枳壳(Fructus aurantii,FA)为芸香科柑橘属植物酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.)及其栽培变种的干燥未成熟果实,是重要的药食同源植物,含有丰富的黄酮类等物质[1-2],药效成分柚皮苷和新橙皮苷具有止咳化痰、抗炎、抗氧化等药理作用[3-5],其含量是枳壳品质的重要判定标准之一。枳壳在江西、湖南、四川等地均有种植,其中以江西的产品为佳[6]。锌(Zn)是人类和植物生长发育所必需的微量元素[7-8],维持着人体的神经系统、免疫系统和内分泌激素系统[9],在植物光合作用、氮素同化、生长素代谢以及细胞分裂等方面发挥重要作用[10-12]。近年来,由于大量施用化肥、农田复种指数提高等因素,土壤中微量元素尤其是锌元素含量偏低,被认定为除氮、磷、钾外第4个限制产量的元素[13]。充足的养分是枳壳高产高效的前提,应根据土壤养分含量和枳壳的生长发育过程,在营养生长时期和生殖生长关键时期进行合理施肥。目前,全球近50%农田土壤存在缺锌的情况[14],江西枳壳产区是典型的酸性红壤,土壤中有效锌含量较低,而锌对作物产量和品质具有重要影响。因此,探究锌肥对枳壳产量和品质的影响,有助于指导生产实践,对枳壳增产提效具有重要意义,并且通过提高药食同源作物中微量元素的含量可以一定程度减轻人口面临的锌吸收不足的威胁。
锌对作物产量和品质具有重要影响的研究已有大量报道,氮锌和磷锌等大量元素与微量元素科学配施不仅可以提高锌肥有效性,还可以提高氮肥、磷肥利用率,促进作物生长和养分吸收转运,提高作物的产量[15-17]。锌肥对作物的增产提效的效果在多种作物上均有体现。基施锌肥后,马铃薯的病薯率和土传病害率显著降低,产量及其构成因素指标值显著提高[18];叶面喷施锌肥后,小麦种皮中氮含量、籽粒中锌含量显著增加,小麦的产量也显著提高[19];水稻苗期增施锌肥可提高根系活力,增强氮代谢,维持较高的干物质累积量[20];磷肥减施35%配施0.2%的硫酸锌溶液可显著提高蜜柚的产量和综合品质[21];增施锌肥可以使烤烟的品质得到提高,并且锌肥叶面喷施优于土壤施肥[22];锌、硼、钼3 种微肥适量配施对川白芷增产有显著的效果[23]。
近年来,枳壳的相关研究多数针对药效成分活性、药理作用、炮制方法与栽培技术[24-28],产量和品质相关的研究较少,在道地药材产区开展锌肥等微量元素对药食同源作物的产量和品质的研究更鲜有报道。笔者在本研究中通过在江西道地药材产区开展田间试验,测定枳壳的产量及其构成因子、药效成分累积量、单株锌累积量等指标,明确在幼果期和果实膨大期喷施锌肥对枳壳产量和品质的影响,为枳壳种植的养分优化管理和作物的提产增效提供理论依据。
试验于2022 年2—7 月分别在江西省新干县神政桥乡和樟树市中洲乡进行,两地均处于丘陵地带,属亚热带季风气候。新干试验点(E 115°26′57.3″,N 27°42′26.1″)海拔62 m,年平均气温18.6 ℃,全年无霜期约270 d,年平均降水量1 764.0 mm。樟树试验点(E 115°7′40.5″,N 27°56′6.4″)海拔43 m,平均气温17.2 ℃,全年无霜期270 d,平均降水量1 768.7 mm。试验地的种植制度以枳壳种植为主,土壤类型均为红壤,0~30 cm耕层土壤的基本理化性质见表1。
表1 试验前的土壤基础肥力
Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of soil before conducting the experiment
试验点Experimental field新干Xingan樟树Zhangshu w(有机质)Organic matter content/(g·kg-1)8.4 8.6 w(全氮)Total N content/(g·kg-1)0.4 0.4 w(碱解氮)Available N content/(mg·kg-1)23.1 154.2 w(有效磷)Olsen-P content/(mg·kg-1)7.2 1.5 w(速效钾)Rapidly available content/(mg·kg-1)69.1 56.3 w(有效锌)Available Zn content/(mg·kg-1)0.1 0.1 pH 6.8 5.7
供试作物:枸橘枳壳[Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.]为砧木,接穗为新香,树龄为5年生以上。枸橘枳壳抗病力强,耐寒,喜微酸性土壤;新香为香橙(C.junos Siebold ex Tanaka)通过芽变进行良种选育的新品种,是香橙类型的优良代表,具有高产和药效成分高的特点[2]。新香的特征为树形开放,枝无刺,便于田间管理。
供试锌肥:七水合硫酸锌(ZnSO4·7H2O,含Zn≥22%),由江西宝海微元再生科技生产。
田间试验采用随机区组设计,试验设2个处理,每个处理3次重复,选择生长基本一致的6株树作为1 个小区,头和尾各留1 株作为保护树(采样时避开此树),选择平坦、齐整、肥力均匀、代表性强的地块。各处理设置如下:处理1(对照,CF),常规施肥+幼果期叶面喷施清水+果实膨大期叶面喷施纯净水,不施锌肥;处理2(喷锌处理,+Zn),常规施肥+幼果期叶面喷施0.3%ZnSO4溶液+果实膨大期叶面喷施0.3%ZnSO4溶液。
枳壳4 月幼果期和6 月果实膨大期用压缩喷雾机对叶片和果实进行均匀喷施,每株树喷施3 L 溶液,对照组喷洒同体积蒸馏水。在2021年12月单株基施有机肥5 kg、复合肥(N、P2O5、K2O质量比15∶15∶15)1 kg,在4月幼果期单株施用尿素(N含量46.7%)0.4 kg,6月果实膨大期单株施用复合肥0.5 kg,株行距为4 m×4 m,其他田间管理措施(如灌溉、除草)与当地种植方式相同,于2022年7月8日收获采摘。
在7月枳壳采收期,分小区采收全部果实,从各树的树冠四周随机采集果实样品,每个小区抽取有代表性果实30 个,统计果实鲜质量、单株果数和单果质量。同时将30个代表性的果实切制后50 ℃烘干4~5 h,取出发汗10 h,再50 ℃烘干5 h,用于含水量、药效成分(柚皮苷、新橙皮苷)、养分(全氮、全磷、全钾、全锌、全铁、全锰)和重金属(砷、汞、铅、镉、铜)含量的测定。采用高效液相色谱法测定柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砷、汞、铅、镉、铜含量[29]。采用浓H2SO4-HNO3双酸消煮法测定全氮含量,采用钼锑抗比色法测定全磷含量,采用火焰光度计法测定全钾含量,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全锌、全铁和全锰含量[30]。
单株柚皮苷累积量(g·株-1)=柚皮苷含量(%)×单株果数(No.·株-1)×单果鲜质量(g)×(100-含水量)/104;
单株新橙皮苷累积量(g·株-1)=柚皮苷含量(%)×单株果数(No.·株-1)×单果鲜质量(g)×(100-含水量)/104;
单株全锌累积量(mg·株-1)=全锌含量(mg·kg-1)×单株果数(No.·株-1)×单果鲜质量(g)×(100-含水量)/105。
注:单株果数、单果鲜质量、果实直径、鲜果产量等数据均为各处理平均值。
采用Excel 2019 对数据进行统计分析和绘图,SPSS 17.0 进行单因素和双因素方差分析及相关性分析,用新复极差法(Duncan 法)进行显著性分析。
单株果数、单果鲜质量、果实直径和干物质累积量都是影响产量高低的重要指标。如表2 所示,枳壳的产地和增施锌肥处理对枳壳的产量及其构成因子无显著交互作用,但除施锌处理对果实直径的影响不显著外,产地与施锌处理对枳壳的产量及其构成因子单独影响效应均显著(p<0.05)。
表2 锌肥对枳壳的产量及其构成因子的影响
Table 2 Effects of zinc fertilizer on yields and its component factors of FA
注:同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p<0.05)。*.p<0.05;**.p<0.01;***.p<0.001;ns.差异不显著。下同。
Note: Different lowercase letters after data in the same column indicate significant difference between treatments (p<0.05).*. p<0.05; **. p<0.01;***.p<0.001;ns.No significant difference.The same below.
鲜果产量Fresh fruit yield/(kg·hm-2)3378±559 b 4131±132 a 1794±415 c 2958±645 b***ns试验点Experimental field新干Xingan樟树Zhangshu处理Treatment CF+Zn CF+Zn产地(C)Producing areas处理(T)Treatment产地×处理(C×T)Producing areas×Treatment单株果数Fruits per plant 110.3±10.2 a 119.7±5.4 a 29.2±6.2 c 45.4±7.7 b****ns单果鲜质量Fresh mass per fruit/g 60.0±5.2 c 69.2±3.2 b 86.4±2.0 a 91.5±3.9 a****ns果实直径Diameter of fruit/cm 5.2±0.2 b 5.5±0.2 b 7.2±0.3 a 7.3±0.0 a***ns ns单果干物质积累量Dry matter accumulation per fruit/g 16.3±0.9 c 21.4±1.0 b 26.3±1.1 a 28.4±1.6 a*****ns
新干与樟树产量及其构成因子之间存在极显著差异(p<0.01),在同一施锌量下,新干的单株果数和产量显著高于樟树,单果鲜质量、果实直径和单果干物质累积量均显著低于樟树。增施锌肥后,新干的单果鲜质量、单果干物质积累量和产量显著提高,樟树的单株果数和产量显著提高。施锌后,新干的单果鲜质量为69.2 g,高于对照组15.3%;产量为4131 kg·hm-2,高于对照组22.3%;单果干物质积累量为21.4 g,高于对照组31.2%。增施锌肥后,樟树的单株果数为45 个,高于对照组55.2%,产量为2958 kg·hm-2,高于对照组64.9%。结果表明,本试验条件下,叶面喷施适量锌可以显著增加枳壳的产量。
从图1 可知,产地对单果和单株药效成分累积量均有极显著影响(p<0.01或p<0.001);除了单果新橙皮苷累积量外,增施锌肥对枳壳的单果和单株药效成分累积量均有显著影响(p<0.05)。增施锌肥后,新干和樟树的单株柚皮苷累积量均显著提高,分别高于对照组51.3%和68.8%;新干的单株新橙皮苷累积量显著提高,高于对照组55.6% ;樟树的单株新橙皮苷累积量高于对照组51.9%。在单果药效成分累积量方面,仅有新干的单果柚皮苷和新橙皮苷累积量在施肥后显著提高。施肥后,新干的单果柚皮苷累积量和单果新橙皮苷累积量分别为1.2 g 和0.8 g,分别高出对照组37.6%和41.4%。结果显示,增施锌肥后,新干的单果和单株柚皮苷、新橙皮苷累积量显著提高。
图1 锌肥对枳壳的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷累积量的影响
Fig.1 Effect of zinc fertilizer on accumulation of naringin and neohesperidin in FA
不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。图上方的C 代表产地,T 代表处理,C×T 代表产地与处理的交互作用。下同。
Different lowercase letters represent significantly different among treatments(P rates)in the same cropping year(p<0.05).At the top of the figure,C represents the place of origin, T represents the treatment, and C×T represents the interaction between the place of origin and the treatment.The same below.
叶面喷施锌肥对新干和樟树的单株锌累积量均有显著影响(p<0.05)(图2-A~B),2 个产地的枳壳锌肥利用率无显著差异。施锌肥后,新干和樟树的单株锌累积量均显著提高,新干的单株锌累积量为28.0 mg·株-1,高于对照组61.2%;樟树的单株锌累积量为7.9 mg·株-1,高于对照组71.4%。新干各处理的单株锌累积量均大于樟树各处理的单株锌累积量。结果表明,增施锌肥后,枳壳的锌累积量显著提高。
图2 锌肥对枳壳的单株全锌累积量的影响
Fig.2 Effect of zinc fertilizer on total zinc accumulation per plant in FA
A.新干;B.樟树。
A.Xingan;B.Zhangshu.
两枳壳产地的单株锌累积量与产量和药效成分指标的相关性分析见表3。除单果柚皮苷累积量和单果新橙皮苷累积量外,新干和樟树的单株锌累积量均与产量及其构成因子、单株药效成分累积量呈显著正相关(p<0.05 或p<0.01)。结果表明,提高枳壳的单株锌累积量有助于枳壳产量的提升和药效成分的积累,并且不同产地的枳壳提升的效果不一样,樟树的产量和单株药效成分累积量随单株锌累积量的升高而显著升高。
表3 单株全锌累积量与产量和品质指标的相关性分析
Table 3 Correlation analysis of total zinc accumulation per plant with yield and quality index
试验点Experimental field新干Xingan樟树Zhangshu鲜果产量Fresh fruit yields 0.868*0.971**单株果数Fruits per plant 0.851*0.980**单果鲜质量Fresh mass per fruit 0.821*0.871**单株柚皮苷累积量Naringin accumulation per plant 0.849*0.95**单株新橙皮苷累积量Neohesperidin accumulation per plant 0.815*0.945**单果柚皮苷累积量Naringin accumulation per fruit 0.692 0.638单果新橙皮苷累积量Neohesperidin accumulation per fruit 0.681 0.401
枳壳的重金属含量如表4 所示,除了铜和铅元素外,砷、汞和镉元素均未被检测出。新干和樟树的铜元素含量在施肥前后无显著差异,仅有新干在增施锌肥后检测出铅元素。增施锌肥前后,铜含量无显著差异,各重金属元素含量均未超标。
表4 锌肥对枳壳的重金属含量的影响
Table 4 Effect of zinc fertilizer on heavy metal content in FA
试验点Experimental field新干Xingan w(铅)Pb content/(mg·kg-1)-0.32 w(砷)As content/(mg·kg-1)w(汞)Hg content/(mg·kg-1)w(镉)Cd content/(mg·kg-1)樟树Zhangshu处理Treatment CF+Zn CF+Zn w(铜)Cu content/(mg·kg-1)3.5±0.1 a 3.8±0.6 a 1.8±0.2 b 1.8±0.1 b--------------
如表5 所示,枳壳产地和增施锌肥处理对枳壳的养分和药效成分含量无显著交互作用;产地对枳壳全锌、全铁含量的单独影响效应均为极显著(p<0.001),对枳壳全锰含量的单独影响效应为显著(p<0.05);增施锌处理对全氮和全铁含量的单独影响效应为显著(p<0.05)。新干和樟树的全氮、全磷、全钾、全锰、柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量在增施锌肥前后均无显著差异。新干和樟树的全铁含量在增施锌肥后均降低,增施锌肥后,新干和樟树的全铁含量分别为14.7 mg·kg-1 和17.2 mg·kg-1,与对照相比,分别降低6.4%和11.8%;施锌后,新干和樟树的水分含量均为9.0%,与对照相比,分别降低29.7%和6.3%。新干的全锌含量在施锌后显著提高,高于对照组15.8%,樟树的全锌含量在施肥前后无显著变化。
表5 枳壳的养分含量和药效成分含量
Table 5 Content of nutrients and pharmacoactive components in FA
试验点Experimental field新干Xingan处理Treatment CF+Zn CF+Zn w(全氮)Total N content/(g·kg-1)13.2±0.5 a 12.5±1.3 a 13.2±0.3 a 12.8±0.3 a ns樟树Zhangshu产地(C)Producing areas处理(T)Treatment产地×处理(C×T)Producing areas×Treatment w(全磷)Total P content/(g·kg-1)0.4±0.1 a 0.4±0.2 a 0.3±0.0 a 0.3±0.0 a ns w(全钾)Total K content/(g·kg-1)115.5±9.3 a 108.0±14.3 a 70.5±3.2 b 65.1±9.2 b ns w(全锌)Total Zn content/(mg·kg-1)9.6±0.7 b 11.0±0.4 a 6.0±0.6 c 6.2±0.4 c***w(全铁)Total Fe content/(mg·kg-1)15.7±2.8 ab 14.7±2.4 c 19.5±1.7 a 17.2±1.2 ab***w(全锰)Total Mn content/(mg·kg-1)7.5±0.7 a 9.8±3.0 a 8.4±0.1 a 8.5±2.4 a*水分Moisture/%12.8±0.9 a 9.0±2.8 b 9.6±1.2 ab 9.0±0.6 b ns w(柚皮苷)Naringin content/%5.3±1.0 a 5.5±0.4 a 5.2±0.4 a 5.1±0.2 a ns w(新橙皮苷)Neohesperidin content/%3.5±0.6 a 3.8±0.4 a 3.8±0.2 a 3.4±0.2 a ns ns ns ns ns *ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
在前人的研究中,锌肥能够提高作物的产量已在多种作物中被证实,但大多为粮食作物,如小麦[31]、马铃薯[18]和水稻[32-33]等作物,且多以土壤基施的形式施用,需要施用锌肥量较多,易造成一定程度的资源浪费,因此笔者采用叶面喷施的方法,探究锌肥对中药材枳壳产量的影响。枳壳为芸香科柑橘属植物,一年中多次抽发新梢,充足的养分是枳壳正常生长发育和高产优质的保证。Li 等[34]研究发现低水平的锌处理能够促进作物叶绿素的合成,提高光合能力,增加干物质积累量,最终促进增产;路强等[35]研究发现增施2%硫酸锌更有利于增加胡萝卜产量、提高矿质元素含量,结果均与本研究结果相符,增施锌肥后,枳壳的单株干物质积累量显著增加。
此外,笔者在本研究中发现,增施锌肥后,枳壳的产量显著提高,并且不同产地的枳壳产量增加的来源不同。增施锌肥后,新干的单果鲜质量显著增加,其余产量构成因子不变,樟树则是单株果数显著增加,其余产量构成因子不变。锌肥用量在一定范围内,能有效提高作物产量,可能是由于锌参与了光合作用以及碳水化合物的转化,充足的锌能够提高植物的光合效率,影响植物的生长发育,进而提高作物的产量[36-37]。此外,锌还与氮、磷等元素具有协同作用,增施锌肥后,作物的根长和根系活力显著增加,能够促进养分从根系向地上部运转,进而加强干物质的合成和积累[38-39],刘智蕾等[20]研究表明,苗期增加施锌量能够增强作物对锌的吸收,增强氮代谢,促进氮和干物质的积累,从而提高水稻的产量。这也与本文研究结果一致,试验结果表明,增施锌肥后,新干和樟树的单株全锌累积量分别高于对照组61.2%和71.4%,单果干物质积累量分别高于对照组20.2%和6.6%。
根据《药典(2020年版)》标准,枳壳的药效成分主要为柚皮苷和新橙皮苷,其含量不得低于4%和3%,本试验中枳壳施肥前后的药效成分含量均达到合格以上水平。柚皮苷和新橙皮苷均属于黄酮类次生代谢物,黄酮类物质的合成由苯丙氨酸和苯丙烷催化转化生成[40]。通过KEGG 数据库(https://www.genome.jp/kegg)可知,柚皮苷和新橙皮苷均由柚皮素转化生成,而柚皮素的合成受苯丙烷生物合成途径影响,苯丙烷被香豆酸酰基辅酶A 和柚皮苷查尔酮催化后生成柚皮素[41-42],在大多数植物中,苯丙烷的合成代谢途径始于上游糖酵解途径和莽草酸途径共同产生的苯丙氨酸[43-44]。由于糖酵解途径是葡萄糖分解的第二阶段,笔者推测锌参与了光合作用促进糖类的合成,进而给后续苯丙氨酸的合成提供了充足的前体糖类物质,因而促进柚皮素的合成,最后转化为大量的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷。
本研究中,增施锌肥后枳壳的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量无显著差异,但是新干和樟树单株柚皮苷、新橙皮苷累积量均显著升高,分别高出对照组37.6%和41.4%。新干的单果柚皮苷、新橙皮苷含量高出对照组25.8%和29.3%,樟树的单果柚皮苷、新橙皮苷累积量无显著差异。这可能是由于增施锌肥后,枳壳的药效成分总积累量增加,但樟树的单株果数也显著增加,因此,樟树柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的合成前体物质被分配至各个生殖器官中,进而导致柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的单果累积量和含量与对照相比无显著差异,但单株累积量却显著升高。虽然已有较多学者对枳壳进行了黄酮类物质的药理学研究,但缺少营养元素尤其是微量元素对黄酮类物质生物合成影响的相关研究,目前,锌对枳壳中黄酮类物质的积累和生物合成的影响机制仍未明晰。因此,锌对柚皮苷和新橙皮苷含量和累积量的影响机制和通路仍需进一步研究。
研究表明,叶面喷施锌肥后,新干和樟树的锌肥利用率无显著差异,但单株锌累积量均显著提高,为82.2 mg·株-1和23.2 mg·株-1,分别高于对照组44.9%和70.0%,这可能是由于叶面喷施锌肥能够较容易地将锌运输到果实中[45]。说明适量喷施锌肥,可以显著提升枳壳的锌累积量。并且新干的单株锌累积量高于樟树的单株锌累积量,说明了不同产地的枳壳锌富集程度不同。
本研究条件下,叶面喷施锌肥可提高枳壳的产量、单株药效成分积累量和单株锌积累量,且全锌累积量与产量、产量构成因子和单株药效成分累积量呈显著正相关。此外,不同产地的枳壳存在显著性差异,樟树的产量和单株药效成分积累量等指标在喷施锌肥后显著提高,但新干的产量和单株药效成分积累量等指标整体高于樟树。
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Effects of zinc fertilizer on yields and quality of Fructus aurantii