高温对萨米脱甜樱桃幼苗叶片生理指标的影响

张 琛1,刘 辉1*,郗笃隽1,骆慧枫1,裴嘉博1,黄康康1,阮若昕1,赖梦霞2,樊怀福2

1杭州市农业科学研究院园艺研究所,杭州 310024;2浙江农林大学农业与食品科学学院,杭州 311300)

摘 要:【目的】从生理水平分析高温对甜樱桃相关生理指标的影响并筛选代表性指标,为下一步甜樱桃对高温响应的生理指标的筛选和耐热性评价体系的建立提供参考。【方法】以甜樱桃萨米脱为试材,通过人工模拟高温和自然高温环境,探究植株叶片生理、叶绿素荧光等指标变化,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法筛选出高温对甜樱桃生理影响的代表性指标。【结果】高温处理后,人工气候箱处理A组和自然高温处理C组的甜樱桃叶片内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)5种酶的活性均升高,但人工气候箱处理B组的甜樱桃叶片内CAT和APX活性下降。A、B、C组脯氨酸含量分别为高温前的3.07、4.03、2.94倍,超氧阴离子自由基(superoxide anion,O2·-)产生速率分别为高温前的2.37、2.48、2.25倍。A、C组中甜樱桃叶片的可溶性蛋白含量增加,可溶性糖含量显著下降;而B组中可溶性蛋白含量显著性下降,为处理前的54.18%,可溶性糖含量增加了1.32%。3组处理中光系统(photosystem Ⅱ,PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、电子传递速率(electron transport rate,ETR)、非光化学淬灭(non-photochemical quenching,NPQ)4个荧光参数均出现不同程度下降,PSⅡ反应中心受损活性下降。叶肉局部超显微结构观察表明,高温对甜樱桃叶绿体、线粒体造成损伤。C组相关性分析表明,部分酶活性(CAT、APX)与部分荧光参数(ETRFv/Fo)之间、GR活性与多种渗透调节物质含量(脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)之间存在相关性,可通过聚类分析将11个具有相关性的生理指标分为3类。【结论】高温处理使甜樱桃受到氧化损伤,其抗氧化酶系统、渗透调节物质均对胁迫做出响应。APX活性、GR活性、ETR 3个指标可作为本试验中高温对萨米脱生理影响的代表性指标,为今后甜樱桃对高温响应的生理指标的筛选和耐热性评价体系的建立提供一定的参考。

关键词:甜樱桃;高温;生理响应;叶绿素荧光

温度是植物生长发育过程中重要的环境因子之一。近年来,人类活动排放的CO2等气体增加了温室气体浓度,全球温室效应致使气温逐年上升。据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)报告显示,全球平均气温每10 a(年)将上升0.3 ℃[1]。2021 年IPCC第一工作组最新评估报告指出,通过对未来20年的平均温度变化预计,全球温度升高将达到或超过1.5 ℃。高温已逐渐成为严重危害植物生长发育的非生物胁迫因子之一,抑制了植物的生理代谢[2]。植物热胁迫应对机制一直是研究关注的热点,也是后期耐热品种筛选的基础。在生理水平上,植物活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)清除系统相关酶活性、光合特性及渗透调节物质的变化等被广泛研究;在分子水平上,与热应激反应相关的热休克转录因子(heat shock transcription factors,HSFs)和热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins,HSPs)、Ca+介导的信号通路亦受到高度关注[3-4]。高温处理使葡萄叶片的过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等抗氧化酶活性升高[5],净光合速率Pn显著降低[6]。连续高温显著降低光系统(photosystem Ⅱ,PSⅡ)反应中心活性,PSⅡ正常功能受阻[5,7],同时,超显微结构观察表明叶绿体结构发生改变[8]。单粒质量及可滴定酸、花色苷含量均显著降低,导致果实品质下降[7]。在草莓[9]、香梨[10]、越橘[11]等果树树种上均有类似报道。自噬相关基因MdATG18a 可通过保护叶绿体、维持高水平光合作用、清除ROS 等方面增强苹果的耐热性[12]MYBERF 等基因家族在物质合成与代谢、激素信号转导相关方面的基础耐热性研究中起着关键作用[13-14]

甜樱桃(Pruns avium L.)在我国集中栽培于渤海湾地区,具有较高的经济价值,同时南方春季升温早,因此逐渐受以采摘游为主的南方果园青睐。浙江省夏季温度较高,7—9月期间40 ℃以上极端高温天气年均4.1 d[15]。本课题组结合杭州市气象统计数据,连续多年对杭州市夏天(6—8月)高温天数进行统计后发现,2016—2020 年连续5 a 夏天30 ℃以上高温天气在55 d以上,35 ℃以上高温天气在25 d以上,其中2016—2018 年连续3 a 夏天35 ℃以上高温天气均在35 d以上。对于适应于北方冷凉气候的甜樱桃而言,杭州地区夏季温度过高,而高温与双雌蕊的发生密切相关[16],会影响翌年坐果率[17]。由此可见,高温是制约甜樱桃在南方地区发展的因子之一,筛选耐高温的品种是南方地区甜樱桃引种适栽的研究目标之一,也是后期耐高温品种创制的基础。目前,关于高温胁迫对甜樱桃生理生化、光合作用影响的研究较少。孟祥丽[18]以早大果为接穗,对5种不同砧木组成的砧穗组合进行高温处理,指出45 ℃处理对PSⅡ中心造成破坏,并通过生理和形态学指标分析对5种砧穗组合的耐热性进行排序。孟聪睿[19]通过模拟高温测定了樱桃组培苗叶片渗透物质及抗氧化酶含量。吴晔[20]为探寻试管苗热处理脱毒法的温度条件,对10个樱桃砧木组培试管苗进行耐热性差异观测。

吉塞拉(Gisela)系列是目前南方地区甜樱桃栽培中最常用的砧木,为矮化/半矮化砧,具有亲和性较好、适应性强、抗病、提前结果等优点,但关于品种在吉塞拉砧木上的耐热性表现尚未见报道。本课题组通过多年引种进行适应性栽培,筛选出适合于杭州地区的甜樱桃品种萨米脱(Summit)。该品种在本地多年适栽后,具有相对稳定的产量,但在夏季温度较高的年份有一定比例的双雌蕊率[17]。笔者在本研究中以此为切入点,以甜樱桃萨米脱为接穗、吉塞拉作为砧木的嫁接苗为试材,通过模拟高温或自然环境,探究其植株在不同的高温处理下叶片生理、叶绿素荧光指标的变化,以期从生理水平分析甜樱桃对高温的响应机制,为下一步甜樱桃耐热性评价体系建立提供参考,也为今后南方地区甜樱桃耐高温品种(系)的筛选及育种、耐高温栽培技术研究奠定理论基础。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

试验于2019 年在浙江农林大学官塘基地避雨大棚内进行。试材为1 年生萨米脱盆栽嫁接苗,砧木为吉塞拉6号。

1.2 采样处理方法

试验中高温处理分别采用人工气候箱、田间自然高温2种方式,设为A、B、C共3组。其中,A、B组均使用人工气候箱模拟高温,C组为田间自然高温。A、B组试验于2019年8月25日至2019年8月26日进行。A组:试材为植株盆栽苗。随机挑取生长一致且健壮的盆栽苗6盆,分别置于25、45 ℃的人工气候箱内进行处理12 h,湿度70%,光照度12 000 lx,处理后随机采集无病害成熟叶片,10枚叶片为一组,3次重复;B组:试材为植株盆栽苗离体叶片。摘取无病害成熟叶片用湿棉球包裹叶柄,基部覆以保鲜膜以保持叶柄水分,分别置于25、45 ℃的人工气候箱内进行处理12 h,湿度70%,光照度12 000 lx,10枚叶片为一组,3次重复;C组:于2019年8月25日至2019年8月30日期间利用大棚内自然高温进行处理。试材为植株盆栽苗。将盆栽苗移入塑料大棚内,使用WS-TH23PRO温湿度记录仪记录大棚内的温湿度(图1)。分别于移入0、3(高温后)、5 d(恢复期)时随机采集无病害成熟叶片,10片为一组,3次重复。以上样品采集后洗净表面浮土灰尘等,液氮冷冻后置于-80℃冰箱中保存,用于生理指标测定。将3 组处理(7 种状态)分别标记为:A-25 ℃(T1)、A-45 ℃(T2)、B-25 ℃(T3)、B-45 ℃(T4)、C-0 d(T5)、C-3 d(T6)、C-5 d(T7)。

图1 田间(大棚自然高温)处理期间温湿度变化情况
Fig.1 temperature and humidity records infield treatment

1.3 测定指标及方法

生理指标测定方法:可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮法测定,可溶性蛋白含量采用考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定,脯氨酸含量采用茚三酮法测定,丙二醛含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定,SOD活性采用愈创木酚比色法测定,POD 活性采用氮蓝唑(NBT)法测定,CAT活性采用紫外吸收法测定,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性根据刘冬峰[10]的方法测定,谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)活性参考张腾国等[21]的方法测定,O2·-生成速率参照孟祥丽[18]的方法测定。采用德国Walz 公司PAM-2500 便携式叶绿素荧光仪测定初始荧光(Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching,NPQ)、表观电子传递速率(electron transport rate,ETR)。每个参数设3次生物学重复。

透射电镜观察方法:取A组25、45 ℃植株中部的功能叶片,于其主脉两侧部分用刀片切成1 mm×1 mm小方块放入2 mL离心管中,使用Alfa Aesar电镜固定液固定,并用真空泵抽气直至沉底,室温放置2 h后转入4 ℃储存。使用PBS缓冲液漂洗3次后用1%锇酸室温固定5 h。再次使用PBS缓冲液漂洗3次后用乙醇梯度脱水。使用丙酮和包埋剂渗透随后包埋。Leica UC60超薄切片机切片,采用铀铅双染色,在日立HT7650型透射电镜下观察拍照。

采用Excel 2019 和DPS 18.10 软件对数据进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析和Duncan 法比较差异显著水平(p<0.05)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 高温对甜樱桃叶片抗氧化系统酶活性的影响

由图2 可知,高温后A 组叶片内5 种酶活性均升高。其中,SOD、POD活性升幅较大,其值较高温前分别升高了46.14%、131.63%。B组叶片内SOD、POD、GR活性均升高,但CAT、APX活性下降,其值分别较高温前下降了43.00%、27.83%。

图2 高温对甜樱桃叶片抗氧化系统酶活性的影响
Fig.2 Effects of high temperature on several enzyme activities in sweet cherry leaves

不同小写字母表示在p<0.05 差异显著。下同。
Different small letters indicate significant difference at p<0.05. The same below.

C组变化趋势与A 组相同,高温后甜樱桃叶片内5种酶活性均升高。其中,CAT、APX、GR活性在高温后显著升高,分别为高温前活性的1.91、2.36、1.41倍。当温度降低植株进入恢复期,除POD活性仍升高外,其余4 种酶活性显著降低。此时,CAT、APX活性仍显著高于处理前的水平,SOD、GR活性则低于处理前的水平。

2.2 高温对甜樱桃叶片渗透调节物质含量和O2·-产生速率的影响

图3 表明,高温后A 组甜樱桃叶片内MDA、脯氨酸含量及O2·-产生速率均升高。其中,脯氨酸含量、O2·-产生速率升高幅度较大,A、B组脯氨酸含量分别为高温前的3.07、4.03倍,O2·-产生速率分别为高温前的2.37、2.48 倍。可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量变化不同,A组甜樱桃叶片的可溶性蛋白含量增加,而B组的含量下降,为处理前的54.18%;高温后A组甜樱桃叶片的可溶性糖含量降低,而B组的增加了1.32%。

图3 高温对甜樱桃叶片渗透调节物质和O2·-产生速率的影响
Fig.3 Effects of high temperature on osmotic substances and O2·-producting rate in sweet cherry leaves

C组各个指标的变化趋势与A组相同。高温后甜樱桃叶片内MDA、可溶性蛋白含量少量增加,脯氨酸含量、O2·-产生速率则显著升高,脯氨酸含量为高温前的2.94倍,O2·-产生速率为高温前的2.25倍,而可溶性糖含量降低了21.39%。当温度降低植株进入恢复期,甜樱桃叶片内MDA、脯氨酸含量及O2·-产生速率仍呈升高趋势,此时MDA、脯氨酸含量、O2·-产生速率为高温前的1.08、10.63、6.36倍。恢复期叶片内可溶性蛋白含量回降,显著低于高温前的水平,同时可溶性糖含量回升,高于高温前的水平。

2.3 高温对甜樱桃叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

由图4 可知,3 组甜樱桃在高温处理后,Fv/FmFv/FoETRNPQ 4 个参数值均呈现不同程度的下降。A组Fv/Fo下降幅度较大,其值比高温前降低了37.00%;B组Fv/FoNPQ下降幅度较大,其值分别比高温前降低了22.34%、32.04%;C 组Fv/FoETRNPQ 3 个参数值显著降低,分别比高温前降低了7.62%、40.90%、17.42%。恢复期内,甜樱桃叶片NPQ仍呈下降趋势,而Fv/FmFv/FoETR 3个参数值有所回升但仍低于处理前的水平。

图4 高温对甜樱桃叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响
Fig.4 Effects of high temperature on ChlorophyⅡfluorescence in sweet cherry leaves

2.4 高温对甜樱桃叶片叶肉细胞局部超显微结构的影响

由图5 可见,高温前细胞内胞间隙较小,叶绿体呈长椭圆形,紧贴于细胞壁,基粒排列整齐有序,可见到有少量嗜锇颗粒分布。线粒体近圆形,多分布于2个叶绿体之间,含有丰富的嵴。高温后,叶绿体肿胀,部分形态扭曲呈不规则状,逐渐向细胞中央靠拢,整个细胞中散布有淀粉粒和大量细胞碎片组成的团块(图5-b)。叶绿体内有体积较大的淀粉粒,受其挤压类囊体片层出现扭曲,基质片层明显松散,结构趋于紊乱。嗜锇颗粒增大、积累并相互聚集(图5-d)。线粒体嵴开始变得模糊,可见到明显结晶(图5-f)。

图5 高温对甜樱桃叶片叶肉细胞局部超显微结构的影响
Fig.5 Effects of high temperature on ultrastructural changes of mesophyll cells in sweet cherry leaves

C.叶绿体;M.线粒体;S.淀粉粒;P.嗜锇颗粒;G.基粒片层。
C.Chloroplast;M.Mitochondrion;S.Starch grain;P.Plastoglobule;G.Granalamella.

2.5 甜樱桃生理指标、叶绿素荧光参数相关性分析

对C 组中14 个生理指标相关性分析可知,在p<0.01差异水平下,多个指标之间存在极显著相关关系(图6)。APX活性与CAT活性表现出极显著正相关,与荧光参数ETRr=-0.807)、Fv/For=-0.922)呈极显著负相关,且与CAT 活性相关性极强(r=0.951);CAT 活性与荧光参数ETRr=-0.862)、Fv/For=-0.906)呈极显著负相关;GR 活性与可溶性蛋白含量(r=0.909)呈极显著正相关,与可溶性含量(r=-0.822)呈极显著负相关;O2·-产生速率与脯氨酸含量(r=0.988)呈极显著正相关且相关性极强,与可溶性蛋白含量(r=-0.844)呈极显著负相关;脯氨酸含量与可溶性蛋白(r=-0.874)含量呈极显著负相关;ETRNPQr=0.832)、Fv/For=0.924)呈极显著正相关。SOD 活性与GR 活性呈显著正相关(r=0.716,p<0.05),GR活性与O2·-产生速率(r=-0.758,p<0.05)、脯氨酸含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.783,p<0.05),O2·-产生速率与NPQr=-0.763,p<0.05)呈显著负相关,脯氨酸含量与NPQr=-0.777,p<0.05)呈显著负相关,可溶性蛋白含量与可溶性糖含量(r=-0.700,p<0.05)呈显著负相关。综合可知,在田间试验中,甜樱桃叶片中部分酶活性(CAT、APX)与部分荧光参数(ETRFv/Fo)之间、GR 活性与多种渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)含量存在相关关系,而POD 活性、MDA 含量、Fv/Fm与其他指标间并无显著相关关系。

图6 甜樱桃各个生理指标、叶绿素荧光参数的相关性分析
Fig.6 Correlation analysis of physiological indexes and fluorescence parameters of sweet cherry

X1. APX 活性;X2. CAT 活性;X3. GR 活性;X4. POD 活性;X5. SOD 活性;X6.MDA 含量;X7.O2·-产生速率;X8.脯氨酸含量;X9. 可溶性蛋白含量;X10. 可溶性糖含量;X11. Fv/FmX12. ETR;X13.NPQ;X14.Fv/Fo。图8 相同。
X1.The activities of APX; X2.The activities of CAT; X3.The activities of GR; X4. The activities of POD; X5. The activities of SOD;X6. The content of MDA; X7. O2·- producing rate; X8. The content of proline;X9.The content of soluble protein;X10.The content of soluble sugar;X11.Fv/Fm;X12.ETR;X13.NPQ;X14.Fv/Fo.Fig.8 is the same.

对甜樱桃高温处理检测的11 个具有相关性的生理指标采用主成分分析法进行因子分析。提取特征值>1的因子,结果表明,前2个因子为主因子,其包含的信息量累计贡献率达89.881%(表1)。因子1的方差贡献率为45.929%,选择特征向量值较大的变量作为代表性变量为APX、SOD、GR 酶活性,定义为酶活参数因子。因子2 的方差贡献率为43.952%,选择特征向量值较大的变量作为代表性变量为ETRNPQ,定义为荧光参数因子。

表1 甜樱桃高温条件下生理指标因子分析结果
Table 1 Factor analysis results of physiological indexes under high temperature in sweet cherry

指标Index APX活性The activities of APX CAT活性The activities of CAT SOD活性The activities of SOD GR活性The activities of GR O2·-产生速率O2·-producing rate脯氨酸含量The content of proline可溶性蛋白含量The content of soluble protein可溶性糖含量The content of soluble sugar表观电子传递速率ETR非光化学淬灭系数NPQ PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo方差贡献率Variance contribution/%累计贡献率Cumulative contribution/%PC1 0.356 0.289 0.353 0.418-0.227-0.239 0.348-0.386-0.173-0.009-0.284 45.929 PC2-0.264-0.326 0.026 0.143-0.377-0.378 0.249-0.056 0.401 0.432 0.325 43.952 89.881

11个具有相关性的生理指标经标准化转换后,采用可变类平均法进行聚类分析(图7)。将11个生理指标聚为3 类:第1 类包括APX、CAT 活性,为酶活指标;第2类为GR活性,为酶活指标;第3类包括SOD 活性、O2·-产生速率、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、ETRNPQFv/Fo,为混合指标。结合相关性分析,APX活性与CAT活性呈极显著正相关,与ETRNPQFv/Fo呈极显著负相关,由此可见APX活性、GR活性、ETR可作为本试验中高温对萨米脱生理影响较为代表性的指标,可为今后甜樱桃对高温响应的生理指标筛选提供一定的参考。

图7 11 项生理指标的系统聚类谱系
Fig.7 Hierarchical clustering pedigree of 11 physiological indexes

2.6 高温对甜樱桃生理影响代表性指标选择

将聚类分析后筛选出的3 个指标作为高温对甜樱桃生理影响较为代表性的指标,采用K-均值法迭代计算对试验中进行的3 组处理(7 种不同状态)的甜樱桃进行动态聚类。表2 结果表明,7 种不同状态的甜樱桃被分为3 类:第1 类包含处理T4,其对高温响应特征为高水平GR 活性、低水平APX活性;第2 类包含处理T1、T2、T3、T5,对高温响应特征为高ETR指数、低水平GR活性;第3类包含处理T6、T7,对高温响应特征为高水平APX 活性、低ETR 指数。结合甜樱桃生理指标热图(图8)可知,T4 组各生理指标值与其他处理有明显差异,单独为一类;T1、T3、T5 均代表各处理在高温胁迫前的生理状态,T2 各指标与这三组数据相近,同属于一类;T6、T7 为田间处理在高温胁迫后的生理状态,归属为一类。由此可知,聚类结果与7 种不同状态下甜樱桃生理指标热图(图8)分析结果相对应,上述筛选的APX 活性、GR 活性、ETR 3 个指标可作为本试验中高温对萨米脱生理影响较为代表性的指标,可为今后甜樱桃对高温响应的生理指标筛选提供一定的参考。

表2 聚类中心及7 种不同状态甜樱桃的聚类结果
Table 2 The final cluster center and cluster results of seven different states of sweet cherry

组别Group ETR 123 APX活性Theactivities of APX-1.13-0.33 1.22 GR活性Theactivities of GR 2.05-0.37-0.29-0.26 0.69-1.24包含状态States T4 T1,T2,T3,T5 T6,T7

图8 不同状态甜樱桃生理指标热图
Fig.8 Heat map of physiological indexes of sweet cherry in different states

3 讨 论

极端高温天气频发给植物生长带来严峻挑战,植物对高温的生理响应及其分子机制的研究是耐高温品种选育的基础。正常情况下,植物体内ROS保持在平衡状态,高温胁迫导致ROS 大量积累,对膜质、蛋白质、核酸高分子造成损伤[2]。在长期进化过程中,植物已具备对各种非生物胁迫的适应机制,包括ROS清除机制、渗透物质调节、离子转运蛋白、信号级联和转录因子调节[22]。ROS清除机制分为酶促和非酶促防御系统。SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR 均是酶促防御系统中的重要成员。SOD是植物体内唯一能够清除O2·-的酶,可有效减轻胁迫对膜系统的伤害,是抵御氧化胁迫的第一道防线。SOD催化光系统Ⅰ(photosystemⅠ,PSⅠ)中产生的O2·-转化为H2O2,其后在CAT 或其他还原剂参与下被APX、POD等转化为H2O。夏黑葡萄在35、45 ℃高温处理后POD、CAT 活性快速升高[5]。油桃在高温环境下SOD 活性缓慢升高,CAT 活性先升高后下降[23]。高温干旱处理下,香梨叶片中SOD、CAT 活性升高,POD 活性先升高随后下降[24]。但是,高温对北高丛越橘SOD 活性影响并不大,只对POD、CAT 活性有改变[11]。本试验中,经历田间高温后C 组甜樱桃叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性均升高,人工高温处理后A组叶片中3种酶活性亦升高,而B组叶片中CAT活性显著降低,这很可能与试验材料的选择有关。B组试验材料为离体叶片,相对A、C组材料其代谢强度降低。通常认为,CAT活性与植物抗逆性及植物代谢强度密切相关[25]。APX 活性也有同样的变化趋势。APX和GR是抗环血酸-谷胱甘肽(ASA-GSH)循环中的限速酶,该循环在清除H2O2、调控细胞H2O2水平上有重要作用。在叶绿体中,GR 平衡ROS 浓度,防止膜脂过氧化以保护类囊体膜系统维持有效的光合作用[26]。因此,GR活性通常被认为是机体内抗氧化状态的重要标志[21]。高温处理下,杜鹃叶片的APX、GR活性随胁迫程度加深先升高后降低[27],野扇花APX活性也呈现同样变化[28]。本试验中,高温使A、C 2组中甜樱桃叶片的APX、GR酶活性均升高,但B组叶片中APX活性降低。结合相关性分析可知,APX活性与CAT活性之间存在极显著正相关,故B组中CAT和APX活性的变化呈现相同趋势。

MDA含量和O2·-产生速率是衡量膜脂过氧化、植物氧化胁迫程度的重要指标。高温胁迫下,油桃MDA含量则呈微增-减少-增加趋势[23]。本试验中,高温使得3 组甜樱桃叶片MDA 含量升高,O2·-产生速率较处理前显著升高,这与前人在樱桃中的研究结果相同[18-19]。在C 组中,即使后期温度下降,叶片内MDA含量和O2·-产生速率仍呈升高趋势,表明高温对甜樱桃造成损伤,膜脂过氧化程度较高。在正常状态下,叶绿体中O2·-产生速率约为240 μmol·s-1,但在逆境条件下速率为240~720 μmol·s-1[10]。本试验数据表明,甜樱桃正常状态下叶片中O2·-产生速率<100 μmol·s-1,但高温胁迫后速率升高至100~300 μmol·s-1。除抗氧化酶系统外,渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖等)通过调节细胞渗透平衡来抵制外界胁迫对植物造成的伤害[2]。研究表明,耐热性强的品种脯氨酸含量更高,在高温干旱处理下,香梨叶片中可溶性蛋白含量下降,可溶性糖含量逐渐增加[24]。本试验C 组中,高温使甜樱桃叶片内可溶性糖含量降低,可溶性蛋白含量升高。A组叶片内同样指标亦呈相同变化,但B 组叶片中则呈相反趋势,这很可能与叶片离体后源库关系改变有关。

叶绿体是植物细胞中对热胁迫较敏感的细胞器。研究表明,高温胁迫会使叶绿体性状趋于圆形并向细胞中央转移,被膜出现不同程度的断裂,类囊体片层松散并随机分布着大量嗜锇颗粒。嗜锇颗粒的大小和数量通常与膜脂过氧化程度密切相关[8],颗粒体积变大并积累预示细胞老化和解体。光合作用的一部分同化产物以淀粉形式在植物体内积累。高温胁迫下植物韧皮部胼胝体增多导致维管束堵塞,从而影响同化产物在韧皮部的运输,淀粉粒逐渐积累[29]。本试验中,高温后甜樱桃叶绿体和线粒体受到不同程度损伤,表现为叶绿体外形膨胀变圆、类囊体片层扭曲、基质片层明显松散、结构趋于紊乱、淀粉粒及嗜锇颗粒增大并积累和线粒体嵴开始变得模糊等。葡萄、越橘在高温胁迫后叶绿体中出现大量巨型淀粉粒及大量嗜锇颗粒[8,11],与本试验中研究结果一致。

PSⅠ和PSⅡ反应中心是ROS产生的主要位点,胁迫条件下PSⅠ比PSⅡ稳定,PSⅡ对高温敏感[30]。叶绿素荧光可快速无损收集PSⅡ性能相关数据,是对类囊体膜功能变化情况的定量检测。Fv/FmFv/Fo是鉴定植物是否遭受高温胁迫的重要荧光参数,其中最大光化学量子产率Fv/Fm,是植物PSⅡ系统初始光能转换效率的标志指标,通常认为该值与植物的耐热性具有良好一致性[31],是耐热性鉴定的重要指标。高温胁迫下快白菜Fv/Fm降低[32],同样的变化在草莓、葡萄、越橘[7,9,11,31]等多个树种上都有报道。叶绿体结构和光合性能密切相关。本试验中,高温处理使叶绿体结构受损,Fv/FmFv/FoETRNPQ 均出现不同程度下降,表明高温抑制了甜樱桃光能转化效率,PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,同化力(NADPH、ATP)形成受阻,对碳固定同化造成了影响,热耗散的能量降低。PSⅡ的最大效率与积累的ROS 之间存在线性关系[33],这在本试验中相关性分析中也被证实。

主成分分析是考察多个变量间相关性的常用多元统计方法之一,在植物抗逆性鉴定与评价研究中广泛应用[31,34]。田间栽培是果树引种适应性栽培过程中各种性状考察的主要场所,在田间具有优良性状和较高抗性的品种才具备推广的价值。本研究对C 组各个指标,通过主成分分析将具有相关性关系的生理指标降维及系统聚类分析,筛选出3 个指标作为高温对甜樱桃生理影响的代表性指标。利用筛选出的3 个代表性指标将试验中3 组处理7 种状态进行动态聚类分析,分类结果与实际测得各状态间指标差异情况吻合。由此可知,上述筛选的APX活性、GR 活性、ETR 3 个指标可作为本试验中高温对萨米脱生理影响的代表性指标,为今后甜樱桃对高温响应的生理指标筛选提供一定的参考。

4 结 论

高温处理使甜樱桃受到氧化损伤,叶绿体、线粒体结构受损,抗氧化酶系统、渗透调节物质均对胁迫做出响应,以维持抗氧化酶系统的稳定,降低膜透性损害。APX 活性、GR 活性、ETR 3 个指标可作为高温对萨米脱生理影响的代表性指标,为今后甜樱桃对高温响应的生理指标筛选提供一定的参考。

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Effects of high temperature on leaf physiological indexes of Summit in seedlings sweet cherry

ZHANG Chen1,LIU Hui1*,XI Dujun1,LUO Huifeng1,PEI Jiabo1,HUANG Kangkang1,RUAN Ruoxin1,LAI Mengxia2,FAN Huaifu2
(1Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China;2School of Agriculture and Food Science,Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University,Hangzhou 311300,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Temperature is one of the important environmental factors in plant growth and development.According to the report of the IPCC,the global average temperature will rise by 0.3 ℃every decade.The latest assessment report of IPCC Working Group I in 2021 pointed out that the global temperature rise will reach or exceed 1.5 ℃by predicting the average temperature change in the next 20 years.High temperature has gradually become one of the important abiotic stress factors,which seriously harm the growth and development and inhibit the physiological metabolism of plants.Sweet cherry is mainly cultivated in Tai’an, Yantai and Dalian in northern China. The south of China become warm earlier and faster in spring than the north, so it can take the advantage of earlier marketing. Besides, sweet cherry cultivation has gradually expanded to the south due to the leisure picking market`s promoting in recent ten years.The summer temperature in Zhejiang province is relatively high, and the average annual extreme high temperature weather above 40 ℃from July to September is 4.1 days. For sweet cherry has adapted to the cold climate in the north, the summer temperature in Hangzhou is too high, and the high temperature above 30 ℃is closely related to the occurrence of double pistils, which affects the fruit setting rate of the next year.High temperature has become one of the limiting factors for the development of sweet cherry in southern China.This study aimed to analyze the response of sweet cherry to high temperature stress from the physiological level,which not only provided reference for the establishment of the evaluation system of the heat tolerance of sweet cherry in the next program,but also established a theoretical foundation for the screening and breeding of high temperature resistant varieties (lines) of sweet cherry in the south of China in the future.【Methods】One-year-old sweet cherry seedlings(Summit)were used as the experimental materials.Artificial climate chamber and field natural high temperature were used as high temperature treatment, respectively, which were set as group A, B and C.The artificial climate chamber was used to simulate high temperature in group A and B, and the natural high temperature in the field was used in group C.The three treatments(7 states)were labeled as A-25 ℃(T1),A-45 ℃(T2),B-25 ℃(T3),B-45 ℃(T4),C-0 d(T5),C-3 d(T6),C-5 d(T7),respectively. Firstly, the physiological indexes (such as the activities of SOD, POD, CAT,APX and GR, and the MDA content,superoxide anion(O2·-)producing rate,the soluble sugar,soluble protein and proline contents)and chlorophyll fluorescence indexes(such as Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ETR and NPQ)of leaves in three treatments were investigated. Then, the correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to determine the important physiological index.The cluster analysis was performed using K-means method to analyze and screen the physiological evaluation indexes of sweet cherry response to high temperature.【Results】The activities of SOD, POD, GR, CAT and APX of the leaves in group A and C increased after high temperature stress treatment,but the activities of CAT and APX of the leaves in group B decreased. The content of proline in group A, B and C was 3.07, 4.03 and 2.94 times of that before high temperature, respectively, and the O2·- producing rate was 2.37, 2.48 and 2.25 times of that before high temperature, respectively. In group A and C, the soluble protein content in sweet cherry leaves increased and the soluble sugar content decreased significantly,while in group B,the soluble protein content decreased significantly, which was 54.18% of the pre-treatment content and the soluble sugar content increased by 1.32%.The values of fluorescence parameters such as Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,ETR and NPQ decreased in three treatments, and the same was as the activity of PSⅡreaction center. In group C, when the temperature decreased and the plants entered the recovery stage,the NPQ in sweet cherry leaves still showed a downward trend, while the values of Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo and ETR rose to some extent, but were still lower than the levels before high temperature treatment. The ultrastructure of mesophyll indicated that high temperature caused damage to chloroplast and mitochondria in sweet cherry. Correlation analysis showed that there was a correlation between some enzyme activities(CAT and APX)and some fluorescence parameters (ETR and Fv/Fo), or between the activity of GR and the contents of various osmotic regulatory substances (proline, soluble protein and soluble sugar) in the leaves of sweet cherry. There was no significant relationship among the activities of POD,the content of MDA,Fv/Fm and other indexes.Principal component analysis was used for factor analysis of 11 physiological indexes of sweet cherry.The first two factors were selected as the main factors,and the variables with large characteristic vector-values were selected as the representative variables. PC1 selected three indexes (the activities of APX,SOD and GR)which were defined as enzyme activity parameter factors.PC2 selected two indexes(ETR and NPQ)which were defined as fluorescence parameter factors.Based on cluster analysis,11 physiological indexes were grouped into 3 categories.Combined with correlation analysis,the activities of APX and GR,and ETR were selected as physiological evaluation indexes of sweet cherry response to high temperature stress.Finally,using these three indexes under K-means iterative calculation in dynamic cluster,the sweet cherries of two treatments(7 different states)in the experiment were divided into 3 categories. The first category contained T4, whose response to high temperature was characterized by high activities of GR and low activities of APX.The second category included T1,T2,T3 and T5,which were characterized by high ETR index and low activities of GR.The third category included T6 and T7,which were characterized by high activities of APX and low ETR index.The clustering results were corresponding to the heat map analysis of physiological indexes of sweet cherry with 7 different states.Both the activities of APX and GR and ETR could be used as representative indexes of the effect of high temperature on sweet cherry in this paper.【Conclusion】High temperature treatment caused oxidative damage to sweet cherry, and both chloroplast and mitochondrial structure were damaged. In order to maintain the stability of antioxidant enzyme system and reduce the damage of membrane permeability,the oxidative damage of sweet cherry was caused by high temperature treatment,and the production rate of O2·-and the content of MDA increased,while the activity of PSⅡreaction center decreased.The activities of APX and GR,and ETR could be used as representative indexes of the effect of high temperature on sweet cherry. The results provided reference for the establishment of the evaluation system of the heat tolerance of sweet cherry in the next program.

Key words:Sweet cherry;High temperature stress;Physiological response;Chlorophyll fluorescence

中图分类号:S662.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)04-0712-12

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220194

收稿日期:2022-04-13

接受日期:2022-11-22

基金项目:浙江省公益研究计划项目(LGN21C150005);杭州市农科院科技创新与示范推广基金(2022HNCT-06);杭州市级农科院联盟区域示范性项目(2022SJLM02)

作者简介:张琛,女,农艺师,研究方向为甜樱桃栽培与生理研究。Tel:0571-87313244,E-mail:tt.hang@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0571-87313244,E-mail:liuhui518lh@163.com