抗寒早熟杏新品种吉露的选育

张艳波1,陈 蕾1,王雪松1,赵晨辉1,唐永川2,崔 龙1,宋宏伟1,张冰冰1*

1吉林省农业科学院,长春 130033;2吉林市园艺特产协会,吉林 102101)

摘 要:吉露杏是以龙垦2号杏为母本,骆驼黄杏为父本人工杂交育成。平均单果质量47.2 g,果实为卵圆形,果皮红,果肉黄,肉质硬溶,果汁含量多,香气浓,纤维中,离核,甜仁,缝合线浅,果顶平。总糖含量8.28%,总酸含量0.83%,可溶性固形物含量13.0%。树姿半开张,树势中庸,生长势中。4月上旬至中旬花芽萌动,4月下旬开花(公主岭),花期持续5~7 d。露地栽培7月上旬果实成熟,果实发育期约65 d。吉林省无霜期≥125 d,≥10 ℃有效积温2700 ℃以上地区可引种或试栽。

关键词:杏;新品种;吉露;抗寒;早熟

杏属蔷薇科(Rosaceae)杏属(Armeniaca Mill.),为我国原产果树树种之一[1],我国杏新品种选育早期,主要进行地方优良品种的筛选及直接推广利用。从20 世纪80 年代开始进行杏杂交育种工作,各科研单位相继选育出诸多优良品种,例如石家庄果树研究所育成的鲜食加工兼用新品种冀光[2]、金辉[3]。李锋等[4]研究了普通杏与中国李种间杂交的亲和性,黑龙江省农业科学院相继选育出的龙园黄杏、牡红杏和龙园甜杏等品种,丰富了寒地果树种类,为寒地杏栽培提供了适宜的品种选择。目前,吉林省尚无审(认)定的鲜食杏品种,栽培以地方品种为主,普遍存在果实品质欠佳、耐贮运性较差等问题,严重制约了吉林省杏产业的发展。

1 选育经过

吉露杏(图1)为吉林省农业科学院果树研究所以龙垦2 号杏为母本、骆驼黄杏为父本进行人工杂交选育而成。龙垦2号果实为桃形,单质量45 g,最大单果质量80 g,果皮金黄,盖色红色,果肉橙红,多汁,离核,可溶性固形物含量9%~15%,生长势强,丰产;骆驼黄果实圆形,平均单果质量49.5 g,最大单果质量78 g,果面澄黄,盖色暗红,果肉橙黄色,汁多有香气,黏核,可溶性固形含量物11.5%,生长势强,丰产。1992年开展杂交工作,当年获杂交种112粒,1993 年播种,获杂交苗82 株。因土地使用问题,1997年移栽1次,于2004年开始结果。2010年进行初选(代号为92-2-6),该品系具有早熟、优质、甜仁等优点,2011 年转接观察,2014 年开始开展区域试验。2022年8月25日,通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会认定(品种编号:吉认果2022001)

图1 抗寒早熟杏新品种吉露
Fig.1 A new cold resistant and early ripening apricot cultivar Jilu

2 主要性状

2.1 果实主要经济性状

平均单果质量47.2 g,纵径4.83 cm,侧径4.35 cm,横径4.87 cm。果皮底色黄,盖色红、着色方式片红。果肉黄,肉质硬溶,果汁含量多,香气中,纤维中,离核。平均可溶性固形物含量13.0%,总糖含量8.28%,总酸含量0.83%。鲜食品质上。

2.2 植物学特征

吉露树姿为半开张,树势中庸,生长势中庸。枝条红褐色,一年生枝长度平均98 cm。叶片圆形,叶尖突尖,叶基截形,叶片长6.49 cm,宽6.03 cm,叶柄2.55 cm。花瓣白色。高接后第2年开始结果,高接第5 年产量为22 200 kg·hm-2,比母本龙垦2 号(19 300 kg·hm-2)增产15%。

2.3 生物学特性

4 月上中旬花芽萌动,下旬开花,花期持续5~7 d。7月初果实成熟。果实生长发育期约65 d。4月下旬叶芽萌动,5 月上旬展叶,10 月下旬至11 月上旬落叶。抗寒性较强(0级;无冻害),优于母本龙垦2号(1级:髓或原生质部有冻害,其他组织无冻害),抗褐腐病、细菌性穿孔病。嫁接苗定植后第3 年结果。由表1 可知,吉露果实成熟期、平均单果质量、总糖含量、可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量和果实香气均优于当地主栽品种龙垦2号。

表1 吉露杏与当地主栽杏品种比较
Table 1 Comparison between Jilu apricot and local planted apricot cultivars

品种Cultivar吉露Jilu龙垦2号Longken 2树姿Tree posture半开张Half open半开张Half open成熟期Fruit ripening 07-04 07-10平均单果质量Average fruit mass/g 47.2 44.2 w(总糖)Total sugar content/%8.28 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%13.0 12.8 w(总酸)Total acid content/%0.83果实香气Fruit aroma浓Strong中Medium

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 园址选择

杏树耐旱、耐瘠薄。适合壤土和砂壤土栽植。避免在洼地、谷底、风口和核果类重茬地块建园。

3.2 栽植

北方寒冷地区适合春栽,参考密度为(2.5~3)m×(3~4)m,定植穴直径、深度均为80 cm。栽植前施入有机肥,并与土拌匀,再将表土和200 g二胺混匀施入至坑中部。选取健壮嫁接苗,栽植前剪根、浸泡,栽植后踩实、浇水。

3.3 土、肥、水管理

果园及时除草,现代标准化果园可以采取果园地布覆盖、植草覆盖。春季开花前、新梢旺长期(生理落果期)各追肥1 次,肥料种类以速效氮肥为主,施肥量视土壤肥力和结果量而定,果实转色初期施磷钾肥。每次施肥后灌一次水,果实转色期后减少水量,提高品质,防止裂果。果实采收后根据树体需求施入适量有机肥。

3.4 整形修剪

树形一般选择杯状形和自然开心形,栽植当年定干,高度约60 cm,杯状形选留3~4个方向不同、分布均匀的枝条作为主枝,夏季抹芽或疏枝,第2年夏季重复抹芽和疏枝,冬季在主枝两侧发生的侧枝中选留2个方向合适的延长枝,一个短截一个甩放(上一年的甩放枝在70~80 cm 处回缩)。如此重复5 a即可成形。自然开心形第二年一般剪留70~80 cm。第一侧枝距离主干50~60 cm,两边交错培养侧枝,距离也为50~60 cm。杯状形第二年一般剪留70~80 cm,每枝选留两个分枝,交替短截、甩放。

3.5 花果管理

疏花从蕾期开始,疏除结果枝基部花,中上部只留单花。疏果在花后20~30 d 进行,首先疏除不良果、畸形果,再依据果实大小、枝条强弱、树势和空间决定留果量。短果枝留一两个发育好的果,间距4 cm左右。

3.6 病(虫)害防治

注意防治食心虫、介壳虫、红颈天牛、蚜虫。

参考文献:

[1] 张加延.李杏飘香[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013:7.ZHANG Jiayan.Fragrance of plum and apricot[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2013:7.

[2] 赵习平,柴菊华,杨莉,常振田,林裕益,杨云.鲜食加工兼用杏新品种‘冀光’[J].园艺学报,2002,29(2):189.ZHAO Xiping,CHAI Juhua,YANG Li,CHANG Zhentian,LIN Yuyi,YANG Yun.‘Jiguang’:A new table and processing apricot cultivar[J].Acta Horticulture Sinica,2002,29(2):189.

[3] 武晓红,王端,陈雪峰,刘志琨,赵习平,季文章,袁立勇,张宪成,唐焕英,景晨娟.早熟杏新品种金辉的选育[J].果树学报,2022,39(1):144-147.WU Xiaohong,WANG Duan,CHEN Xuefeng,LIU Zhikun,ZHAO Xiping,JI Wenzhang,YUAN Liyong,ZHANG Xiancheng,TANG Huanying,JING Chenjuan.Jinhui,a new early ripening apricot cultivar[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2022,39(1):144-147.

[4] 李锋,张凤芬,曹希俊,张冰玉.李、杏及杂种间远缘杂交和亲和性研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1995(4):36-39.LI Feng,ZHANG Fengfen,CAO Xijun,ZHANG Bingyu. Studies on the distant hybridization and offinity of the hybrid between the plum and apricot[J]. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,1995(4):36-39.

A new cold resistant and early ripening apricot cultivar Jilu

ZHANG Yanbo1, CHEN Lei1, WANG Xuesong1, ZHAO Chenhui1, TANG Yongchuan2, CUI Long1,SONG Hongwei1,ZHANG Bingbing1*
(1Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China;2Jilin City Horticultural Specialty Association, Jilin 102101,Jilin,China)

Abstract: Jilu is a new early maturing cultivar derived from the hybrids of Nongken 2 (female parent)and Luotuohuang(male parent).112 hybrid seeds were obtained in 1992,and they were sowed in 1993,and 82 hybrid seedlings were obtained.The strain(code 92-2-6)was selected in 2010 for the advantages of early maturity, high quality, sweet kernel, etc. It was propagated by top grafting for further observation in 2011, and the regional trials wer carried out in 2014 in Gongzhuling, Changchun, Panshi and Jilin. The production trials were carried out in 2017, and tree yield experiments were carried out in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The tree is medium in size. The tree form is half open, the annual branches are reddish-brown,with an average length of 98 cm,with round leaves,sharp tips,and truncated leaf bases.The petals are white. The bud burst date is early April and flowering date is late April in Gongzhuling area.The blooming date is the middle of April(Gongzhuling),and the fruit development period is about 65 days. It is an early maturing variety, with strong resistance to cold, brown rot and bacterial perforation.The fruit is oval,with an average weight of 47.2 g,longitudinal diameter of 4.83 cm,lateral diameter of 4.35 cm and transverse diameter of 4.87 cm.The fruit has flat apex and shallow sutures.The base color of fruit peel is yellow, the cover color is red, and the coloring mode is red. The flesh is yellow,hard,soluble,juicy,with medium aroma,medium fiber and freestone.The average soluble solid content is 13.0%,soluble sugar 8.28%and titratable acid 0.83%.The flavor is sweet sour,and the quality is excellent.In Jilin Province,it could be introduced for trial planting in the areas with frost free period over 125 days,effective accumulated temperature(over 10 ℃)over 2700 ℃.

Key words:Apricot;New cultivar;Jilu;Cold resistant;Early ripening

中图分类号:S662.3

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)05-1048-03

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220562

收稿日期2022-10-18

接受日期:2022-11-23

基金项目吉林省重点研发计划项目(20200402081NC)

作者简介张艳波,男,研究员,研究方向为李杏育种与栽培。Tel:18629842061,E-mail:zybjlgs@126.com