葡萄是多年生落叶藤本植物,果实风味浓郁,营养价值高,既可鲜食,也可加工成各种产品,在农业经济中发挥着重要作用。据世界粮农组织(FAO,2020)统计,中国葡萄产量达1 476.9 万t,居世界第一位。葡萄生长过程中各种生物或非生物胁迫对产量有着较大影响,由病原菌引起的生物胁迫是非常严重的危害因子[1]。目前葡萄生产上对病原菌治理主要是药剂防治,不仅增加栽培成本,更危害环境及食品安全[2],培育抗病品种有利于葡萄产业健康发展。葡萄具有童期长、杂合度高等特点,使用常规育种耗时长、效率低,通过分子标记辅助选择育种(molecular marker assistant selection,MAS)技术能提高定向育种效率,加速育种进程[3]。
构建遗传连锁图谱(genetic linkage map),进行数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)定位,建立标记与表型之间的连锁关系,是实施分子标记辅助育种的有效途径[4]。自Lodhi等[5]基于随机扩增多态 性DNA 标 记(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)和扩增片段长度多态性标记(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)构建了第一张葡萄遗传图谱以来,世界上已经发布了160 多张葡萄遗传图谱[6],其中约40 张与葡萄抗病性有关。以遗传连锁图谱为基础,研究人员已对多个葡萄抗病相关位点进行定位,并开发了连锁标记,部分已经应用于育种中[7]。笔者在本文中对葡萄遗传图谱构建与抗病QTL定位的研究进展进行综述,为葡萄抗病性定位相关研究和分子标记辅助选择育种提供借鉴和参考。
构建高密度遗传图谱是进行基因定位、分子标记辅助育种,以及图位克隆的基础[8]。构建遗传图谱主要包括选择合适的作图群体、采用多态性分子标记以及根据重组率利用相关作图软件计算分子标记间的连锁排序和遗传距离。
作图群体的选择是构建遗传图谱的前提。目前F1群体、F2群体、BC 群体、DH 群体、RIL 群体(重组自交系)等作图群体在QTL 定位研究中均有使用[3,9]。但葡萄童期长、纯合与杂合位点共存、遗传背景复杂等问题难以获得高世代群体。针对这一问题,Weeden 等[10]提出了著名的“双假测交”理论,即将F1杂交群体视为与隐性亲本测交得到的回交一代(BC1)群体。当F1群体出现分离重组,其分离重组发生在亲本所特有遗传标记位点,则将其中一个亲本的杂合位点看作是另一个亲本的隐性纯合,后代群体1∶1分离,则相当于“测交”;若分离重组位于两亲本共有的标记位点,则将两亲本都视为杂合位点,如若是共显性标记,后代群体分离比为1∶2∶1,若是显性标记后代,分离比则为3∶1。基于此理论,葡萄常用于构建遗传图谱的群体类型主要为杂交F1代,少数为回交群体、自交群体。葡萄F1代杂交群体虽易于构建,可以缩短定位群体建立周期,但该群体属于暂时分离群体仅能使用一次,遗传背景复杂容易造成定位偏差[9]。
分子标记由于变异丰富、稳定、不受环境影响等因素成为葡萄遗传图谱研究的有效手段。早期葡萄遗传图谱主要采用RAPD 和AFLP 分子标记进行构建。1995年Lodhi等[5]利用Cayuga White×Aurore 的F1群体,结合RAPD 和AFLP 等标记构建2 张遗传图谱,其中Cayuga White 构成的遗传图谱包含214 个标记,全长为1196 cM;Aurore 构成的遗传图谱包含225 个标记,全长为1477 cM。这两种标记可以快速构建图谱,但构建的不同葡萄品种的遗传图谱之间无法比较[11],局限性较大。随着测序技术的发展,简单序列重复标记(simple sequence repeat,SSR)因共显性、高度多态性,在不同葡萄品种间具有较高的通用性,成为构建遗传图谱使用频率最高的标记。葡萄第一套SSR 标记(共371 个)由葡萄微卫星联盟(Vitis Microsatellite Consortium,VMC)开发[11]。Riaz 等[12]利用Riesling ×Cabernet Sauvignon 杂交群体结合152个SSR标记(主要来自VMC)构建了第一张葡萄SSR 遗传图谱,该图谱总长为1728 cM,标记间平均距离为11.0 cM。Di Gaspero 等[13]开发了另外两组基于微卫星的标记(169 个VVI 和108 个UDV)。Adam-Blondon 等[14]以Syrah × Grenache 的F1 群体为材料,利用220 个SSR 标记(包含123 个VVI 标记)构建了总长度为1 406.1 cM、标记平均距离为6.4 cM 的遗传图谱。为了提高SSR 标记构建图谱的饱和度、通用性和实用性,Doligez 等[15]将5 个遗传群体整合得到一张含515 个标记(502 个SSR 标记)的遗传图谱,该图谱总长度为1647 cM,标记间平均距离为3 cM。此图谱是基于SSR 标记最为完整的图谱之一。但SSR标记数量有限[16],遗传图谱密度和精度受限,无法对性状相关的候选基因进行有效定位[11]。伴随着测序技术的发展,单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)标记越来越多地被应用在遗传图谱构建上。相较之前的标记,SNP 在基因组均匀分布,多态性好,可以避免图谱标记密度偏小的问题,显著提高精细定位程度[6,17]。全基因组测序(whole genome sequencing)、简化基因组测序(reduced-representation genome sequencing,RRGS)和SNP-array 是开发SNP 标记的主要高通量测序技术。Sapkota 等[1]用Norton × Cabernet Sauvignon 的159 个F1单株为作图群体,结合1665 个SNP 标记和407个SSR标记获得抗霜霉病遗传图谱。Sun等[18]利用Red Globe × Muscat Hamburg 的95 个F1群体,结合27 454个SNP标记,构成覆盖长度为1 442.64 cM的遗传图谱。Su等[19]利用Zhuosexiang×Victoria的F1代群体,采用6249 个SNP 构建的抗白腐病整合图谱大小为3 118.13 cM,平均标记密度是0.5 cM。最近,一种基于扩增子测序(AmpSeq)的新型高效分子标记应用于遗传图谱的构建。Karn 等[20]利用Horizon × Illinois 547-1 的F1 群体,构建一张包含1171 个Ampseq 标记、覆盖总长度为1 082.16 cM 的图谱。Reshef 等[21]利用V.rupestris B38 × Horizon的杂交群体,构建一张包含1944个Ampseq标记、总长度范围为1 050.7 cM的遗传图谱。葡萄主要图谱的基本情况见表1。从表1可以看出,国内外对葡萄遗传图谱研究中作图群体数量大多在100 株以上;标记类型从最初的AFLP 标记到大规模测序开发SNP标记,不断向前发展;遗传图谱标记数目和密度不断增加,使得标记之间的平均距离从12.7 cM 降至0.28 cM。
表1 葡萄主要遗传连锁图谱
Table 1 Main genetic linkage maps of grape
注:“-”表示该文献无此内容。下同。
Note:“-”means no relevant content is shown in this reference.The same below.
亲本Parents Syrah×28-8-78 MTP2223-27×MTP2121-30 MTP2687-85×Muscat of Hamburg D8909-15×F8909-17 Regent×Lemberger CabernetSauvign×Gloire de Montpellier Italia×Big Perlon Moscato Bianco×W63 V3125×Börner Ramsey×Riparia Gloire VRH 3082 1-42×SK77 5/3 Merzling×Teroldego Ruprecht×Ruprecht Gf.Ga-52-42×Solar GF.V3125×BOERNER F2-35×DVIT202 GF.GA-47-42×Villard blanc Muscat of Alexandria×Muscat à Petits Grains Blancs Norton×Cabernet Sauvignon Black Beauty×Nesbitt Cabernet sauvignon×Zuoyouhong Cabernet Sauvignon×Shuang Hong Red Globe×Shuangyou Red Globe×Muscat Hamburg Cabernet Sauvignon×Shuang Hong Zhuosexiang×Victoria PI588160×PI58827 Horizon×Illinois 547-1 B38×Horizon作图群体Mapping population BC2 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1群体大小Population size 139 139 174 87 144 138 163 174 202 188 94 89 232 265 202 277 151 95图谱长度Mapping distance/cM-233.00 119.00 1154.00 1631.00 1249.00 1426.00 1 037.20 1 364.90 1 304.70 651.00 1 309.20 975.00 1 097.28-1005.42 1 324.10 1 257.40标记类型Marker types RAPD、ISSR、SSR AFLP、SSR SSR SSR、RFLP AFLP、SSR、RGA、SCAR SSR、SSCP SSR、AFLP、EST、SCAR SSR、EST、RGA SSR SSR SSR、EST、RGA、SNP SSR、SNP SSR、RGA SSR SSR SSR SSR、SNP SSR标记数Marker numbers 372 1204 1267 210 398 212 341 164 374 205 133 247 133 208-208 543 338平均距离Average distance/cM-5.60 12.70 5.50 4.67 6.70 4.20 7.30 3.90 6.80 6.00 5.40 7.30 6.27-4.83 2.71 4.60参考文献Reference[22][23][24][25][26][3][27][28][29][30][28][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]F1[1][38][39][40][41][18][42][19][43][20][21]F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 159 172 181 91 149 95 91 177 294 142 118 2 203.50 1 633.60 1 780.48 1 665.31 1 929.13 1 442.64 1 898.09 3 118.13 1 634.10 1 082.16 1 050.70 SSR、SNP SNP SNP SNP SNP、INDEL SNP SNP SNP SNP rhAmpSeq rhAmpSeq 2072 1224 25 917 934 7199 27 454 5603 6294 2583 1171 1944 1.10 1.30 0.41 1.81 0.28 0.93 0.45 0.43 0.63 1.01 1.10
构建遗传图谱需将分子标记分配到不同的连锁群,每个连锁群内根据重组率对标记进行排序并估计遗传距离。目前常用的构图软件有JoinMap、Mapmaker和TMAP等[6,44]。但同一作图软件不会包含所有分离类型,不同软件构建的遗传图谱也存在差异,应根据实际情况进行选择。
葡萄霜霉病作为全球性真菌性病害,抗性位点研究最多。Merdinoglu等[22]利用Syrah×28-8-78的F1分离群体进行抗霜霉病QTL分析,首次在28-8-78的12 号染色体上鉴定到一个主效QTLRpv1(Resistance to Plasmopara viticola 1),该位点能够解释73%的表型变异,与其紧密连锁的标记为VVIb32。来源于圆叶葡萄的Rpv1 抗性基因已被克隆并进行了功能验证。Rpv1 是核苷酸结合/富含亮氨酸重复(nucleotide binding/leucine-rich repeat,NB-LRR)受体,参与病原菌的识别和植物防御的信号转导[45-46]。Welter等[26]利用Regent×Lemberge的F1代群体通过4年霜霉病抗性鉴定,最终在18号染色体中得到1个主效QTLRpv3,该位点解释了37.3%表型差异,富含TIR-NBS-LRR基因,并在不同群体的研究中得到进一步验证[22,47]。含有Rpv3位点的葡萄植株叶片在受到霜霉病侵染时,霜霉病菌丝体生长受限,新生孢子囊和孢子囊数量减少[48-49]。Marguerit等[3]通过Cabernet Sauvignon×Gloire De Montpellie 的F1子代霜霉病抗性鉴定,发现在9和12号染色体存在2个抗性位点Rpv5 和Rpv6,其中Rpv5 紧密连锁的标记VVIO52;Rpv6 是第二个定位在12 号染色体上抗性位点。Bellin 等[47]使用Chardonnay×Bianca 群体通过多种霜霉病表型鉴定方法,发现Bianca 的7 号染色体上存在抗性位点Rpv7,该位点解释的表型变异率为12.7%。Blasi 等[32]使用雌雄同株山葡萄品种(V.amurensis‘Ruprecht’)自交后代,通过5种抗性评价体系,在14 号染色体上发现抗性位点Rpv8,该位点解释的表型变异率高达86.3%。Schwander等[33]将Rpv10 定位在9 号连锁群,并将其范围精确定位到2.1 cM,大小为314 kb。研究还发现该区域包含8个核苷酸结合/富含亮氨酸重复(nucleotide binding/leucine-rich repeat,NBS-LRR)类型的RGA。随后越来越多的抗霜霉病位点被挖掘,目前,在4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12、14、17和18号染色体上共定位到28个抗性主效或微效QTL(表2),解释的表型变异率从3.5%到86.3%。这些QTL 抗性位点来源于不同的葡萄品种。Rpv1 和Rpv2 来源于圆叶葡萄(Muscadinia rotundifolia);Rpv3、Rpv19 和Rpv28 来源于沙地葡萄(V.rupestris);Rpv4、Rpv7、Rpv11、Rpv17、Rpv18、Rpv20 和Rpv21 来源于北美种群但未确定品种;Rpv5、Rpv6、Rpv9 和Rpv13 来源于河岸葡萄(V.riparia);Rpv8、Rpv10、Rpv12、Rpv22、Rpv23、Rpv24、Rpv25 和Rpv26来源于山葡萄(V.amurensis);Rpv14来源于甜冬葡萄(V.cinerea); Rpv27 来源于夏葡萄(V.aestivalis)。这表明利用优异的种质资源去挖掘更丰富的优异变异,是寻找葡萄抗病基因的重要途径。
表2 霜霉病抗性位点
Table 2 Downy mildew resistance site
位点Locus Rpv1 Rpv2 Rpv3 Rpv4 Rpv5 Rpv6 Rpv7 Rpv8 Rpv9 Rpv10 Rpv11 Rpv12 Rpv13 Rpv14 Rpv17 Rpv18 Rpv19 Rpv20 Rpv21 Rpv25 Rpv26 Rpv27 Rpv28亲本Parents Syrah×28-8-78 Cabernet Sauvignon×8624 Chardonnay×Bianca Regent×Lemberger Cabernet Sauvignon×Gloire De Montpellie Cabernet Sauvignon×Gloire De Montpellie Chardonnay×Bianca Ruprecht×Ruprecht Moscato Bianco×W63 GF.GA-52-42×Solaris Regent×Lemberger 99-1-48×Pinot Noir Moscato Bianco×W63 GF.V3125×Boerner B38×Horizon B38×Horizon B38×Horizon Horizon×B9 Horizon×B9 RedGlobe×Shuangyou RedGlobe×Shuangyou Norton×Cabernet Sauvignon PI588160×PI58827染色体Chromosome 12 18 18位置Position/Mb 10.3--4 9 12 7 14 7 9 5 14 12 5 8 1 1紧密连锁标记Associated marker VVIb32-UDV112 VMC7H3 VVIO52 VMC8G9 UDV097 Chr14V015 IN0006 GF09-46 VCHR05C UDV014 VMC1G3.2 GF05-13 14 6 7-----15 15 18 10 4.7 4.0 20.4 11.4 6.6 16.6 3.7 4.5 8.0 10.0 20.2 11.7 15.4 29.5 0.9 2.1 3.0 15.0 26.0-Marker561 375 Marker525 926 UDV737 S10_1 285 522表型变异率Phenotypic variance/%73.00 21.00 37.30 22.60 34.40 31.50 12.70 86.30 21.10 50.00 3.50 78.70 21.20 17.40 12.94 8.77 15.14 8.37 11.77 18.60 63.60 33.80 66.50参考文献Reference[22][32][26][26][3][3][47][32][26][33][33][50][28][51][52][52][52][52][52][41][41][1][43]
葡萄白粉病是由致病菌Erysiphe necator [synonym Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.]引起的真菌性病害,可引起叶片褪绿,覆盖白色粉层进而导致叶片卷曲、枯萎等症状。同葡萄霜霉病一样,葡萄白粉病抗性位点较多(表3),命名为Run(Resistance to Uncinula necator)或Ren(Resistance to Erysiphe necator)。Barker等[59]首次将抗白粉病Run1定位在圆叶葡萄的12号染色体上,而欧亚种不携带该基因。目前以圆叶葡萄和欧亚种葡萄的BC5为材料,已经获得与Run1 基因连锁的分子标记[60]。Hoffmann 等[53]将Ren1 抗性位点定位于Nimrang 的LG13 上的VMC9H4-2、VMCNG4E10-1和UDV-020附近,该区域包含多个NBS-LRR 基因。在中国野生群体利用中,Pap 等[35]在中国野生葡萄变叶葡萄V.piasezkii(Dvit2027)中发现了2个抗白粉病的QTL位点Ren6和Ren7,分别位于第9和第19染色体上。目前白粉病抗性位点在2(Ren10)、9(Ren6)、12(Run1)、13(Ren1)、14(Ren2,Ren5)、15(Ren3,Ren9)、18(Run2.1、Run2.2、Ren4、Ren8)、19(Ren7)号染色体上鉴定出来(表3)解释的表型变异率从14%到76%。
表3 白粉病抗性位点
Table 3 Downy mildew resistance site
位点Locus Ren1 Ren2 Ren3 Ren4 Ren5 Ren6 Ren7 Ren8 Ren9 Ren10 Run1 Run2.1 Run2.2亲本Parents Nimrang×Kishmish Vatkana Horizon×Illinois 547-1 Regent×Red Globe C166-043×F8909-08 Regale×Regale F2-35×V.Piasezkii(Dvit2027)F2-35×V.Piasezkii(Dvit2027)GF.GA-47-42×Villard Blanc Regent×Lemberger MN1264×MN1214 VRH3082-1-42×Cabernet Sauvignon A90-71×Flame Seedless e2-9×Malaga Rosada染色体Chromosome 13 14 15 18 14 9 19 16 15 2 12 18 18位置Position/Mb 18.4 26.9 4.9 26.9 4.8 8.6 0.2 13.2 1.4 17.9 13.1 26.9 26.9紧密连锁标记Associated marker VMC9h4-2 CS25 VChr15CenGen02 VMC7f2 VMC9c1 PN9-057 VVIp17.1 UDV117 CenGen6 S2_17 854 965 VMC4f3.1 VMC7f2 VMC7f2表型变异率Phenotypic variance/%-76.0 43.9 70.0 58.0 62.0 18.1 14.0 46.2 13.3-52.8 50.0参考文献Reference[53][54][16][55][56][35][35][36][57][58][59][55][55]
其他葡萄病害,如皮尔斯病、冠瘿病、黑腐病、炭疽病、白腐病等,对葡萄也有较大危害,但QTL定位研究相对较少。在抗皮尔斯病的QTL 研究中,Krivanek 等[61]首先将抗皮尔斯病Pdr1(Pierces disease resistance 1)定位于14 号染色体上;随后Riaz等[62]通过精细定位将抗皮尔斯病的主效QTL定位到14 号染色体VVIn64 和UDV095 标记附近。在抗冠瘿病QTL 定位方面,Kuczmog 等[63]将Rcg1(Resistance to Crown gall 1)定位在抗冠瘿病亲本Kunbarát(V.amurensis)的15 号染色体上,紧密连锁标记9M3-3 距Rcg1 位点576 kb 远。关于黑腐病QTL 研究较少,Rex 等[34]将黑腐病2 个抗性位点Rgb1(Resistance to Guignardia bidwellii 1)和Rgb2 分别定位在14号和16号染色体上。近年来,部分科技人员对葡萄抗炭疽病进行QTL 定位,高晓铭等[64]利用里扎马特×黑珍珠杂交F1代群体,在12 号染色体检测到解释表型变异率37.07%、贡献率为71.50%的抗炭疽病主效QTL。Fu 等[40]对Cabernet Sauvignon × Shuang Hong杂交群体进行了连续3年抗炭疽病鉴定,在14 号染色体发现抗性位点Rgr1(Resistance to Colletotrichum 1),此区间包含了11 个NBS-LRR 基因。2021 年,Su 等[19]利用Zhuosexiang ×Victoria 杂交群体在14 号染色体上定位到一个抗葡萄白腐病QTL,并预测了7个可能抗白腐病的候选基因。这些定位结果为分子标记在育种中的使用奠定了基础。
构建遗传图谱和开发目标性状紧密连锁的分子标记,对MAS育种效率的提升具有重要意义。近年来,葡萄遗传图谱的构建发展较快,获得一些成果,但仍存在问题。许多葡萄遗传图谱使用RFLP、AFLP、RAPD、SSR 等第一代和第二代标记构建,导致图谱标记密度较低,各连锁群标记间距较大,标记在基因组分布不均匀,无法有效定位候选基因。随着测序技术的发展,SNP 标记已经用来构建高密度遗传图谱,提高了图谱的饱和度并显著提高精细定位程度。但SNP 在不同种群间通用性较低[6],在将来应考虑构建多种标记整合的图谱,提高图谱的饱和性与通用性。分子标记辅助选择是将分子标记应用于葡萄品种改良过程中进行选择的一种辅助手段,主要包括对目标性状的前景选择和对遗传背景的背景选择。目前葡萄分子标记辅助育种仍以SSR标记为主,但SSR分子标记通性低、费时,而SNP标记适合高通量、自动化检测,可能成为未来首选的标记系统[6]。然而SNP 分子标记在葡萄MAS 中的实际应用仍然较少[37,65],因此应加大对性状关联SNP标记的转化和应用。
葡萄抗病性作为一个复杂的数量性状,受到较多基因的调控,且基因之间还存在着互作效应,遗传机制非常复杂。虽然已有许多针对抗病性状的QTL定位研究,但由于抗病性状往往受到多个QTL控制,且影响群体QTL 检测的因素很多,如环境因素、群体大小及分子标记连锁图谱的饱和度等[6]。另外葡萄定位常使用群体数量较小的初级作图群体F1,容易造成定位误差。因此,将来在研究中应构建群体数量较大的F2、BC(回交群体)等群体,消除遗传背景对QTL 定位产生的不利影响[9],提高QTL 检测灵敏度和定位精度。随后通过这些位点解析抗病性状的遗传和分子机制,挖掘葡萄抗病优良基因,为葡萄抗病育种奠定基础。另外葡萄抗病定位研究主要集中在霜霉病和白粉病,而对我国危害较大的灰霉病和黑痘病尚未见报道,应加大对这些病害的解析。
葡萄多个图谱以及病害抗性QTL 位点已经发表,但这些实验数据(基因型、表型)和位点信息未储存在公共数据库,极大限制了图谱的整合以及定位信息的有效利用。作为模式作物水稻,其表型和图谱信息以及QTL 相关数据可以在Gramene 数据库进行检索,促进了QTL 位点利用和候选基因的挖掘[66]。因此未来应构建可以共享的葡萄的QTL定位数据库,以提高QTL数据的利用与挖掘。
[1]SAPKOTA S,CHEN L L,YANG S S,HYMA K E,CADLEDAVIDSON L,HWANG C F.Construction of a high-density linkage map and QTL detection of downy mildew resistance in Vitis aestivalis-derived‘Norton’[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2019,132(1):137-147.
[2]BRUN L A,LE CORFF J,MAILLET J.Effects of elevated soil copper on phenology,growth and reproduction of five ruderal plant species[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,122(3):361-368.
[3]MARGUERIT E,BOURY C,MANICKI A,DONNART M,BUTTERLIN G,NÉMORIN A,WIEDEMANN-MERDINOGLU S,MERDINOGLU D,OLLAT N,DECROOCQ S.Genetic dissection of sex determinism,inflorescence morphology and downy mildew resistance in grapevine[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2009,118(7):1261-1278.
[4]COLLARD B C Y,JAHUFER M Z Z,BROUWER J B,PANG E C K.An introduction to markers,quantitative trait loci (QTL)mapping and marker-assisted selection for crop improvement:The basic concepts[J].Euphytica,2005,142(1/2):169-196.
[5]LODHI M A,YE G N,WEEDEN N F,REISCH B I,DALY M J.A molecular marker based linkage map of Vitis[J].Genome,1995,38(4):786-794.
[6]VEZZULLI S,DOLIGEZ A,BELLIN D.Molecular mapping of grapevine genes[M]//CANTU D,WALKER M A.The Grape Genome.Cham,Switzerland:Springer,2019:103-136.
[7]VEZZULLI1 S,MALACARNE G,MASUERO D,VECCHIONE A,DOLZANI C,GOREMYKIN V,VELASCO R,MEHARI Z H,BANCHI E,VELASCO R,STEFANINI M,VRHOVSEK U,ZULINI L,FRANCESCHI P,MOSER C.The Rpv3-3 haplotype and stilbenoid induction mediate downy mildew resistance in a grapevine interspecific population[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2019,10:234.
[8]MYLES S,CHIA J M,HURWITZ B,SIMON C,ZHONG G Y,BUCKLER E,WARE D.Rapid genomic characterization of the genus Vitis[J].PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8219.
[9]蒋洪蔚,刘春燕,高运来,李灿东,张闻博,胡国华,陈庆山.作物QTL 定位常用作图群体[J].生物技术通报,2008,24(S1):12-17.JIANG Hongwei,LIU Chunyan,GAO Yunlai,LI Candong,ZHANG Wenbo,HU Guohua,CHEN Qingshan.Common cropmapping population of QTL mapping[J].Biotechnology Bulletin,2008,24(S1):12-17.
[10]WEEDEN N F,HEMMATT M,LAWSON D M,LODHI M,BELL R L,MANGANARIS A G,REISCHS B I,BROWN S K,YE G N.Development and application of molecular marker linkage maps in woody fruit crops[J].Euphytica,1994,77(1/2):71-75.
[11]ROUBELAKIS-ANGELAKIS K A.Grapevine molecular physiology&biotechnology[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2009:535-563.
[12]RIAZ S,DANGL G S,EDWARDS K J,MEREDITH C P.A microsatellite marker based framework linkage map of Vitis vinifera L.[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2004,108(5):864-872.
[13]DI GASPERO G,CIPRIANI G,MARRAZZO M T,ANDREETTA D,CASTRO M J P,PETERLUNGER E,TESTOLIN R.Isolation of (AC) n-microsatellites in Vitis vinifera L.and analysis of genetic background in grapevines under marker assisted selection[J].Molecular Breeding,2005,15(1):11-20.
[14]ADAM-BLONDON A F,ROUX C,CLAUX D,BUTTERLIN G,MERDINOGLU D,THIS P.Mapping 245 SSR markers on the Vitis vinifera genome:A tool for grape genetics[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2004,109(5):1017-1027.
[15]DOLIGEZ A,ADAM-BLONDON A F,CIPRIANI G,DI GASPERO G,LAUCOU V,MERDINOGLU D,MEREDITH C P,RIAZ S,ROUX C,THIS P.An integrated SSR map of grapevine based on five mapping populations[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2006,113(3):369-382.
[16]VAN HEERDEN C J,BURGER P,VERMEULEN A,PRINS R.Detection of downy and powdery mildew resistance QTL in a‘Regent’בRed Globe’population[J].Euphytica,2014,200(2):281-295.
[17]WANG N,FANG L C,XIN H P,WANG L J,LI S H.Construction of a high-density genetic map for grape using next generation restriction-site associated DNA sequencing[J].BMC Plant Biology,2012,12(1):148.
[18]SUN L,LI S C,JIANG J F,TANG X P,FAN X C,ZHANG Y,LIU J H,LIU C H.New quantitative trait locus(QTLs)and candidate genes associated with the grape berry color trait identified based on a high-density genetic map[J].BMC Plant Biology,2020,20(1):302.
[19]SU K,GUO Y S,ZHONG W H,LIN H,LIU Z D,LI K,LI Y Y,GUO X W.High-density genetic linkage map construction and white rot resistance quantitative trait loci mapping for genus Vitis based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing[J].Phytopathology,2021,111(4):659-670.
[20]KARN A,DIAZ-GARCIA L,RESHEF N,ZOU C,MANNS D C,CADLE-DAVIDSON L,MANSFIELD A K,REISCH B I,SACKS G L.The genetic basis of anthocyanin acylation in North American grapes (Vitis spp.)[J].Genes,2021,12(12):1962.
[21]RESHEF N,KARN A,MANNS D C,MANSFIELD A K,CADLE-DAVIDSON L,REISCH B,SACKS G L.Stable QTL for malate levels in ripe fruit and their transferability across Vitis species[J].Horticulture Research,2022,9:uhac009.
[22]MERDINOGLU D,WIEDEMAN-MERDINOGLU S,COSTE P,DUMAS V,HAETTY S,BUTTERLIN G,GREIF C.Genetic analysis of downy mildew resistance derived from Muscadinia rotundifolia[J].Acta Horticulturae,2003(603):451-456.
[23]DOLIGEZ A,BERTRAND Y,DIAS S,GROLIER M,BALLESTER J F,BOUQUET A,THIS P.QTLs for fertility in table grape (Vitis vinifera L.)[J].Tree Genetics & Genomes,2010,6(3):413-422.
[24]DOLIGEZ A,AUDIOT E,BAUMES R,THIS P.QTLs for muscat flavor and monoterpenic odorant content in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)[J].Molecular Breeding,2006,18(2):109-125.
[25]RIAZ S,KRIVANEK A F,XU K,WALKER M A.Refined mapping of the Pierce’s disease resistance locus,PdR1,and sex on an extended genetic map of Vitis rupestris×V.arizonica[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2006,113(7):1317-1329.
[26]WELTER L J,GÖKTÜRK-BAYDAR N,AKKURT M,MAUL E,EIBACH R,TÖPFER R,ZYPRIAN E M.Genetic mapping and localization of quantitative trait loci affecting fungal disease resistance and leaf morphology in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)[J].Molecular Breeding,2007,20(4):359-374.
[27]COSTANTINI L,BATTILANA J,LAMAJ F,FANIZZA G,GRANDO M.S.Berry and phenology-related traits in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.):From quantitative trait loci to underlying genes[J].BMC Plant Biology,2008,8(1):38.
[28]MOREIRA F M,MADINI A,MARINO R,ZULINI L,STEFANINI M,VELASCO R,KOZMA P,GRANDO M S.Genetic linkage maps of two interspecific grape crosses (Vitis spp.) used to localize quantitative trait loci for downy mildew resistance[J].Tree Genetics&Genomes,2011,7(1):153-167.
[29]FECHTER I,HAUSMANN L,ZYPRIAN E,DAUM M,HOLTGRÄWE D,WEISSHAAR B,TÖPFER R.QTL analysis of flowering time and ripening traits suggests an impact of a genomic region on linkage group 1 in Vitis[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2014,127(9):1857-1872.
[30]LOWE K M,WALKER M A.Genetic linkage map of the interspecific grape rootstock cross Ramsey (Vitis champinii)× Riparia Gloire (Vitis riparia)[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2006,112(8):1582-1592.
[31]SALMASO M,MALACARNE G,TROGGIO M,FAES G,STEFANINI M,GRANDO M S,VELASCO R.A grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.) genetic map integrating the position of 139 expressed genes[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2008,116(8):1129-1143.
[32]BLASI P,BLANC S,WIEDEMANN-MERDINOGLU S,PRADO E,RÜHL E H,MESTRE P,MERDINOGLU D.Construction of a reference linkage map of Vitis amurensis and geneticmapping of Rpv8,a locus conferring resistance to grapevine downy mildew[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2011,123(1):43-53.
[33]SCHWANDER F,EIBACH R,FECHTER I,HAUSMANN L,ZYPRIAN E,TÖPFER R.Rpv10:A new locus from the Asian Vitis gene pool for pyramiding downy mildew resistance loci in grapevine[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2012,124(1):163-176.
[34]REX F,FECHTER I,HAUSMANN L,TÖPFER R.QTL mapping of black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) resistance in the grapevine rootstock‘Börner’(V.riparia Gm183×V.cinerea Arnold)[J].Theoretical And Applied Genetics,2014,127(7):1667-1677.
[35]PAP D,RIAZ S,DRY I B,JERMAKOW A,TENSCHER A C,CANTU D,OLÁH R,WALKER M A.Identification of two novel powdery mildew resistance loci,Ren6 and Ren7,from the wild Chinese grape species Vitis piasezkii[J].BMC Plant Biology,2016,16(1):170.
[36]ZYPRIAN E,OCHßNER I,SCHWANDER F,ŠIMON S,HAUSMANN L,BONOW- REX M,MORENO- SANZ P,GRANDO M S,WIEDEMANN-MERDINOGLU S,MERDINOGLU D,EIBACH R,TÖPFER R.Quantitative trait loci affecting pathogen resistance and ripening of grapevines[J].Molecular Genetics and Genomics,2016,291(4):1573-1594.
[37]KONO A,BAN Y,MITANI N,FUJII H,SATO S,SUZAKI K,AZUMA A,ONOUE N,SATO A.Development of SSR markers linked to QTL reducing leaf hair density and grapevine downy mildew resistance in Vitis vinifera[J].Molecular Breeding,2018,38(11):138.
[38]LEWTER J,WORTHINGTON M L,CLARK J R,VARANASI A V,NELSON L,OWENS C L,CONNER P,GUNAWAN G.High-density linkage maps and loci for berry color and flower sex in muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia)[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2019,132(5):1571-1585.
[39]SU K,XING H Y,GUO Y S,ZHAO F Y,LIU Z D,LI K,LI Y Y,GUO X W.High-density genetic linkage map construction and cane cold hardiness QTL mapping for Vitis based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing[J].BMC Genomics,2020,21(1):419.
[40]FU P N,TIAN Q Y,LAI G T,LI R F,SONG S R,LU J A.Cgr1,a ripe rot resistance QTL in Vitis amurensis‘Shuang Hong’grapevine[J].Horticulture Research,2019,6(1):67.
[41]LIN H,LENG H,GUO Y S,KONDO S,ZHAO Y H,SHI G L,GUO X W.QTLs and candidate genes for downy mildew resistance conferred by interspecific grape(V.vinifera L.×V.amurensis Rupr.) crossing[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2019,244:200-207.
[42]FU P N,WU W,LAI G T,LI R F,PENG Y C,YANG B H,WANG B,YIN L,QU J J,SONG S R,LU J.Identifying Plasmopara viticola resistance loci in grapevine (Vitis amurensis)via genotyping-by-sequencing-based QTL mapping[J].Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2020,154:75-84.
[43]BHATTARAI G,FENNELL A,LONDO J P,COLEMAN C,KOVACS L G.A novel grape downy mildew resistance locus from Vitis rupestris[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2021,72(1):12-20.
[44]LANDER E S,GREEN P,ABRAHAMSON J,BARLOW A,DALY M J,LINCOLN S E,NEWBURG L.MAPMAKER:An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations[J].Genomics,1987,1(2):174-181.
[45]FEECHAN A,ANDERSON C,TORREGROSA L,JERMAKOW A,MESTRE P,WIEDEMANN- MERDINOGLU S,MERDINOGLU D,WALKER A R,CADLE-DAVIDSON L,REISCH B,AUBOURG S,BENTAHAR N,SHRESTHA B,BOUQUET A,ADAM-BLONDON A F,THOMAS M R,DRY I B.Genetic dissection of a TIR-NB-LRR locus from the wild North American grapevine species Muscadinia rotundifolia identifies paralogous genes conferring resistance to major fungal and oomycete pathogens in cultivated grapevine[J].The Plant Journal,2013,76(4):661-674.
[46]WILLIAMS S J,YIN L,FOLEY G,CASEY L W,OUTRAM M A,ERICSSON D J,LU J A,BODEN M,DRY I B,KOBE B.Structure and function of the TIR domain from the grape NLR protein RPV1[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2016,7:1850.
[47]BELLIN D,PERESSOTTI E,MERDINOGLU D,WIEDEMANN-MERDINOGLU S,ADAM-BLONDON A F,CIPRIANI G,MORGANTE M,TESTOLIN R,DI GASPERO G.Resistance to Plasmopara viticola in grapevine‘Bianca’is controlled by a major dominant gene causing localised necrosis at the infection site[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2009,120(1):163-176.
[48]DI GASPERO G,COPETTI D,COLEMAN C,CASTELLARIN S D,EIBACH R,KOZMA P,LACOMBE T,GAMBETTA G,ZVYAGIN A,CINDRIĆ P,KOVÁCS L,MORGANTE M,TESTOLIN R.Selective sweep at the Rpv3 locus during grapevine breeding for downy mildew resistance[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2012,124(2):277-286.
[49]CASAGRANDE K,FALGINELLA L,CASTELLARIN S D,TESTOLIN R,DI GASPERO G.Defence responses in Rpv3-dependent resistance to grapevine downy mildew[J].Planta,2011,234(6):1097-1109.
[50]VENUTI S,COPETTI D,FORIA S,FALGINELLA L,HOFFMANN S,BELLIN D,CINDRIĆ P,KOZMA P,SCALABRIN S,MORGANTE M,TESTOLIN R,DI GASPERO G.Historical introgression of the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv12 from the Asian species Vitis amurensis into grapevine varieties[J].PLoS One,2013,8(4):e61228.
[51]OCHßNER I,HAUSMANN L,TÖPFER R.Rpv14,a new genetic source for Plasmopara viticola resistance conferred by Vitiscinerea[J].Vitis,2016,55(2):79-81.
[52]DIVILOV K,BARBA P,CADLE-DAVIDSON L,REISCH B I.Single and multiple phenotype QTL analyses of downy mildew resistance in interspecific grapevines[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2018,131(5):1133-1143.
[53]HOFFMANN S,DI GASPERO G,KOVÁCS L,HOWARD S,KISS E,GALBÁCS Z,TESTOLIN R,KOZMA P.Resistance to Erysiphe necator in the grapevine‘Kishmish Vatkana’is controlled by a single locus through restriction of hyphal growth[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2008,116(3):427-438.
[54]DALBÓ M A,YE G N,WEEDEN N F,WILCOX W F,REISCH B I.Marker-assisted selection for powdery mildew resistance in grapes[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2001,126(1):83-89.
[55]RIAZ S,TENSCHER A C,RAMMING D W,WALKER M A.Using a limited mapping strategy to identify major QTLs for resistance to grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and their use in marker-assisted breeding[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2011,122(6):1059-1073.
[56]BLANC S,WIEDEMANN- MERDINOGLU S,DUMAS V,MESTRE P,MERDINOGLU D.A reference genetic map of Muscadinia rotundifolia and identification of Ren5,a new major locus for resistance to grapevine powdery mildew[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2012,125(8):1663-1675.
[57]ZENDLER D,SCHNEIDER P,TÖPFER R,ZYPRIAN E.Fine mapping of Ren3 reveals two loci mediating hypersensitive response against Erysiphe necator in grapevine[J].Euphytica,2017,213(3):68.
[58]TEH S L,FRESNEDO- RAMÍREZ J,CLARK M D,GADOURY D M,SUN Q,CADLE-DAVIDSON L,LUBY J J.Genetic dissection of powdery mildew resistance in interspecific half-sib grapevine families using SNP-based maps[J].Molecular Breeding,2017,37(1):1.
[59]BARKER C L,DONALD T,PAUQUET J,RATNAPARKHE M B,BOUQUET A,ADAM-BLONDON A F,THOMAS M R,DRY I.Genetic and physical mapping of the grapevine powdery mildew resistance gene,Run1,using a bacterial artificial chromosome library[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2005,111(2):370-377.
[60]DONALD T M,PELLERONE F,ADAM-BLONDON A F,BOUQUET A,THOMAS M R,DRY I B.Identification of resistance gene analogs linked to a powdery mildew resistance locus in grapevine[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2002,104(4):610-618.
[61]KRIVANEK A F,RIAZ S,WALKER M A.Identification and molecular mapping of PdR1,a primary resistance gene to Pierce’s disease in Vitis[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2006,112(6):1125-1131.
[62]RIAZ S,TENSCHER A C,RUBIN J,GRAZIANI R,PAO S S,WALKER M A.Fine-scale genetic mapping of two Pierce’s disease resistance loci and a major segregation distortion region on chromosome 14 of grape[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2008,117(5):671-681.
[63]KUCZMOG A,GALAMBOS A,HORVÁTH S,MÁTAI A,KOZMA P,SZEGEDI E,PUTNOKY P.Mapping of crown gall resistance locus Rcg1 in grapevine[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2012,125(7):1565-1574.
[64]高晓铭,刘崇怀,张国海,张颖,姜建福,孙海生,樊秀彩.葡萄抗炭疽病QTL 的初步定位分析[J].园艺学报,2016,43(12):2442-2450.GAO Xiaoming,LIU Chonghuai,ZHANG Guohai,ZHANG Ying,JIANG Jianfu,SUN Haisheng,FAN Xiucai.Preliminary analysis of grape anthracnose resistance QTL[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2016,43(12):2442-2450.
[65]BARBA P,CADLE-DAVIDSON L,HARRIMAN J,GLAUBITZ J C,BROOKS S,HYMA K,REISCH B.Grapevine powdery mildew resistance and susceptibility loci identified on a high-resolution SNP map[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2014,127(1):73-84.
[66]NI J J,PUJAR A,YOUENS-CLARK K,YAP I,JAISWAL P,TECLE I,TUNG C W,REN L Y,SPOONER W,WEI X H,AVRAHAM S,WARE D,STEIN L,MCCOUCH S.Gramene QTL database:Development,content and applications[J].Database,2009,2009:bap005.
Research progress in genetic map construction and QTL mapping for disease resistance in grapevine