结果枝管理方式对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实品质的影响

何青青1,2,傅伟红1,张辉邦1,2,徐 杏3,王海玮3,王三红1,2*

1南京农业大学园艺学院,南京 210095;2新沂阿湖葡萄产业研究院有限公司,江苏新沂 221413;3新沂市农业农村局作物栽培站,江苏新沂 221413)

摘 要:【目的】探讨结果枝不同管理方式对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实品质的影响,为阳光玫瑰葡萄结果枝管理提供一定的技术参考。【方法】以阳光玫瑰葡萄为试验材料,夏季结果枝管理设计果穗以上留7~8片功能叶,副梢分别留0、1、2片叶,结果枝反复摘心;果穗上副梢分别留0、1、2片叶,结果枝顶端不摘心共6个处理,对果实成熟期单果质量、纵横径、果形指数、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、固酸比以及香气组分、含量进行分析。【结果】各处理组的果实醛类物质含量和酮类物质含量无显著差异,且无论结果枝摘心与否,副梢留2片叶的管理方式均对果实品质提升不显著。J1组处理(结果枝反复摘心,副梢留1片叶摘心)和J0组处理(结果枝反复摘心,副梢不留叶)能够提高果实的单果质量、横径、可溶性糖含量。J0组处理的香气物质种类和总含量最高,醇类、萜烯类含量也高于其他处理,对果实香气成分提高最显著。【结论】果穗以上留7~8叶,结果枝反复摘心,副梢不留叶处理有利于改善果实香气,保持葡萄良好品质。

关键词:阳光玫瑰葡萄;结果枝管理;果实品质

葡萄生长季修剪是果园管理的重要技术措施,而夏季结果枝管理是夏季修剪的重要环节,可有效调节营养生长和生殖生长的平衡,改善通风透光条件,是提高果实品质的关键栽培措施。阳光玫瑰(Shine Muscat)葡萄属欧美杂交品种,2007年引入我国,经过十几年的发展,种植范围遍及全国各地[1]。但随着种植规模不断扩大,各地葡萄种植者管理水平参差不齐,葡萄枝梢和花果管理技术执行规范各异,果实品质差异较大。因此,研究阳光玫瑰葡萄的关键栽培管理技术对提高品质和风味,实行阳光玫瑰葡萄标准化栽培具有重要意义。

研究表明,结果枝管理方式影响葡萄的产量和品质。宋润刚等[2]对山葡萄3 个主栽品种进行了摘心试验,结果表明,3~5 片叶摘心有效提高了果穗质量、含糖量和出汁率,而且坐果率和产量也符合生产要求;董婕和代红军以不同副梢处理酿酒葡萄蛇龙珠,发现适当的副梢修剪有利于提高蛇龙珠葡萄的品质,副梢保留3 片叶处理能显著提高果穗长度、可溶性总糖和可溶性固形物含量[3]。付伟伟等[4]研究表明,“结果枝顶端保留1 副梢4 片叶+每节1 副梢留1 片叶/果穗上留1 副梢保留2 片叶”两种方法综合使用可明显提高巨峰葡萄坐果率;庞一波等[5]发现花前摘心和赤霉素处理可有效拉长寒香蜜、夏黑、瑞都香玉和新雅葡萄花序。

关于结果枝管理对葡萄品质影响的研究主要集中在酿酒葡萄上,在鲜食葡萄品种上的报道较少,阳光玫瑰葡萄的研究更少。针对目前阳光玫瑰葡萄结果枝留梢长度、副梢管理对品质的影响缺乏相应的研究,生产方面缺乏统一的标准,笔者在本研究中设置了结果枝不同管理组合,通过测定单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、香气组分等指标,并对其进行综合评价;研究结果枝不同管理方式对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实品质的影响,为阳光玫瑰葡萄结果枝管理提供一定的技术参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验在江苏省新沂市双塘镇夏冷云葡萄家庭农场进行。葡萄植株为4年生,南北行向种植,“一”字形整形,株行距1.5 m×3.0 m,平均干高1.2 m,采用双层塑料大棚避雨栽培。选取长势一致、生长健壮的葡萄植株作为试验材料。

1.2 田间试验设计

试验选取长势一致、生长健壮的葡萄植株,分6组设计,每组处理3株树,共计18株树,单株小区,3次重复。试验设计见表1 和图1。不同处理分别在盛花期、果实膨大期使用相同的植物生长调节剂处理。葡萄成熟前2 个月进行套袋,水肥管理相同。果实成熟后采收并测定品质指标。

图1 结果枝不同管理模式
Fig.1 The schematic drawing of different managements of bearing branches

表1 试验处理
Table 1 Experiment treatment

处理Treatment CK J0 J1 X0 X1 X2结果枝管理方法The treatment method of bearing branches果穗以上留7~8叶,结果枝反复摘心,副梢留2叶摘心7-8 leaves were retained above the fruit ears,the leaves at the top of the bearing branch were repeatedly pinched and 2 leaves pinching at the lateral shoot果穗以上留7~8叶,结果枝反复摘心,副梢全部去除7-8 leaves were retained above the fruit ears with repeatedly pinching of bearing branch,and the lateral shoot did not leave any leaves果穗以上留7~8叶,结果枝反复摘心,副梢留1叶摘心7-8 leaves were retained above the fruit ears,the leaves at the top of the bearing branch were repeatedly pinched and 1 leaf pinching at the lateral shoot结果枝顶端不摘心,果穗以上副梢全部去除The lateral shoot did not leave any leaves with no pinching of bearing branch结果枝顶端不摘心,果穗以上副梢留1叶摘心No pinching of bearing branch and 1 leaf pinching at the lateral shoot结果枝顶端不摘心,果穗以上副梢留2叶摘心No pinching of bearing branch and 2 leaves pinching at the lateral shoot

1.3 果实品质测定

果实成熟后在每株树的外围、中间、内膛各选取1 穗果实,每穗果实的上、中、下部随机共选取10 粒果实,每个处理总计90粒果实进行品质测定。使用电子天平测量单果质量,数显游标卡尺测量果实纵横径,果形指数以纵横径之比表示。将果肉用纱布挤汁,取上清液用RA-250手持式糖度仪测定可溶性固形物含量。使用酸碱中和滴定法测定可滴定酸含量。固酸比以可溶性固形物含量与可滴定酸含量之比表示。采用蒽酮比色法测定果实可溶性糖含量。

1.4 果实香气物质测定

果实香气物质的测定采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)法。将储存在-80 ℃冰箱内的果实样品取出,立即用液氮研磨成粉状,称取2 g 置于20 mL顶空瓶,加入1.5 g 氯化钠,以2µL 万分之一的3-辛醇(0.08 g·L-1)作为内标,用乙醇进行梯度稀释,完成后迅速盖紧盖子待用。取样前先在气相色谱仪进样口将固相萃取纤维头(50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS,Supelco)老化,250 ℃老化30 min。将制备好的样品瓶放入Thermo RSH 自动进样器中等待萃取,萃取过程由进样器的SPME模块自动完成,程序为:设定炉温箱50 ℃,样品先平衡25 min,固相微萃取纤维头250 ℃老化3 min后,在样品瓶上空吸附20 min,插入进样口(250 ℃)解析5 min,启动仪器采集数据,进行定性定量分析。

1.5 数据处理

采用Excel 2019 制作基本图表,SPSS 22.0 进行数据显著性分析,Origin 2021 完成相关性分析和聚类分析,以0.05水平作为显著性相关的阈值。

2 结果与分析

2.1 结果枝不同管理方式对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实单果质量、纵横径、果形指数的影响

根据图2 可知,结果枝不同处理方式对葡萄单果质量与对照(CK)相比均无显著差异,J0组处理和J1组处理的单果质量略高于CK组,分别为9.84 g和9.95 g。但与X2组相比,J0组和J1组处理的单果质量显著提高。结果枝果穗以上留7~8叶摘心处理与不摘心长放相比,摘心有利于提高单果质量,如处理J1、J2 和CK 的单果质量普遍大于X0、X1 和X2;结果枝不留副梢与副梢留1叶或2叶摘心相比,留1叶摘心有利于提高单果质量,如J1的单果质量大于J0和CK,X1的单果质量大于X0和X2,但差异不显著(图2-B)。

图2 不同结果枝处理方式对果实形态(A)、单果质量(B)、纵横径(C)和果形指数(D)的影响
Fig.2 Effects of different bearing branches management on fruit morphology(A),berry weight(B),vertical and transverse diameters(C)and index of fruit shape(D)

不同小写字母表示在p<0.05 差异显著。下同。
Different small letters indicate significant difference at p<0.05.The same below.

从图2-C 可以看出,J0 组、J1 组、X0 组、X1 组处理的果实纵径与CK 组相比均无显著区别,X2 组(31.88 mm)处理的果实纵径显著低于CK 组(33.92 mm)、J0 组(33.74 mm)和X1 组(33.66 mm)。J1组处理的横径显著高于CK组,横径达到26.72 mm,比对照提高了1.42 mm,其余处理的果实横径与对照组相比均无明显差异。X2 组处理的果实横径显著低于J0和J1组。在相同的副梢管理时,与结果枝长放相比,结果枝摘心均能够增加果实的横径;结果枝无论长放还是摘心处理,副梢留2 片叶摘心的果实横径均最小。

从图2-A、2-D可以看出,J0、J1组处理的果形指数均显著低于CK组,X0、X1、X2处理的果形指数与CK 组相比无明显差异,其中,J1 组处理的果形指数显著低于J0 组,说明J1 组处理的果实更接近圆形,而对照处理的果实更接近长椭圆形。

综上所述,J1 组处理(果穗以上留7~8 叶,结果枝反复摘心、副梢留1片叶摘心)能够显著提高果实的横径,其他处理与生产中常规管理方式(CK)相比,阳光玫瑰葡萄的单果质量、纵径和果形指数没有显著提高。

2.2 对果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和固酸比的影响

如图3,J1组(果穗以上留7~8叶,结果枝反复摘心,副梢留1叶)处理的可溶性固形物含量和固酸比显著高于X0、X1组处理,为6组中最高。J0、J1和X0组处理的可溶性糖含量均显著高于CK 组,分别为14.35%、14.40%和10.87%,比对照分别提高了5.41%、5.46%和1.93%。结果枝无论长放还是摘心处理,副梢不留叶处理的可溶性糖含量高于副梢留2片叶处理,副梢留2片叶处理的果实可溶性糖含量最低。

图3 结果枝不同管理方式对阳光玫瑰葡萄内在品质的影响
Fig.3 Effects of different bearing branches management on internal quality of Shine Muscat grape

2.3 对阳光玫瑰葡萄果实香气物质的影响

2.3.1 阳光玫瑰葡萄香气物质含量与种类比较 如图4和表2所示,阳光玫瑰葡萄各处理的香气成分以醛、醇两类物质含量最高,是主要香气成分。醛类物质中以正己醛和2-己烯醛含量最高,醇类物质中以正己醇含量最高,酮、酯、萜烯类物质含量均较少。J0 组处理的醛类物质种类最多,共9 种。2-己烯醛和正己醛是含量最高的两种醛类物质。X0 组处理的酮类物质总含量最高,各组检测出的酮类物质种类均为2~3种。J0、J1、X1、X2处理的酯类物质总含量均显著高于CK组和X0组,总含量从高到低排序为X2>X1>J1>J0>CK、X0。各组处理的萜烯类物质含量均较少,检测出的其他类物质相对含量均不高。

图4 不同结果枝处理对香气物质种类及含量的影响
Fig.4 Effects of different bearing branches management on the types and contents of aroma substances

表2 不同枝叶处理对阳光玫瑰葡萄香气成分种类及含量的影响
Table 2 Effects of different branches and leaves treatment on the types and contents of aroma components of Shine Muscat grape

香气类别Type化合物名称Chemical compound分子式Molecular formula CAS号CAS number香气组分质量分数Content of aroma component/(ng·g-1)J0 J1 CK X0 X1 X2萜烯类Terpenes芳樟醇Linalool(+)-α-松油醇(+)-α-terpineol α-松油醇α-terpineol香叶醇Geraniol总计Total C10H18O C10H18O 78-70-6 7785-53-7 2.47±0.63 0.97±0.06 0.85±0.07 0.27±0.05 0.38±0.09 0.15±0.09 0.72±0.01 0.21±0.02 1.00±0.04 0.28±0.04 2.10±0.01 0.54±0.00 C10H18O C10H18O 98-55-5 106-24-1 0.50±0.07 0.23±0.08 4.17±0.84 0.23±0.01 0.24±0.08 1.58±0.21 0.18±0.09—0.71±0.08—————0.93±0.01 1.27±0.01 0.40±0.00 3.04±0.01醇类Alcohols 2-己炔-1-醇2-hexyne-1-alcohol顺-3-己烯-1-醇Cis-3-hexene-1-ol 3-己烯-1-醇3-hexene-1-ol反式-3-己烯-1-醇Trans-3-hexene-1-ol反式-2-己烯醇Trans-2-hexenol正己醇hexyl alcohol 1-辛烯-3-醇1-octene-3-ol 2-乙基己醇2-ethyl hexanol(2Z)-2-辛烯-1-醇(2Z)-2-octene-1-ol正辛醇N-caprylic alcohol总计Total C6H10O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H14O C8H16O C8H18O C8H16O C8H18O 764-60-3 1.20±0.37 928-96-1 16.07±1.40 544-12-7 9.55±0.55 544-12-7—928-95-0 7.20±2.87 111-27-3 3391-86-4 14.07±4.83 1.59±0.35 104-76-7 2.01±0.25 26001-58-1 0.27±0.03 111-87-5 0.17±0.03 52.12±7.81 1.14±0.19——11.06±1.38 5.55±1.2 11.18±1.72 2.16±0.65——31.09±5.14 0.83±0.23 11.46±1.11——6.55±2.16 13.67±4.70 2.31±0.14—0.50±0.01—35.31±6.13 0.78±0.11——5.09±0.83 11.82±3.24 1.81±0.16—0.26±0.01 0.24±0.09 22.85±3.89 1.18±0.09——14.31±0.34 5.47±0.59 20.87±4.56 2.40±0.15 1.46±0.04 0.26±0.05—45.93±5.42 1.14±0.19 11.41±0.09——6.10±0.06 21.70±1.48 1.31±0.02 1.06±0.09 0.19±0.00—42.86±1.15醛类Aldehydes乙醛Acetaldehyde丙酮醛Methylglyoxal戊醛Valeraldehyde正己醛N-hexana 2-己烯醛2-hexene aldehyde 2-庚烯醛2-heptene Aldehyde苯乙醛Phenylacetaldehyde壬醛Pelargonaldehyde正癸醛N-decyl aldehyde总计Total C2H4O C3H4O2 C5H10O C6H12O C6H10O C7H12O C8H8O C9H18O C10H20O 75-07-0 78-98-8 110-62-3 66-25-1 505-57-7 0.79±0.27 5.74±0.19 0.50±0.21 56.48±10.14 116.90±36.24 0.75±0.04 3.52±0.72 0.36±0.11 50.69±7.88 114.98±19.72 0.71±0.12 5.61±1.85 0.33±0.06 50.56±16.19 91.83±28.28—2.05±0.57 4.32±0.09 0.35±0.07 32.28±7.72 89.86±21.38——0.29±0.03 76.71±5.47 130.94±10.80——65.65±4.85 118.74±9.83 57266-86-1 1.32±0.54 1.81±0.54 2.05±0.09 0.74±0.03 1.30±0.45 0.46±0.02 122-78-1 0.71±0.21 1.54±0.11 0.44±0.11 0.32±0.14 0.89±0.17 1.08±0.28 124-19-6 112-31-2 2.19±1.22 2.25±0.17 186.87±46.41 0.54±0.11—174.17±29.21 0.55±0.16—152.07±46.86 1.47±0.69 0.73±0.36 129.58±29.90 1.31±0.01 0.23±0.05 211.65±15.57 1.75±0.01 0.44±0.01 190.17±13.91酮类Ketones 1-辛烯-3-酮1-octene-3-ketone甲基庚烯酮6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one香叶基丙酮Geranyl acetone C8H14O 4312-99-6 0.67±0.06 0.47±0.15 0.68±0.12—0.54±0.15—C8H14O 110-93-0 3.62±0.38 3.40±0.77 3.12±0.54 4.76±0.71 3.54±0.13 3.04±0.15 C13H22O 3796-70-1 0.61±0.06 0.60±0.20 0.69±0.12 0.73±0.36 0.49±0.04 0.44±0.01

表2 (续)Table 2(Continued)

注:—. 未检出。
Note:—.Not detected.

香气类别Type化合物名称Chemical compound分子式Molecular formula CAS号CAS number香气组分质量分数Content of aroma component/(ng·g-1)J0 J1 CK X0 X1 X2总计Total 4.89±0.49 4.46±1.11 4.48±0.54 5.48±1.06 4.57±0.06 3.48±0.16酯类Esters乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate丙烯酸乙酯Ethyl-A(E)-2-甲基-2-丁酸-2-甲丙酯(E)-2-methyl-2-butyrate-2-methyl propyl ester 2-甲基-丙酸3-羟基-2,2,4-三甲基戊基酯2-methyl-propionate 3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentyl ester二氢猕猴桃内酯Dihydroactinidiolide邻苯二甲酸双十三酯Bis-Tridecyl Phthalate邻苯二甲酸二丁酯Dibutyl phthalate总计Total C4H8O2 C5H6O2 C9H16O2 C12H24O3 C11H16O2 C25H38O4 C16H22O4 141-78-6 2177-18-6 61692-84-0 77-68-9 15356-74-8— — — —75359-31-8 0.08±0.01 84-74-2 0.09±0.01 0.17±0.02— —0.43±0.08——0.12±0.05 0.54±0.04— — —0.04±0.01—0.04±0.00 0.08±0.01— — —0.03±0.01——0.03±0.01—0.77±0.04————0.77±0.44 0.58±0.01—0.52±0.01——0.06±0.02 0.06±0.01 1.21±0.02其他类Others二乙氧基甲烷Diethoxymethane 2-环丙亚基丙烷2-cyclopropyl propane 1,1-二甲基-2-亚甲基环丙烷1,1-dimethyl-2-methylene cyclopropane 2,6-二甲基-2-反式-6-辛二烯2,6-dimethyl-2-trans-6-octandiene 4-甲基-1,5-庚二烯4-methyl-1,5-heptadiene三氯甲烷Trichloromethane甲苯Methylbenzene乙基苯Ethylbenzene邻二甲苯o-Xylene 2,4-二叔丁基苯酚2,4-di-tert-butylphenol总计Total C5H12O2 C6H10 C6H10 C10H18 C8H14 CHCl3 C7H8 C8H10 C8H10 C14H22O 462-95-3 4741-86-0 4372-94-5 2492-22-0 998-94-7 67-66-3 108-88-3 100-41-4 95-47-6 96-76-4 0.14±0.02——1.49±0.03 0.61±0.03 0.06±0.00 0.20±0.08——0.49±0.06 2.98±0.16 0.11±0.02——2.11±0.04—0.08±0.03 0.25±0.09 0.12±0.00—0.33±0.15 2.93±0.26 0.19±0.01 6.41±0.10——1.75±0.06 0.20±0.02 0.58±0.04—0.26±0.02 0.20±0.06 9.57±0.24 0.40±0.09——0.65±0.05—0.08±0.04 0.16±0.03——0.09±0.04 1.37±0.17 0.19±0.01—11.11±0.44 0.87±0.06—0.12±0.02 0.26±0.04 0.14±0.02 0.16±0.01 0.31±0.06 13.14±0.36 0.24±0.03——0.36±0.03—0.29±0.02 1.09±0.04 0.84±0.05 0.74±0.11 0.28±0.02 3.82±0.06总量合计The total amount种类合计Species in total 251.20 214.77 202.22 160.24 277.33 244.58 33 29 30 26 29 31

2.3.2 香气成分聚类分析 以6种不同结果枝处理方式成熟的阳光玫瑰葡萄果实的香气种类和含量数据为基础,通过聚类热图来进一步解析结果枝不同处理方式阳光玫瑰果实的香气特征。由图5可知,6种处理方式可分为2 簇,一簇是J0、J1、X1 和X2;一簇是CK 和X0。相较于其他处理,J0 处理方式的醇类物质和萜烯类物质含量均高于其他处理,其中萜烯类物质芳樟醇、(+)-α-松油醇、反式-2-己烯醇含量都较其他处理高;其次是X1 组处理,醛类物质含量高于其他处理,包括己醛、2-己烯醛含量等,高含量的醛类香气使得该处理葡萄果实具有轻微的青草香;第三为X2组处理,酯类、正己醇等物质含量高于其他处理;第四为J1 和CK 处理,醇类、醛类物质含量低于除X0外的其他处理;第五为X0处理,物质总量和种类均为各组最低。综上,各结果枝处理对香气物质影响排序为J0>X1>X2>J1、CK>X0,同时也印证了CK 和X0 处理区别于其他处理的聚类分析结果,J0组处理在香气物质种类和总含量上均体现出优势。

图5 不同结果枝处理的果实香气物质聚类分析
Fig.5 Cluster analysis of fruit aroma substances under different bearing branches managements

3 讨 论

结果枝管理方式是夏季修剪的重要技术措施,通过摘心调整叶幕结构、改善微气候,能有效提高浆果可溶性固形物含量和果皮色素含量[6]。本试验研究表明,果穗以上留7~8 叶、结果枝反复摘心、副梢留1 片叶摘心处理能够提高果实横径、可溶性固形物含量以及固酸比,并显著提高可溶性糖含量,与前人在巨峰葡萄上的研究结果一致[4,7]。结果枝摘心处理的果实单果质量均大于结果枝长放处理,这与杜社妮等[8]、李明霞等[9]的研究结果一致。结果枝摘心处理的果实横径和固酸比均大于结果枝长放处理,推测结果枝摘心有利于叶片光合作用产物集中供应果实生长发育,而结果枝长放,存在营养生长与果实生长发育两个生长中心,竞争养分削弱了果实生长。结果枝无论摘心还是长放处理,副梢留2 片叶处理的果实单果质量、横径、可溶性糖含量均最低,副梢留1 片叶处理的单果质量均最大,这与郑晓翠等[10]在巨峰葡萄上的研究结果一致,与刘万好等[11]在赤霞珠葡萄的研究存在差异,这可能是受品种和气候差异的影响。

葡萄果实中香气物质主要有醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类和萜烯类等,果实中的特征香气决定了香气类型,特征香气取决于香气浓度及感知阈值[12-14]。玫瑰香型葡萄果实香气中含有丰富的单萜类物质,主要有芳樟醇、香叶醇、橙花醇、萜品醇和香茅醇,其具有浓郁的花香和果香,感知阈值低,而对玫瑰香气贡献最大的是感知阈值最低的芳樟醇[15-18]。醛类、醇类、酮类是葡萄草香味的主要贡献者,被称作绿叶挥发物(GLVs),C6 酯类对葡萄草莓香味具有重要贡献[19-21]

果实香气是鲜食葡萄品质的重要感官指标,香气化合物的成分、含量受品种、生态环境、栽培模式、果实成熟度和处理手段等多种因素影响[22-24]。葡萄香气成分含量在各发育时期有所不同。萜类化合物在果实软化期浓度最低,在果实转色后期开始大量合成,在果实成熟早期达到最高峰,而在后熟时期因为挥发会有所下降。张克坤等[7]研究表明,葡萄延迟采收后萜烯类主要物质为芳樟醇,呈现先稳定再急剧下降趋势。C6化合物在果实转色后大量积累,在成熟早期C6醇和酯类化合物含量上升,至完全成熟时浓度达到最大,而在成熟后期会有所下降[25]。在本试验中,J0 处理方式(果穗以上留7~8 叶、结果枝反复摘心、副梢不留叶)的醇类物质和萜烯类物质含量均高于其他处理,尤其是芳樟醇和(+)-α-松油醇等单萜类物质,除X2组处理(结果枝顶端不摘心,果穗以上副梢留2叶摘心)外,其他处理方式果实的萜烯类物质含量均显著低于J0组处理,说明果穗以上留7~8叶、结果枝反复摘心、副梢不留叶对增加阳光玫瑰葡萄玫瑰香气具有一定作用。X1处理组(结果枝顶端不摘心,果穗以上副梢留1 叶摘心)的醛类、酮类物质含量高于其他处理,但不显著,使得该处理葡萄果实具有轻微的青草香。但是所有处理组果实的醇、醛类香气物质相对含量最高,萜烯类和酯类物质相对含量低,尤其是赋予阳光玫瑰葡萄浓郁玫瑰香味的芳樟醇含量很低,该现象可能与本试验中采收时期和果实套绿袋有关,影响了萜烯物质的合成与积累。

4 结 论

采用果穗以上留7~8 叶,结果枝反复摘心、副梢不留叶进行夏季结果枝修剪,能够显著改善阳光玫瑰葡萄果实品质,可为果农带来更高的经济效益。

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Effects of bearing-branch management on fruit quality of Shine Muscat grape

HE Qingqing1,2,FU Weihong1,ZHANG Huibang1,2,XU Xing3,WANG Haiwei3,WANG Sanhong1,2*
(1College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China;2Grape Industry Research Institute Co.,Ltd., Xinyi Ahu, Xinyi 221413, Jiangsu, China;3Crop Cultivation Station, Xinyi Agriculture and Rural Affairs Administration, Xinyi 221413,Jiangsu,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Bearing-branch management is a key cultivation strategy to increase fruit quality through regulating the balance between nutritional and reproductive development by improving the ventilation and lighting conditions. However, there are no established guidelines for bearing-branch management of Shine Muscat grape.In this work,the impact of various branch management techniques on the fruit quality of Shine Muscat grape was investigated.【Methods】There were six treatments, including CK group: 7-8 leaves were retained above the fruit ears, the leaves at the top of the bearing branch were repeatedly taken off and 2 leaves were left on the lateral shoot after pinching; J0: 7-8 leaves were retained above the fruit ears with repeatedly pinching of bearing branch,and no leaves was left on the lateral shoot; J1: 7-8 leaves were retained above the fruit ears, the leaves on the top of the bearing branch were repeatedly pinched and 1 leaf was left on the lateral shoot;X0:no leaves were left on the lateral shoot with no pinching of bearing branch; X1: no pinching of bearing branch and 1 leaf was left on the lateral shoot; X2: no pinching of bearing branch and 2 leaves was left on the lateral shoot. The fruit weight, vertical diameter, transverse diameter, soluble solids, soluble sugar content, titratable acid, ratio of soluble solids/acid and aroma components of the berries with different treatments were measured. 3 parallel trees were selected for each treatment.【Results】The fruit transverse diameter,soluble solids content,soluble sugar content and ratio of soluble solids/acid could all be dramatically increased by the treatment,that is,7-8 leaves were retained above the fruit ears,the leaves on the top of the bearing branch(J1)were repeatedly pinched and 1 leaf was left on the lateral shoot.The bearing branches had higher fruit weights, transverse diameter, and ratio of soluble solids/acid than the bearing branches with long-release treatment.It was possible that bearing branches pinching facilitated the concentration of the photosynthetic products of the leaves, while the bearing branches with long-release treatment had two growth centers, and the competition for nutrients weakened fruit growth. Regardless of whether the bearing branches were plucked or long-released, the treatment of 2 leaves on the lateral shoots had the lowest fruit weight, transverse diameter, and soluble sugar content, whereas the treatment with 1 leaf on the lateral shoots had the greatest. The content of hexanal and 2-hexenal was the highest among the aldehydes,and the content of hexanol was the highest among the alcohols,while the content of ketones,esters and terpenes were less,indicating that the aroma substances in each treatment mainly consisted of aldehydes and alcohols. The J0 group had 9 different forms of aldehydes, with 2-hexenal and N-hexenal being the two most prevalent varieties.The total ester content of J0,J1,X1 and X2 treatments were much higher than that of the CK and X0 groups. The X0 group treatment had the greatest overall ketone content.The J0 treatment had dominances in the kinds and overall content of fragrance compounds. The six treatments were separated into two clusters according to cluster analysis:one for J0,J1,X1 and X2 and another for CK and X0.The J0 treatment had higher content of alcohols and terpenoids such as linalool, (+)-α-terpineol and trans-2-hexenol than the other treatments.The X1 group treatment had higher aldehydes including hexanal, 2-hexenal than the other treatments. The X2 group treatment had more esters and N-hexenol than the other treatments.The J1 and CK were ranged at number four,followed by the X0 treatment,which had the lowest content of chemicals.The effects of each resulting branch treatment on aroma components were J0>X1>X2>J1,CK>X0 in order【Conclusion】The treatments of J1 and J0 could maximize the fruit weight, transverse diameter and soluble sugar content. The types and total contents of aroma substances of J0 group were the highest, the contents of alcohols and terpenes of J0 group were also higher than those of the other treatments, and the aroma components of Shine Muscat grape were improved most significantly. In conclusion, 7-8 leaves retained above the fruit ears with repeatedly pinching of bearing branch,and no leaves left on the lateral shoots could be regarded as the most effective method for bearing branches management in the summer to improve the comprehensive quality under the experimental conditions.

Key words:Shine Muscat grape;Bearing branches management;Fruit quality

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)03-0494-11

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220435

收稿日期:2022-08-17

接受日期:2022-09-15

基金项目:江苏省政策引导类计划(苏北科技专项)资金(XZ-SZ202031)

作者简介:何青青,女,硕士,主要从事果树生理与栽培技术研究。Tel:17775210771,E-mail:3271014701@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13951940604,E-mail:wsh3xg@njau.edu.cn