基于转录组测序筛选新疆野苹果组培苗应答冻害谷胱甘肽代谢相关的基因

苏永峰,刘俐君,马红喜,袁引燕,张德恩,鲁晓燕*

(石河子大学农学院·特色果蔬栽培生理与种质资源利用兵团重点实验室,新疆 石河子 832000)

摘 要:【目的】探索新疆野苹果组培苗谷胱甘肽代谢对冻害胁迫的响应,筛选新疆野苹果谷胱代谢相关应答冻害基因,解析新疆野苹果组培苗抗冻的可能作用方式。【方法】以单株系的新疆野苹果组培苗为研究对象,在-3 ℃模拟冻害条件下,观察及检测CK、T6h、T12h、T36h、HF24h处理新疆野苹果组培苗的形态、荧光参数Fv/Fm值、相对电导率及丙二醛、过氧化氢、还原性谷胱甘肽含量,并对对照、T6h、T12h 3个处理的幼苗叶片进行转录组测序分析。【结果】使用-3 ℃模拟冻害对新疆野苹果组培苗进行胁迫,处理12 h时新疆野苹果组培苗叶尖卷缩,处理36 h时整个植株完全萎蔫,在HF24h时萎蔫的植株完全恢复;与对照相比,随着冻害处理时间的延长,相对电导率及丙二醛、过氧化氢、还原性谷胱甘肽含量显著上升,荧光参数Fv/Fm值显著下降。在HF24h,相对电导率、丙二醛、过氧化氢的含量相比T36h呈现下降趋势,荧光参数恢复到与对照相当,还原性谷胱甘肽含量相比T36h没有显著变化。利用KEGG数据库对转录组数据进行分析,筛选到18 个谷胱甘肽代谢途(map00480)差异基因,分别注释为GGCT、GSS、GGT1_5、CARP、speE 和IDH1。它们参与GSH的降解与合成、GSH与GSSG的动态平衡和GSH消除氧化电位高的物质反应中。【结论】新疆野苹果组培苗在-3 ℃模拟冻害条件下,随着处理时间的延长,新疆野苹果组培苗受到的伤害不断加深,恢复处理24 h后,组培苗有显著的恢复,在转录组水平,基因GSTGPX显著上调表达,表明新疆野苹果可以通过GSH代谢抵御低温胁迫。

关键词:新疆野苹果组培苗;冻害胁迫;谷胱甘肽代谢;转录组

中国是世界上最大的苹果生产和消费国,苹果种植面积和产量均超过世界总量的50%[1]。中国的自然地理、生态环境和气候条件复杂多样,且苹果种植产区分布广泛,每年都可能在不同地域发生霜冻、寒潮、低温冻害、冰雹、雨涝、大风、干旱等自然灾害,因此中国苹果生产经常面临各种自然灾害的威胁[2]。新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)又称塞威士苹果,是现代栽培苹果的祖先,种群遗传多样性丰富,具有抗寒、抗旱、抗盐碱等优良特性[3]。因此,研究新疆野苹果抗寒性以及挖掘抗寒性相关的基因,对苹果的抗寒育种和产业的健康发展具有重要的现实意义。

谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)在1929 年由Hopkins 最早发现并予以命名[4-5],为谷氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸组成的三肽[6]。植物细胞内GSH 的合成通常发生于细胞质、叶绿体和线粒体中[7-8]。谷胱甘肽是一种重要的抗氧化剂,参与AsA-GSH 循环[9]。在AsA-GSH 循环中,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)以抗坏血酸(AsA)为电子供体催化过氧化氢(H2O2)还原为水,脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)利用谷胱甘肽提供的电子将脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)还原为AsA[10-11],其次是GSH 调控酶促抗氧化剂,间接参与ROS 清除[12]。当植物受到胁迫时,还原型谷胱甘肽与蛋白质的半胱氨酸巯基形成二硫化物使得蛋白质自身谷胱甘肽化[13]。蛋白质谷胱甘肽化可保护蛋白免受其活性氧诱导的不可逆的氧化,从而调节蛋白的活性[14],植物电子信号传输过程中GSH/GSSG 可以作为氧化形式和还原形式的电子载体以达到氧化还原平衡状态,对水杨酸[15](SA)、茉莉酸[16](JA)、脱落酸[17](ABA)和乙烯[18](ET)信号分子参与的植物防御反应进行调控。谷胱甘肽代谢中的3 个重要的酶类,即谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)活性的变化与植物对环境胁迫的抗性密切相关[19],植物中的谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)催化氧化型谷胱甘肽(oxidized glutathione disulfide,GSSG)生成还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH);对维持细胞内高GSH/GSSG 比率有重要作用[20]。在低温、高温、干旱、高盐胁迫过程中,油菜谷胱甘肽还原酶发挥重要作用。其中GR1GR2 基因的转录以及GR 活性水平明显上升[21]。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)是生物机体内重要的抗氧化酶之一,它可以消除机体内的过氧化氢及脂质过氧化物,阻断活性氧自由基对机体的进一步损伤,是生物体内重要的活性氧自由基清除剂[22],在毛竹抗低温和强光中,毛竹叶片中PeGPXs 表达量发生明显变化[23]。植物谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)的主要功能是解除外界以及内源代谢有毒产物的伤害[24]GST 过表达能提高烟草对ROS 以及重金属Cd2+的清除能力,从而增强烟草对干旱、镉、NaCl 的耐受能力[25],在植物耐受不同环境胁迫中发挥重要保护作用,这表明它们在植物应对胁迫过程中具有重要的作用。关于冻害条件下新疆野苹果谷胱甘肽代谢机制的研究较少。笔者在本研究中以单株系的新疆野苹果组培苗为材料,在笔者课题组前期研究的基础上,筛选冻害与新疆野苹果组培苗谷胱甘肽代谢相关的基因,以期为解析新疆野苹果组培苗响应冻害的分子机制提供参考。

1 材料和方法

试验于2021年1月至2022年3月在石河子大学农学院园艺系特色果蔬栽培生理与种质资源利用兵团重点实验室进行。

1.1 试验材料及处理

新疆野苹果种子来自新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州霍城县。种子经过层积处理,种植在5 cm×10 cm的穴盘中,当实生苗长至6~8 片叶时,以顶端2~3 cm 茎段为外植体进行组织培养。参考何晨晨等[26]的方法进行培养基的配制,每隔1个月继代1次,选取增殖较好的单株系丛生芽进行生根培养,培养60 d 后选择生长一致的组培苗进行处理,组培苗均在人工气候培养箱(RXZ 智能型,宁波江南仪器厂)中培养,培养条件均为:光照度5 000 lx、昼25 ℃/14 h、夜23 ℃/10 h,相对湿度75%。

-3 ℃模拟冻害试验处理参考范宗民等[27]的方法,在人工改造的冰箱(容声BD/BC-310MS)中进行处理,冰箱内的条件为:光照度5 000 lx、昼25 ℃/14 h、夜23 ℃/10 h,相对湿度75%。以25 ℃下培养的材料为对照(CK),温度从25 ℃开始以4 ℃·h-1降温至-3 ℃,在-3 ℃模拟冻害条件下处理6 h、12 h、36 h(分别记为T6h、T12h、T36h),-3 ℃处理36 h 后立即放到25 ℃培养箱恢复24 h(HF24h),共5 个处理,每个处理6株苗,3次重复,观察不同处理的形态变化及测定生理指标,利用R语言与Excel处理数据以及绘图。

1.2 生理指标的测定

采用慢速荧光成像系统(MAX-Imaging-PAM,WALZ,德国)测定光系统Ⅱ的最大量子产量(Fv/Fm);相对电导率参照李合生[28]的方法测定;丙二醛含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定;过氧化氢含量采用二甲基橙法测定;谷胱甘肽含量采用DTNB显色法测定。

1.3 谷胱甘肽相关差异基因筛选

笔者课题组前期将温度从25 ℃开始以4 ℃·h-1降温至-3 ℃,在-3 ℃模拟冻害条件下处理6 h、12 h的新疆野苹果组培苗和对照进行转录组测序[29],基于负二项分布原理的DEseq2 方法进行DEGs 的检测,将Q-value≤0.05(adjusted P-value≤0.05)的基因定义为显著差异表达基因,将每个处理相对CK差异倍数绝对值为1.5 以上的DEGs 定义为极显著差异表达基因。登录KEGG 数据库,获取谷胱甘肽代谢通路基因,然后将在KEGG 数据库获得的谷胱甘肽代谢相关基因与转录组数据KEGG注释文件进行比对,从而筛选出转录组数据中有显著表达谷胱甘肽代谢的相关基因进行分析。

1.4 谷胱甘肽相关差异表达基因qRT-PCR验证

根据笔者课题组前期试验选择UBQ 为内参基因[26],利用Primer 3设计qRT-PCR引物,引物合成由上海生物工程公司完成(表1)。以不同处理的新疆野苹果组培苗叶片RNA 为模板,参照ABM 公司反转试剂盒说明书合成cDNA。qRT-PCR 按照Green Real time PCR Master MIX 试剂盒(TOYOBO,日本)进行,基因表达量采用相对定量2-ΔΔCT法,即log2(T/CK)分析。

表1 谷胱甘肽代谢相关差异表达基因qRT-PCR 引物序列
Table 1 qRT-PCR primer sequences for differentially expressed genes related to glutathione metabolism

基因ID Gene ID Msi_11B013970 Msi_06A008160 Msi_09B008290 Msi_11A024060 Msi_17B006200 BGI_novel_G001892 Msi_10A018630 Msi_03A025150 UBQ引物名称Primer name Msi_11B013970-F Msi_11B013970-R Msi_06A008160-F Msi_06A008160-R Msi_09B008290-F Msi_09B008290-R Msi_11A024060-F Msi_11A024060-R Msi_17B006200-F Msi_17B006200-R BGI_novel_G001892-F BGI_novel_G001892-R Msi_10A018630-F Msi_10A018630-R Msi_03A025150-F Msi_03A025150-R UBQ-F UBQ-R引物序列(5’–3’)Forward primer sequence(5’–3’)AATCTGCTCCCAAATCCG ACACCAGTGCCTCCTTCA TCGCCGCTTCATCTGCTTC CATTTGTCCCTGGCTCCTG CAGATGACCTGAGCCTACAAA TACGCATATCCAACCACAAAA CATTGAATCTGTGGGTC ATTGTTCGCATCTGTAA ATAGCGGAGGCTTATGATGTA TCAATACTCTTTGCACGGATC TTCTAGTAGCCATAAATGACGAAAG GAAGCAGCCTAAACGGGAG GAAACTTTGATGCGTCTT TGTGGCTATTATTCTTGC TTGGCTGTGGTTCTTGATGT ATGTATGGTGGGAAGGTGGT CTCCGTGGTGGTTTTTAAGT GGAGGCAGAAACAGTACCAT

2 结果与分析

2.1 冻害对新疆野苹果组培苗形态的影响

如图1 所示,对-3 ℃低温胁迫下新疆野苹果组培苗的形态进行观察,发现与CK相比,在T6h,植株的叶形、叶色未见明显变化;在T12h,新疆野苹果组培苗顶部叶片边缘出现反卷,叶色变暗,顶梢嫩叶可见萎蔫;在T36h,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片萎蔫下垂,叶色进一步变暗;在HF24h,萎蔫卷曲的叶片舒展,叶色也由暗变亮,恢复后叶片出现褐色小斑点。

图1 冻害胁迫后新疆野苹果组培苗形态
Fig.1 Changes of morphological of Malus sieversii seedlings in vitro under freezing stress

2.2 冻害对新疆野苹果组培苗叶绿素荧光的影响

叶绿素荧光技术能够快速无损地检测作物叶片对环境胁迫的敏感性。其颜色依次从粉红、蓝、绿、橙、黑色表示植物受到的胁迫越重,对应的Fv/Fm数值范围为1~0(图2-A),当Fv/Fm下降时,代表植物受到了胁迫。由图2-A 可见,与CK 相比,新疆野苹果组培苗在-3 ℃模拟冻害条件下处理不同时间段,再到室温恢复24 h,幼苗叶片的荧光从深蓝色逐渐变为黄绿色又恢复到深蓝色,表明随着处理时间的延长,新疆野苹果组培苗受到的胁迫逐渐加深,室温恢复24 h,新疆野苹果组培苗荧光颜色恢复到与CK 相同。同时Fv/Fm数值的变化趋势与叶绿素荧光颜色变化一致。与CK 相比,-3 ℃处理的Fv/Fm均发生显著变化,T6h、T12h、T36h 的Fv/Fm分别下降20%、30%、53%,HF24h 与CK 的Fv/Fm无显著差异(图2-B)。

图2 冻害胁迫后新疆野苹果组培苗叶绿素荧光的变化
Fig.2 Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence of M.sieversii seedlings in vitro under freezing stress

2.3 冻害对新疆野苹果组培苗生理指标的影响

由图3 可见,与CK 相比,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片相对电导率在T6h 无显著差异,在T12h 和T36h相对电导率分别显著上升50%和175%,HF24h 与T36h 相比,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片相对电导率显著下降48%;与CK 相比,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片MDA 含量在T6h 没有显著变化,在T12h 和T36h,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片MDA 含量分别显著上升57%和86%,HF24h 相比T36h,MDA 含量显著下降23%;与CK 相比,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片过氧化氢含量在T6h 没有显著变化,在T12h 和T36h 新疆野苹果组培苗叶片过氧化氢含量分别上升171%和291%,HF24h与T36h相比下降30%;与CK相比,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片还原性谷胱甘肽含量在T6h、T12h 和T36h 分别显著上升40%、89%和110%,HF24h 与T36h 相比,新疆野苹果组培苗叶片差异不显著。

图3 新疆野苹果组培苗低温处理不同时间生理指标的变化
Fig.3 Changes of physiological indexes of M.sieversii seedlings in vitro under different low temperature treatments

2.4 新疆野苹果响应冻害的谷胱甘肽代谢差异表达基因筛选

利用KEGG数据库对转录组数据中差异表达基因注释分析,筛选到谷胱甘肽代谢途径的差异基因。由图4-A 可见,与CK 相比在T6h 和T12h,BGI_novel_G000969、Msi_11B024060、Msi_11B002610、Msi_15B018350、Msi_11A024060 下调表达,在T6h 和T12h 处理,Msi_08B010370、Msi_11B013970、Msi_17B006200、Msi_12A020080、Msi_14A011470、Msi_14B010870、Msi_09B008290、Msi_06A008160、Msi_03A025150、Msi_10A018630、BGI_novel_G001892、Msi_09A009290、Msi_07A023660 上调表达。通过KEGG 数据库对18 个差异基因进行注释,1 个基因被注释为γ-谷氨酰环转移酶[EC:4.3.2.9]GGCT,1个基因被注释为谷胱甘肽合酶[EC:6.3.2.3]GSS;1 个基因被注释为谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶[EC:1.11.1.9]GPX;1 个基因被注释γ-谷氨酰转肽酶[EC:2.3.2.2、3.4.19.13、3.4.19.14]K18592 GGT1_5;4 个基因注释为亮氨肽酶K01255 CARP;4 个基因注释为谷胱甘肽S-转移酶[EC:2.5.1.18] K00799 GST;1 个基因注释为亚精胺合酶[EC:2.5.1.16] K00797 speE;3 个基因注释为6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶[EC:1.1.1.44 1.1.1.343] K00033 PGD;2 个基因注释为异柠檬酸脱氢酶[EC:1.1.1.42]K00031 IDH1。

图4 冻害胁迫下新疆野苹果组培苗谷胱甘肽代谢差异基因转录分析
Fig.4 Analysis of transcription of glutathione metabolic differential genes of M.sieversii seedlings in vitro under freezing stress

如图4-B 所示,Msi_06A008160(DPX)、Msi_14A011470(PDG)、Msi_14B010870(PDG)、Msi_17B006200(PDG)、Msi_11A024060(IDH1)、Msi_11B024060(IDH1)参与GSH 与GSSG 的动态平衡,Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)、Msi_11B013970(GST)、BGI_novel_G001892(GST)参与到GSH 氨基转移反应中;Msi_15B018350(GGT1_5)、BGI_novel_G000969(CARP)、Msi_11B002610(CARP)、Msi_09A009610(CARP)、Msi_09B008290(CARP)、Msi_12A020080(GSS)参与到GSH降解和合成过程中。

2.5 新疆野苹果响应冻害谷胱甘肽代谢相关基因GO功能分析

对18 个参与谷胱甘肽代谢的差异表达基因进行GO 富集分析,由图5 可知,同一基因具有多个不同功能。在生物过程中发现Msi_06A008160、Msi_11B013970、Msi_12A020080 参与刺激反应;Msi_07A023660、Msi_08B010370、Msi_11B013970、Msi_14A011470、Msi_14B010870、Msi_15B018350、Msi_17B006200 参与细胞过程;Msi_07A023660、Msi_08B010370、Msi_14A011470、Msi_14B010870、Msi_15B018350、Msi_17B006200 参与代谢过程;Msi_09A009610、Msi_09B008290、Msi_11B013970 参与生物调节。在细胞组成中发现Msi_11B013970参与信号转导;Msi_06A008160、Msi_09A009610、Msi_09B008290、Msi_11B013970、Msi_12A020080、Msi_15B018350 参与细胞结构体构建;Msi_11B013970、Msi_12A020080参与内细胞构建。在分子功能中发现,Msi_03A025150、Msi_06A008160、Msi_07A023660、Msi_08B010370、Msi_10A018630、Msi_11A024060、Msi_11B013970、Msi_11B024060、Msi_12A020080、Msi_14A011470 参与催化活性激发;Msi_06A008160 参与抗氧化活性激发;Msi_09A009610、Msi_09B008290、Msi_11A024060、Msi_11B013970、Msi_11B024060、Msi_12A020080、Msi_14A011470、Msi_14B010870、Msi_17B006200 参与结合功能发挥。

图5 冻害胁迫新疆野苹果组培苗谷胱甘肽代谢相关差异表达基因的GO 富集图
Fig.5 GO enrichment map of glutathione metabolic related differentially expressed genes of M.sieversii seedlings in vitro under freezing stress

2.6 qPCR验证转录组数据

如图6 所示,在谷胱甘肽代谢途径差异基因中选取6 个差异显著基因进行qPCR 检测,qPCR 实验结果显示,与CK相比,在T6h Msi_11B013970、Msi_06A008160、Msi_09B008290、BGI_novel_G001892、Msi_17B006200 上调表达,Msi_11A024060 下调表达。在T12h Msi_11B013970、Msi_06A008160、Msi_09B008290、BGI_novel_G001892、Msi_17B006200上调表达,Msi_11A024060下调表达。qPCR实验结果与转录组测序结果表达趋势一致。

图6 差异基因的转录组表达量与qRT-PCR 验证
Fig.6 Transcriptome expression and qRT-PCR validation of differential genes

2.7 GPX和GST在新疆野苹果冻害处理与冻害恢复中的表达

如图7 所示,利用qPCR 对在T36h 和HF24h,Msi_06A008160(GPX)、BGI_novel_G001892(GST)、Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)、Msi_11B013970(GST)的表达量水平进行分析,与CK 相比,在T36h 处理下,Msi_06A008160(GPX)、Msi_11B013970(GST)上调表达,BGI_novel_G001892(GST)、Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)下调表达;在HF24h 处理下,Msi_06A008160(GPX)、Msi_11B013970(GST)、Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)上调表达,BGI_novel_G001892(GST)下调表达。HF24h 相比于T36h,Msi_06A008160(GPX)、Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)、Msi_11B013970(GST)都是上调表达,BGI_novel_G001892(GST)没有显著变化。

图7 新疆野苹果GPX 和GST 相关基因在T36h 和HF24h 表达分析
Fig.7 Expression analysis of GPX and GST related genes at T36h and HF24h in Malus sieversii

3 讨 论

植物活性氧的积累激活了植物防御基因的表达[30],GSH 库的大小以及氧化和还原状态与植物对胁迫环境的抵抗力高度相关[19]。GSH可以消除过氧化物来保护植物细胞免受氧化胁迫[31]。雷阳等[32]在探究辣椒对铅胁迫抗性中发现,GSH可有效缓解铅胁迫对辣椒造成的生理损害,进而提高辣椒抵抗铅胁迫的能力。韩敏等[33]在研究番茄嫁接苗抗寒性中发现,低温处理后的番茄叶片还原性谷胱甘肽含量高于对照,草莓在0 ℃低温驯化72 h,草莓叶片中GSH 含量达到最大值后下降,但明显高于对照[34]。各种逆境胁迫均可诱导植物细胞内活性氧浓度的增加而导致氧化胁迫[35],而植物在胁迫应答过程中主要调动抗氧化酶类和抗氧化物质来清除活性氧,从而减缓逆境对植物自身的伤害[36]。本研究结果显示,在T6h、T12h、T36h 还原性谷胱甘肽含量都显著高于对照,新疆野苹果组培苗恢复处理24 h,相较T36h GSH 含量没有显著差异,这表明GSH 在新疆野苹果抗冻害中起到重要作用。

对差异基因所参与的通路分析表明,相比于对照,在T6h 和T12h,Msi_12A020080(GSS)上调表达,Msi_15B018350(GGT1_5)下调表达,Msi_15B018350(GGT1_5)、BGI_novel_G000969(CARP)、Msi_11B002610(CARP)、Msi_A009610(CARP)、Msi_09B008290(CARP)、Msi_12A020080(GSS)参与到GSH 降解和合成过程中。这就解释了新疆野苹果组培苗在冻害胁迫下GSH 的积累可能的途径之一为抑制GSH 降解和促进GSH 合成。相比于对照,在T6h 和T12h,Msi_06A008160(GPX)、Msi_14A011470(PDG)、Msi_14B010870(PDG)、Msi_17B006200(PDG)上调表达,Msi_06A008160(DPX)、Msi_14A011470(PDG)、Msi_14B010870(PDG)、Msi_17B006200(PDG)参与GSH 与GSSG的动态平衡通路;谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)是GSH 与GSSG 动态平衡中的关键酶,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)是真核和原核生物中都存在的一类黄素蛋白氧化还原酶,主要分布于叶绿体、线粒体和细胞质中,是AsA-GSH 循环过程中重要的酶类,在氧化胁迫过程中能够有效清除ROS[37-40]。在胁迫条件下油菜抗性品种具有比敏感型品种更高的GR 活性[21],在Cd 胁迫下S 元素过剩的根中发现谷胱甘肽合成酶(MsGS)和植物螯合素合成酶(MsPCS1)基因的上调以及谷胱甘肽和植物螯合素浓度的增加,谷胱甘肽含量升高使植物螯合素能够与过量的Cd 结合[41]。高温胁迫下耐热性强的芦苇GR 活性显著高于耐热性弱的芦苇(Phragmites australis[42]。在本研究中发现,-3 ℃条件下,在T6h和T12h基因GR表达量与对照相比没有显著差异,这可能是在新疆野苹果中存在能够代替GR功能的其他酶。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)是含有疏基的过氧化物酶类,它们利用GSH来减少过氧化物从而保护植物细胞免受氧化胁迫[31],木薯细菌性枯萎病侵染后MeGPX1、MeGPX5 和MeGPX6 的表达量呈显著上调趋势[43]。冻害胁迫下新疆野苹果组培苗基因Msi_06A008160(GPX)上调表达,这表明冻害胁迫下新疆野苹果组培苗可能通过GSHGSSG 动态平衡消除对其有害的H2O2和超氧阴离子等物质。相比于对照,在T6h 和T12h,Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)、Msi_11B013970(GST)、BGI_novel_G001892(GST)上调表达,携带棉花GST的转基因烟草也增强了对氧化胁迫的抗性[44]。GST转基因水稻幼苗对低温胁迫的抗性显著提高,利用农杆菌介导法将盐地碱蓬的GST基因转入低温敏感水稻品种中花11号中,并对T4代转基因水稻幼苗的抗低温特性进行了分析,结果显示,低温处理后转基因植株的GST活性比未转入这2 种基因的对照高[45]。在探究细长聚球藻对Cd2+胁迫的耐受性时发现,GST 转基因细长聚球藻对Cd2+胁迫的抗性显著提高[46]。谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)最早被发现的功能是它能催化GSH 与细胞废物形成中间体,这个过程是细胞废物代谢解毒的关键步骤[47]。植物细胞废物来源于细胞膜碎片或植物次生代谢物,例如,高粱[48]和小麦[49]细胞膜氧化损害释放的4 羟基壬烯酸(4-hydroxynonenal)以及植物在受到食草动物伤害或病原物侵染后产生的有毒次生代谢物[50],如美迪紫檀素(medicarpin)或异类黄酮类,它们被谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)催化GSH化后通过液泡排出体外。在拟南芥中发现,GST 具有GSH依赖的过氧化物酶功能(GSH-dependent peroxidase activity,GPOX),GPOX 以GSH 作为电子供体,还原脂肪酸和核酸的过氧化产物。也有研究发现杂草的GST具有相同的抗氧化功能[51-52]。在毛根复合大豆中GST 的过表达可以增强叶片的抗氧化能力,以及提高叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光的量子效率[53],这表明冻害胁迫下新疆野苹果组培苗可能通过GSH消除对其有害的物质。

通过qPCR检测,表明与CK相比在T36h时,基因BGI_novel_G001892(GST)、Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)下调表达,基因Msi_06A008160(GPX)、Msi_11B013970(GST)上调表达;在HF24h的表达量分析发现,除了BGI_nov-el_G001892(GST)下调表达,Msi_06A008160(GPX)、Msi_03A025150(GST)、Msi_10A018630(GST)、Msi_11B013970(GST)上调表达,这表明GSH 不仅通过自身与自由基以及有毒物质反应增强新疆野苹果组培苗抗寒性,同时GSH 代谢在修复冻害损伤的过程中也起着重要作用,然而GSH 和GSSG 分别可以作为还原形式和氧化形式的电子载体来调节细胞内氧化还原平衡状态,而细胞内氧化还原平衡状态是否可以作为一种信号响应冻害胁迫还需要进一步探究。

4 结 论

在-3 ℃模拟冻害条件下,新疆野苹果组培苗形态和生理指标显示受到的伤害随着处理时间的延长而不断加深,新疆野苹果组培苗谷胱甘肽代谢途径中关键基因GPXGST上调表达能够响应冻害胁迫。

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Screening of genes related to glutathione metabolism responding to freezing stress in Malus sieversii seedlings in vitro based on transcriptome sequencing

SU Yongfeng,LIU Lijun,MA Hongxi,YUAN Yinyan,ZHANG De’en,LU Xiaoyan*
(College of Agriculure, Shihezi University/Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruit Sand Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization,Shihezi 832000,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract:【Objective】To explore the response of glutathione metabolism and screen the glutathione metabolity-related genes responding to freezing stress, the possible pathway of freezing resistance was analyzed in Malus sieversii seedlings in vitro.【Methods】The tissue-cultured plantlets of M. sieversii were used as the material,the phenotype,maximum quantum yield of photosynthetic system Ⅱ(Fv/Fm),electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione (GSH) contents were determined in M. sieversii seedlings in vitro, with the treatments of the control (CK), T6h,T12h, T36h and HF24h at-3 ℃. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed on leaves of M.sieversii seedlings treated with CK,T6h and T12h.【Results】Compared with CK,there were no significant changes in leaf shape and color after treatment at-3 ℃for 6 h,the edge of top leaf on M.sieversii seedlings showed reverse winding, the leaf color became dark, and the apical tip tender leaves were wilting after treatment at-3 ℃for 12 h, the leaves on M. sieversii seedlings treated were wilting and drooping, and the leaf color was further dark after treatment at-3 ℃for 36 h.After recovery at 25 ℃for 24 h, the leaf of wilting curl stretched, the leaf color also became bright, and the brown small spots appeared on the leaf. Compared with CK, Fv/Fm decreased by 20%, 30% and 53% at T6h, T12h and T36h in leaves on M. sieversii seedlings under-3 ℃low temperature stress, and there was no significant difference between HF24h and CK. Compared with CK, the electrolyte leakage did not increase significantly at T6h, but increased significantly by 50% and 175%, respectively at T12h and T36h,and the electrolyte leakage at HF24h was 48% lower than T36h in leaves on M. sieversii seedlings under -3 ℃low temperature stress.Compared with CK,the content of MDA did not change significantly at T6h,but increased by 57%and 86%at T12h and T36h,and the MDA content at HF24h was 23%lower than T36h in leaves on M. sieversii seedlings under-3 ℃low temperature stress. Compared with CK, the hydrogen peroxide content did not change significantly at T6h, but increased by 171% and 291%at T12h and T36h,and the hydrogen peroxide content at HF24 h was 30%lower than T36h in the leaves on M. sieversii seedlings under-3 ℃low temperature stress. Compared with CK, the glutathione content significantly increased by 40%, 89% and 110% at T6h,T12h and T36h,and no differences were observed between T36h and HF24 h. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on M. sieversii seedlings with the treatment of CK,T6h and T12h at-3 ℃under simulated freezing conditions.At the transcriptome level, 18 different genes of glutathione metabolism pathway (map00480) were screened,and compared with CK, BGI_novel_G000969, Msi_11B024060, Msi_11B002610, Msi_15B018350 and Msi_11A024060 were down-regulated at T6h and T12h, Msi_08B010370, Msi_11B013970, Msi_17B006200, Msi_12A020080, Msi_14A011470, Msi_14B010870, Msi_09B008290, Msi_06A008160,Msi_03A025150, Msi_10A018630, BGI_novel_G001892, Msi_09A009610 and Msi_07A023660 were up-regulated at T6h and T12h.The transcriptome data were analysized by KEGG database, and 18 different genes were annotated as GGCT, GSS, GGT1_5, CARP, speE and IDH1. DPX, PDG and IDH1were respectively involved in the GSH and GSSG homeostatic pathway, so as to reduce the damage by hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and other oxides on the tissue-cultured plantlet cells. GST was involved in the reaction,in which GSH reduced substances with high oxidation potential.GGT1_5,CARP and GSS were involved in the process of GSH degradation and synthesis. q-PCR showed that three of the five genes BGI_novel_G001892 (GST), Msi_03A025150 (GST) and Msi_10A018630(GST) were down-regulated compared with CK at T36h. Two genes including Msi_06A008160 (GPX)and Msi_11B013970 (GST) were up-regulated.Analysis of the expression of GPX and GST at HF24 h showed that BGI_novel_G001892 (GST) was down-regulated, and Msi_06A008160 (GPX), Msi_03A025150 (GST), Msi_10A018630 (GST) and Msi_11B013970 (GST) were up-regulated.【Conclusion】The damage of M. sieversii seedlings in vitro increased with the extension of treatment time through the phenotype and physiological indexes determination in M. sieversii seedlings under-3 ℃simulated freezing stress. GPX and GST were the key genes in glutathione metabolism pathway, which were up-regulated in response to freezing stress in M.sieversii seedlings in vitro.

Key words:Malus sieversii seedlings in vitro;Freezing stress;Glutathione metabolism;Transcriptome

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)05-0829-12

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220403

收稿日期2022-08-10

接受日期:2022-12-11

基金项目国家自然科学基金委NSFC-新疆联合基金(培育)项目(U1703116)

作者简介苏永峰,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向:果树种质资源。Tel:18193903616,E-mail:2841572370@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence.Tel:18999538195,E-mail:lxyshz@126.com