、主枝长、覆盖率高,总枝量多、短枝比例高,果实外观品质好、产量高等优点。而GM256/平邑甜茶砧木嫁接丽嘎拉具有果实内在品质好等优点。综合考虑果实产量、经济效益和产业需求,认为采用高位嫁接方式的丽嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧穗组合的乔砧密植栽培模式适宜在辽宁寒地苹果密植园栽培中应用推广。

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Formation characteristics of tree structure and fruit quality in Regal Gala apple on Malus hupehensis Rehd.with top grafting

LI Hongjian,WANG Hong*,YU Nianwen,SONG Zhe,LI Chenghui,ZHANG Xiumei,HAN Lihong
(Liaoning Institute of Pomology,Xiongyue 115009,Liaoning,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Apple stion combination of Regal Gala on Malus hupehensis Rehd.by top-grafting was used as the test material,and the formation patterns of tree structure and fruit yield from young stage to fruiting stage was investigated,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application and popularization of this cultivation mode in high-density planting orchards in cold regions of Liaoning province.【Methods】The Regal Gala on M. hupehensis Rehd., and Regal Gala with the interstock of GM256 and understock of M. hupehensis Rehd. were used as the test materials, and the annual growth dynamics of tree, composition proportion of branches and fruit yield were investigated from 2011 to 2019. In 2019, the test trees were divided into 4 levels according to the canopy heights, and the differences in fruit yield at different canopy heights were compared.The differences in fruit quality between the test materials were compared. Measurement indicators included fruit mass, fruit shape index, firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, TSS/TA ratio, color difference value, etc.【Results】The tree growth of Regal Gala could be affected by the rootstock. The growth rate of tree height, coverage rate,scaffold limb length and trunk diameter of Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.were higher than those of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2011 to 2019. The rapid growth of tree height and coverage rate was conducive to increasing a number of branches,which provided guarantee for the formation of fruit yield at the fruit bearing period. The coverage rate in Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd.and Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.were 74.70%and 62.30%,respectively in 2019.By comparing the trunk diameter ratio of variety/rootstock,we found the Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.showed an overgrowth phenomenon“big foot”and the ratios of variety/rootstock were 0.90 to 0.83 from 2011 to 2019. Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. showed a“big foot”phenomenon from 2011 to 2014 and a“small foot”phenomenon from 2015 to 2019, and the ratios of variety/rootstock were 0.87 to 0.77 and 1.01 to 1.21,respectively.There was strong ground fixation of the rootstock of M.hupehensis Rehd.,and the inclination and lodging phenomenon of tree has not been found in the cultivation and management. The growth rate of total branch number of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was significantly higher than that of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2011 to 2019. A number of branches of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. increased rapidly and the numbers were 37.39 × 104 per hm2 to 96.70 × 104 per hm2 from 2015 to 2017, a number of branches tended to be stable and the numbers were 96.70 × 104 per hm2, 95.10 × 104 per hm2 and 93.05 × 104 per hm2 from 2017 to 2019. Compared to the composition of tree branches, the proportion of long shoots of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was higher than that of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2011 to 2014, while the proportion of spurs of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was higher than Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2015 to 2019. From 2014 to 2016, the fruit yield showed a trend of rapid increase year by year,and the fruit yield tended to be stable from 2017 to 2019.The growth rate of fruit yield of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was higher than that of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd.The cumulative yields of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd.were 216 686.25 kg·hm-2 and 158 802.99 kg·hm-2,respectively from 2013 to 2019,and there was a significant difference between them. By investigating the distribution proportion of fruit yield at different canopy heights,it was found there was significant difference in the distribution of fruit yield in different canopy between Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. The fruit yield of Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.was mainly concentrated in the canopy area height greater than and equal to 2.00 m, while the fruit yield of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. was mainly concentrated in the heights from 1.00 to 3.00 m. They accounted for 70.86%and 76.11%of the total yield,respectively.The lowest proportion of fruit yield distribution in the canopy of Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.and Regal Gala/GM256/M.hupehensis Rehd.was at the canopy heights less than or equal to 1.00 m,greater than and equal to 3.00 m respectively.By comparing with the differences in fruit quality, it was found the fruit mass, fruit shape index, firmness, fruit surface brightness and red degree of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. were better than those of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd., while the soluble solids content and TSS/TA ratio were lower than Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. Tree crown of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd.was higher,the fruit concentrated distribution area was the upper middle crown,the branches had a low degree of shelter to the fruit, the lighting conditions were much better and the fruit appearance quality was better.【Conclusion】Taking M. hupehensis Rehd. as the rootstock and adopting the top grafting method,Regal Gala/M.hupehensis Rehd.showed that growth potential was stronger,coverage rate was larger, the number of total branches was larger, the proportion of spur was higher, exterior quality of fruit was superior and the yield was higher, which was suitable for popularization and application in high-density planting cultivation in cold regions of Liaoning province.

Key words:Apple; Rootstock-scion combination; Top grafting; Branch composition; Fruit yield; Fruit qualities

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)07-1363-11

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220550

收稿日期:2022-10-10

接受日期:2023-02-15

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-27);辽宁省自然科学基金(2019-MS-179)

作者简介:李宏建,男,副研究员,硕士,从事苹果栽培生理研究工作。Tel:13840758126,E-mail:5lihongjian@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13940725660,E-mail:wanghong3034@163.com