菠萝蜜优良新品种琼引8号的选育

颜彩缤,胡福初,赵 亚,肖 敏,张世青,范鸿雁*

(海南省农业科学院热带果树研究所·海南省热带果树野外科学观测研究站·农业农村部海口热带果树科学观测实验站·海南省热带果树生物学重点实验室,海口 571100)

摘 要琼引8号菠萝蜜是从泰国本地种实生后代中选育的优良品种。该品种为矮乔木,5年生树中等冠幅,冠高和宽分别为3.83 m和3.76 m,树冠呈多伞形或金字塔形;平均树高3.54 m,主干平均径周为55 cm;叶椭圆形,叶长、宽分别为14.01 cm和7.89 cm。成熟果实为椭圆形,果皮黄绿色,果苞金黄色至橙黄色,肉厚浓甜,质脆,果肉纤维含量低,果胶含量少;平均单果质量13.70 kg,最大单果质量20.59 kg,果形指数1.65;可食率为38.6%;平均每果实含种子粒数231.67个。可溶性固形物含量(w)为25.53%,品质上等。该品种在海南昌江地区(经度109.055 59°、纬度19.298 28°)具有3个成熟高峰期分别为2月中旬—3月下旬、6月中旬—7月上旬、9月下旬—10月中旬,果实生育期分别为120~125 d、105~110 d和105~110 d;5年生植株每株挂果16~18个,开花坐果率在85.0%以上,单株产量为232.9 kg,666.7 m2产量为5 356.7 kg,单株产量最高能达350 kg。具有较强抗旱性和耐热性,但不耐涝,对叶片病害抗性较强。货架期4~7 d,冷藏期1个月左右。适宜在海南昌江、东方、乐东和三亚等西南部市县菠萝蜜产区种植,第1.5年即可开花结果,早结丰产性好。

关键词:菠萝蜜;新品种;琼引8号;肉厚浓甜;质脆

菠萝蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)属桑科波罗蜜属,常绿乔木,又名为木菠萝、树菠萝等,原产自印度、东南亚地区,引入中国种植已有近千年的历史,现主要种植于海南、广西、广东、台湾等南方地区,具有食用及药用价值,被称为“热带水果皇后”[1]。2020 年国务院办公厅印发了《关于加强农业种质资源保护与利用的意见》,提出开展农业种质资源系统收集保护,实现应保尽保,强化鉴定评价,提高利用效率等意见。力争到2035 年,建成系统完整、科学高效的农业种质资源保护与利用体系,资源保存总量位居世界前列,珍稀、濒危、特有资源得到有效收集和保护,资源深度鉴定评价和综合开发利用水平显著提升,资源创新利用达到国际先进水平。而菠萝蜜作为主要热带果树之一,对其种质资源进行收集、保存及鉴定评价,筛选优良品种是一项重要且艰巨的任务。近10 年来,科研工作者选育出不少优良菠萝蜜品种如红肉菠萝蜜[2]、琼引1 号[3]和香蜜17 号[4]等。依托农业部热带作物种质资源保护项目,海南省农业科学院热带果树研究所联合昌江德红生态农业发展有限公司于2012年从泰国引入菠萝蜜资源,经过引进试种研究,历时10 年左右筛选出适应性强、品质优的菠萝蜜新品种琼引8号。

1 选育过程

2005—2009 年,泰国种植户从数十份本地菠萝蜜种质资源中筛选、实生选育出了具有生长快、结果早、坐果率高、丰产稳产、易管理、抗旱性强、一年四季均可挂果等特点的菠萝蜜品种。2012年,农业部热带作物种质资源保护项目组从泰国将该优良菠萝蜜品种引入海南,部分实生种苗种植于海南省昌江县海尾镇高石塘村二队昌江德红生态农业发展有限公司基地。2014 年开始结果,取芽条进行嫁接繁殖,2015—2020 年,连续5 a(年)观察其主要经济性状、生物学特性、果实品质以及产量,鉴定其稳定性。2021 年底海南省非主要农作物品种审定委员会对该菠萝蜜品种进行田间现场考察以及听取引种单位和种植户汇报后,认为其适应性较强、抗旱性及耐热性强、坐果率高、产质量优及遗传性状稳定,符合《海南省非主要农作物品种认定办法》的认定标准,定名为琼引8号(图1)。2022年6月2日获得海南省非主要农作物品种认定证书(琼认菠萝蜜2021001)。

图1 琼引8 号树冠(A)、单株挂果状(B)与果实横切面(C)
Fig.1 Canopy(A),single hanging fruit(B)and fruit cross-sectional view(C)of Qiongyin No.8

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

琼引8号多伞形或金字塔形树冠,5年生树中等冠幅,冠高和宽分别为3.83 m 和3.76 m;树体较挺拔、直立,颜色灰褐色,平均高3.54 m,主干平均径周为55 cm;枝条中等密度、生长方式轮生;叶片为革质,生长方式互生,形状椭圆形,叶长、宽分别为14.01 cm和7.89 cm,叶片先端钝尖,叶基部为楔形,叶片正面光滑且无毛,叶反面则较为粗糙,叶边缘整齐无波状,叶柄长度为1.76 cm,呈40°生长;雌雄同株异花,雄花序棒形,一般位于小枝末端,雌花序椭圆形,见于枝干、结果枝。

2.2 果实主要性状

琼引8 号成熟果实形状为椭圆形,平均单果质量为13.70 kg,纵横径分别为39.75 cm 和24.22 cm,果形指数1.65,为中等果型;果蒂形状凹陷;果皮黄绿色,厚度大约为0.75 cm,较薄;皮刺钝,平均长度0.69 cm;果胶含量少;果腱为中等黄色;果苞颜色金黄至橙黄色,纵径和横径分别为5.33 cm 和3.50 cm;单个果苞的果肉质量为22.84 g,果肉厚度为0.43 cm,果苞数231.67 枚,果肉厚实、爽脆,浓甜,属于干苞类型,可溶性固形物含量(w)为25.53%;可食率为38.6%。与对照品种琼引1 号菠萝蜜相比,琼引8 号菠萝蜜为中果型品种,果皮厚度较薄,果苞数更多,果苞颜色更加深黄,果肉质地较琼引1 号的厚实,且更脆更甜,可食率和可溶性固形物含量更高(表1)。

表1 琼引8 号与琼引1 号菠萝蜜主要性状对比
Table 1 Comparison of main characters of Qiongyin No.8 and Qiongyin No.1 jackfruit

品种Cultivar果肉颜色Flake color琼引8号Qiongyin No.8琼引1号Qiongyin No.1平均单果质量Average fruit mass/kg 13.70果形Fruit shape椭圆形Oval果皮厚度Peel thickness/cm 0.75果苞数Fruit bract number 231.67果苞肉厚度Fruit bract thickness/cm 0.43 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%25.53可食率Percentage of edible part/%38.60 19.53长椭圆形Oblong 1.23 216.83 0.30 18.26 38.25金黄至橙黄Golden until orange-yellow黄至金黄Yellow until golden果肉质地及风味Flake texture and flavor厚实、爽脆,浓甜Thick,crisp and sweet爽脆,香甜Crisp and sweet

2.3 生长结果习性

琼引8 号菠萝蜜定植后一般1.5 a 开始开花结果,2 a进入投产,当年挂果批数2批,每株可结4~6个果,单株产量为68.5 kg,666.7 m2产量为1 575.5 kg;第3年开始每年挂果批数均为3批,每株可结6~8个果,单株产量为95.9 kg,666.7 m2产量为2 205.7 kg;第4 年每株可结10~12 个果,单株产量为150.7 kg,666.7 m2产量为3 466.1 kg;5 a 进入盛产期,每株挂果16~18个,单株产量为232.9 kg,666.7 m2产量为5 356.7 kg。琼引8 号菠萝蜜开花坐果率在85.0%以上,单株产量最高能达350 kg。

2.4 物候期

琼引8 号1 年有3 次较集中的花期与果实成熟期,3次花期分别为10月中旬—11月下旬、3月上旬—3月下旬和6 月中旬—7 月上旬,3 次果实成熟期分别集中在2 月中旬—3 月下旬、6 月中旬—7 月上旬和9月下旬—10月中旬,3次集中果实生育期分别为120~125 d、105~110 d 和105~110 d。对照品种琼引1号1年只有2次花期和果实成熟期,果实平均生育期与琼引8号相当。

2.5 抗逆性与适应性

琼引8号具有较强抗旱性和耐热性,但不耐涝害,根部易积水腐烂。较抗炭疽病、叶点霉叶斑病、大茎点褐斑病、壳针孢叶点病等叶片病害,以及枝干绯腐病和流胶病等枝干病害,虫害方面抗性一般。琼引8号菠萝蜜宜在昌江、东方、乐东和三亚等西南部市县种植,由于北部地区和中部地区易发生寒害,而东部地区雨水较多,易发生果锈病和果腐病,不建议北部、中部或东部市县大规模种植,生产上应注意防寒,注意防治果锈病、裂皮病、天牛、刺蛾和吹绵蚧等病虫害。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 育苗

选择主干直径达0.8~1.0 cm,苗高为100~115 cm的本地菠萝蜜实生苗作为砧木。选择高产稳产优质、各性状表现优良的3 a 以上植株作为母株,在此母株上选择向阳、1 年生以上、表皮呈黄褐色、芽眼饱满、充实老熟的枝条作为接穗。嫁接一般采用补片芽接法,每年4—10 月均为适宜嫁接时间。嫁接前10 d 左右应对砧木苗施一次重肥,可每666.7 m2埋施10 kg复合肥,以增强树势,提高成活率。

3.2 定植

宜选择春季、秋季种植。定植株行距为5.0 m×(5.0~6.0)m,每666.7 m2定植19~25株。要选用苗高30~45 cm的壮苗定植。先在剥掉育苗营养袋,使土团不散,再将苗直立放进种植穴中,然后填土、轻压和覆土。最后于菠萝蜜苗周围做出直径为0.8~1.0 m的树盘,浇足定根水,盖草保湿。

3.3 土肥水管理

定植1~3 a的幼龄菠萝蜜园适合间种豆科、蔬菜或平托花生、硬皮豆等作物;定植后的第2年应进行深翻扩穴和压绿。初春发芽和抽花序前应施速效肥,以促植株新梢生长及花序发育;果实快速增大期,施用氯化钾和硝酸铵钙,或相同肥效的复合肥促进壮果;可施用海藻素、钙肥进行保果;在花期、果实发育期缺水容易造成果小且畸形,应及时浇水,水量以湿透20~40 cm土层根系为准,在雨季则应及时排水,防止积水烂根。

3.4 整形修剪

定植1~2 a后,距离地面1.1~1.2 m处,选择长势优、相距10~15 cm和45°~60°生长角度的3~4条枝梢当作主枝,然后剪顶定干。主枝生长至30~40 cm进入老熟后,距主干25~30 cm 处将其剪短,目的是使其抽生出2~3个副主枝。当主枝和副主枝生长方向和角度不合理时,应进行调校,如牵拉、压枝和短剪。结果树每年应修剪2 次,将病虫枝、枯死枝、密生枝和徒长枝等枝条剪除。

3.5 花果管理

选留授粉受精良好、分布均匀的雌花,等定果后,疏去畸小果、病虫果、密生果及近地面果。还应注意检查及防治为害果实的病虫害。主要有花果软腐病、炭疽病、蒂腐病、裂皮病和黄翅绢野螟、金龟子及蚜虫等。但采果前一个月内不能施药,如有病虫害发生,应及时剪除病虫果,防止病虫传播为害健康果实。

4 应用推广前景

琼引8 号菠萝蜜一年四季均可挂果,具有生长快、结果早、坐果率高、丰产稳产、易管理、抗旱性及耐热性强的特点,苞肉厚而密、爽脆、浓甜,综合性状表现优良,适宜在海南昌江、东方、乐东和三亚等西南部市县菠萝蜜产区大规模种植,具有良好的应用前景。

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Breeding report of a new excellent jackfruit variety Qiongyin No.8

YAN Caibin,HU Fuchu,ZHAO Ya,XIAO Min,ZHANG Shiqing,FAN Hongyan*
(Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hainan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Tropical Fruit Trees/Haikou Tropical Fruit Tree Scientific Observation and Experimental Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Trees Biology,Haikou 571100,Hainan,China)

Abstract:Qiongyin No.8 jackfruit is a superior variety bred from the native offspring in Thailand.Due to its high yield,good quality and early maturity,it was introduced into Hainan in 2012.In 2014,it began to blossom and bear fruit, and the buds were grafted and propagated.From 2015 to 2020, the main economic traits,biological characteristics,fruit quality and yield of the sample trees were observed for 5 consecutive years to evaluate their stability.On June 2,2022,it obtained the certification of Hainan nonmajor crop varieties.This variety is dwarf and up to 3.54 m tall.The canopy of the tree is multi-umbrella or pyramid-shaped,and tree-posture is upright.Branches are glabrous,grayish-brown,medium density and whorled. Leaves are elliptic, leaf apex is blunt pointed, and the leaf base is cuneate, 14.01 cm long and 7.89 cm wide, adaxial smooth and glabrous, The opposite side of the leaf is rough, with the leaf margin being neat and unwavy,and unisecious.The male inflorescence is rod shaped,generally located at the end of the branches, and the female inflorescence is elliptic, located on the central leader and fruiting branches.The fruit is oval,with yellow green peel and golden yellow to orange yellow fruit bract,thick-fleshed,strong sweetness and crisp.The flesh fiber content is low,with less pectin content.The average weight per fruit is 13.70 kg,the maximum weight per fruit is 20.59 kg,and the fruit shape index is 1.65.The edible rate is 38.6%.The average number of seeds per fruit is 231.67.The soluble solids content is 25.53% with high quality. In Changjiang area of Hainan province (longitude 109.055 59°and latitude 19.298 28°) , this variety has three peak ripening periods, which are from mid-February to late March, mid-June to early July, and late September to mid-October. The fruit growth period is about 120 d to 125 d,105 d to 110 d and 105 d to 110 d,respectively.Usually,each plant bears 16 to 18 fruits, flowering and fruit-setting rates are more than 85.0%, the yield per plant is 232.9 kg, the yield per 666.7 m2 is 5356.7 kg,and the maximum yield per plant can reach 350 kg.It has strong drought and heat resistance, but it is not resistant to waterlogged, and it is resistance to anthracnose, leaf spot mildew,large stem spot brown spot,needle leaf spot disease,stem rot disease,gummosis and other diseases.The storage period of the fruit is not long,the shelf life is 4 to 7 days,and the refrigerated period is about 1 month.The fruit has a strong aroma during storage.It is suitable for planting this jackfruit variety in Changjiang,Dongfang,Ledong,Sanya and other southwestern cities and counties of Hainan province,and the variety can blossom and bear fruit in 1.5 years with good yield.The orchard should be established on loam or sandy loam lands with deep soil layer, rich organic matter, pH value of about 5.0 or above,and good air permeability.Vigorous seedlings in 30-45 cm height should be selected for planting. The planting spacing is 5.0 m×(5.0-6.0) m.Young jackfruit plantations are suitable for intercropping.The soil should be kept moist during flowering and fruit development to reduce fruit cracking and fruit falling. If the growth direction and angle of branches are not reasonable, they should be pulled,pressed, bent, hung cut back or treated with other adjusting techniques, whose purpose is to maintain the tree shape and make the tree canopy to possess a good ventilation.

Key words:Jackfruit;New variety;Qiongyin No.8;Flake thick sweet;Crisp

中图分类号:S667.8

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)03-0600-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220489

收稿日期:2022-09-19

接受日期:2022-11-16

基金项目:国家菠萝蜜育种联合攻关项目;海南省菠萝蜜育种联合攻关项目;菠萝蜜种质资源保护项目;国家科技资源共享服务平台—国家热带植物种质资源库(NTPGRC2023-008)

作者简介:颜彩缤,女,研究实习员,本科,研究方向:果树植物保护。Tel:0898-65230557,E-mail:1746872621@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0898-65230557,E-mail:Fanhongyan_1979@126.com