覆盖材料对黄土高原苹果根区土壤微生物数量的影响

陈军宏,谢玉琴,张 扬,李小伟,薛应钰*

(甘肃农业大学植物保护学院·甘肃省农作物病虫害生物防治工程实验室,兰州 730070)

摘 要:【目的】研究覆盖材料对黄土高原苹果园土壤理化性质及微生物的影响,为苹果园管理提供理论依据。【方法】2018年2—12月在4年生富士苹果树行间进行干草(GC)、砂石(SS)、PE黑膜(HM)、园艺地布(DB)覆盖和清耕(CK)处理,测定0~60 cm土壤含水量、pH、养分含量及全生育期的土壤微生物数量,并进行相关性分析。【结果】与CK相比,4 种覆盖可显著提高2.6%~5.0%的土壤含水量(p<0.05),DB 处理增幅最大,且含水量与微生物数量呈正相关;除SS外,其余处理均可降低土壤pH。4 种覆盖均可提高土壤养分含量,其中DB 对土壤速效氮磷钾含量的提升作用最明显,分别提高26.67%、113.40%和48.47%。4种覆盖均可提高土壤微生物数量。与CK相比,GC和DB 0~60 cm土壤真菌分别提高了47.91%和11.10%,SS和HM 0~60 cm土壤细菌和放线菌的数量分别提高了9.41%和29.60%。在果树生育期,土壤真菌数量在休眠期呈现最大值,土壤细菌数量则在果实膨大期出现峰值;除SS增加土壤细菌数量外,GC、HM和DB土壤细菌显著降低了27.51%~61.81%。4种覆盖材料下均为果实成熟期的土壤放线菌数量最少,GC处理0~60 cm土壤放线菌数量显著提高96.07%。【结论】比较4种覆盖材料,GC和DB处理可显著提高土壤含水量,改善养分条件,提高土壤真菌和放线菌数量,可优先作为黄土高原苹果园区土地管理的方式。

关键词:苹果园;覆盖;土壤理化性质;土壤微生物

黄土高原大部分地区光热资源丰富,昼夜温差大,适宜生产优质苹果,已成为全球最大的苹果集约化种植区[1]。位于黄土高原苹果优势产区的静宁县,苹果种植面积已达6.67万hm2,产量约达88万t,产值达39.6 亿元,苹果产业已成为当地农村的经济支柱[2-3]。然而,黄土高原是世界公认的严重侵蚀地区之一,黄土沉积严重,土质疏松,土壤水分和有机碳缺乏,长期的果园清耕管理模式严重制约了静宁县苹果产业的发展[4-6]

近年来,为改善土壤结构,如免耕、轮作、植草、覆盖等保护性耕作在世界范围内得到广泛应用,尤其覆盖处理已成为提高土壤微生物活性和解决土壤质量差等问题的有效方法[7-8]。在农业生态系统中,微生物作为土壤中的一个生物参数,对土壤养分循环和质量改善具有重要作用[9]。由于微生物对环境条件和种植方式高度敏感,因此土壤的健康与土壤微生物群落结构、多样性和功能密切相关[10-11]

然而,不同覆盖材料下土壤环境的异质性决定了土壤微生物优势群落及生物量变化的差异[8]。据报道,秸秆覆盖和园艺地布覆盖可有效提高苹果园土壤含水量和速效钾的含量,降低土壤pH 值,且植物残基的输入为土壤微生物提供栖息地和营养致使土壤微生物数量增多[12-13]。在干旱的西北地区果园,聚乙烯(PE)地膜覆盖可有效抑制土壤水分蒸发,提高土壤温度和养分含量,这种增温保墒效应促使土壤微生物增多[14-16]。砂石覆盖作为黄土高原历史悠久的特色农业技术,可以有效减少地表径流和土壤流失量,对土壤全氮、全磷等养分含量的流失具有明显的抑制作用,是西北黄土地区一种有效的水土保持技术[17]。已有研究表明,微生物丰度及群落结构与作物产量和品质存在显著正相关(p<0.05),虽然不同覆盖材料及方式对苹果园的影响研究颇多,但大多都关注覆盖处理一段时间后土壤理化性质或微生物群落变化[18-20],鲜有果园覆盖处理对各生育期土壤微生物的影响及果园理化性质和土壤微生物相关性的研究。因此,笔者在本研究中通过比较试验,探讨砂石覆盖、干草覆盖、园艺地布覆盖和PE黑膜覆盖下苹果树全生育期及0~60 cm根区土层中土壤理化性质和微生物数量的变化,分析土壤含水量、pH 和养分含量等与微生物种类及数量间的相互关系,以期为黄土高原苹果园区的管理方式提供参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 研究区概况

研究区位于暖温带半湿润半干旱气候区的甘肃省平凉市静宁县现代苹果高新技术示范园(105°20′~106°05′E,35°01′~35°45′N),年均气温7.1 ℃,无霜期约159 d,日照时数2238 h;自然降水偏少,夏季雨水较多,冬春较少,年均降水量450.8 mm,可靠值383 mm,年蒸发量1469 mm。

1.2 试验设计

2018年2—12月,以陇东海棠为基砧、M26为中间砧的4 年生富士苹果树为供试材料,采用高纺锤形、3.5 m 行距、1.2 m 株距的矮砧密植栽植模式种植,适宜种植密度为2400 株·hm-2。在果园统一管理模式下设置干草覆盖(GC)、砂石覆盖(SS)、PE黑膜覆盖(HM)、园艺地布覆盖(DB)和清耕(CK)对照5 个处理进行行间覆盖,各覆盖厚度:干草5 cm,砂石8 cm,PE黑膜0.008 mm,地布0.12 mm,覆盖宽度为1.4 m。采用随机取样法,各处理选取3 株果树,用土钻定点采取苹果树各生育期根区土壤。取样以同株果树的树干为中心,在果树投影区域分别取东西南北4个方位,土层深度分别为0~20、>20~40、>40~60 cm的土壤,混合去杂后标记带回,用2 mm筛子过筛后保存备用。

1.3 样品测定

1.3.1 土壤理化性质的测定 土壤全氮含量测定采用半微量凯氏定氮法;土壤全磷含量的测定采用硫酸高氯酸消煮-钼锑抗混合试剂比色法;土壤全钾含量的测定采用NaOH熔融-火焰光度法[21]。土壤含水量、pH、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量测定参考李发康等[22]的测定方法进行。

1.3.2 土壤微生物的测定 富士苹果树根区微生物群落研究均采用培养基培养法,将新鲜土样用无菌水稀释至适宜稀释梯度和接种量,用稀释平板涂布法计数[23]。菌落数量计算公式:

1.4 数据统计与分析

采用Excel 软件记录数据,用SPSS 21 软件Duncna’s新复极差法进行方差分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同覆盖处理对0~60 cm苹果树根区土壤理化性质的影响

由表1 可知,从整体看覆盖技术能够有效提高0~60 cm 土层的土壤含水量和养分含量,改善土壤酸碱度。与CK相比,4种覆盖处理均显著提高土壤含水量(p<0.05),增幅为2.6%~5.0%,不同覆盖处理对土壤含水量影响大小为:DB>SS>GC>HM>CK。与CK 相比,SS 处理使土壤pH 上升0.08,但未呈现显著差异(p>0.05),其他处理均有效降低土壤pH,其中DB 和HM 处理与CK 存在显著差异。不同覆盖材料对土壤养分含量的影响各有差异,与CK 相比,4 种覆盖处理土壤全磷含量可提高0.08~0.11 g·kg-1,GC、SS 和DB 处理均显著提高了土壤全钾含量,4 种覆盖处理土壤全氮含量虽未表现出显著差异,但GC、SS和HM处理土壤全氮含量均有提高。与CK 相比,HM 和DB 处理增加了土壤有效氮的含量,增幅为9.12~21.22 mg·kg-1。各处理对土壤速效钾和速效磷含量的影响未表现出显著性差异,但与CK 相比均有所提升,其中DB 处理可以最大限度地提升0~60 cm土壤速效钾和速效磷含量。

表1 不同覆盖处理对0~60 cm 苹果树根区土壤理化性质的影响
Table 1 Effects of different Mulching treatments on physicochemical properties of root zone soil of 0~60 cm apple trees

注:GC、SS、HM、DB、CK 分别表示覆盖为干草、砂石、PE 黑膜、园艺地布和清耕。小写字母表示不同覆盖处理在p<0.05 差异显著。下同。
Note:The distribution of GC, SS, HM, DB and CK indicates that the cover is hay, sand and gravel, PE black film, horticultural ground and clear tillage.The lowercase letters indicated that there was significant difference between different coating covers at p<0.05.The same below.

w(速效磷)Available Phosphorus/(mg·kg-1)19.05±2.81 a 22.08±7.92 a 33.73±12.48 a 38.07±14.76 a 17.84±5.18 a覆盖Mulching pH GC SS HM DB CK w(水分)Moisture content/%20.22±0.69 bc 21.29±0.86 ab 19.63±0.45 c 22.03±0.47 a 17.03±0.45 d 8.23±0.04 a 8.33±0.06 a 8.04±0.02 b 8.10±0.03 b 8.25±0.03 a w(全氮)Total Nitrogen/(g·kg-1)0.70±0.06 a 0.65±0.05 a 0.60±0.05 a 0.56±0.09 a 0.59±0.09 a w(全钾)Total Potassium/(g·kg-1)10.14±0.10 a 10.11±0.08 ab 9.04±0.10 c 9.84±0.03 b 9.10±0.11 c w(全磷)Total Phosphorus/(g·kg-1)0.72±0.04 a 0.75±0.05 a 0.70±0.08 a 0.75±0.10 a 0.64±0.04 a w(速效氮)Available Nitrogen/(mg·kg-1)69.52±7.67 ab 62.36±5.77 b 88.69±8.78 ab 100.79±12.38 a 79.57±10.97 ab w(速效钾)Available Potassium/(mg·kg-1)303.24±59.01 a 234.25±30.27 a 256.29±34.66 a 319.72±43.96 a 215.35±53.73 a

2.2 不同覆盖处理对苹果树根区土壤真菌的影响

由表2和图1可知,覆盖处理显著增加了土壤真菌数量(p<0.05)。从空间分布来看,随着土层深度的增加,土壤真菌数量逐渐减少。从时间分布来看,随生育期的推进,各土层中土壤真菌数量呈逐渐减少趋势。在0~20 cm 土层,GC 和DB 处理可显著增加土壤真菌数量,且除幼果期和果实膨大期外,其余生育期的土壤真菌数量皆大于CK;而HM处理在全生育期内土壤真菌数量皆小于CK。在>20~40 cm土层,除SS 处理下土壤真菌数量高于CK 外,其余处理下土壤真菌数量皆显著低于CK,并且HM处理在果树全生育期内土壤真菌数量均小于CK;而对>40~60 cm 土层,除HM 处理下土壤真菌数量小于CK外,其余处理皆显著高于CK;从全生育期看,除幼果期和果实膨大期外,各处理在其余生育期土壤真菌数量大于CK。从0~60 cm土层看,GC和DB处理可显著提高土壤真菌数量,分别比CK 处理提高47.91%和11.10%。

图1 不同覆盖处理对各生育期0~60 cm 土层根区土壤真菌数量的影响
Fig.1 Effects of different mulching treatments on the number of root zone soil fungi in 0-60 cm soil layer at different growth period

I.休眠期;II.盛花期;III.幼果期;IV.果实膨大期;V.果实成熟期。下同。
I.Dormancy stage;II.Full flowering;III.Fruit formation stage;IV.Fruit expansion stage;V.Fruit ripening stage.The same below.

表2 不同覆盖处理对各土层根区土壤真菌数量的影响
Table 2 Effects of different mulching treatments on fungi quantity in root zone soil of different soil layers(×105 CFU· g-1

土层Soil horizon/cm 0~20>20~40>40~60 0~60 GC 53.64±0.67 a 19.64±0.56 b 11.62±0.54 a 80.51±0.50 a SS 15.30±1.13 e 26.37±0.55 a 6.51±0.50 b 40.62±0.54 d HM 19.38±0.54 d 5.54±0.50 d 5.40±0.53 c 30.00±1.01 e DB 30.46±0.51 b 17.51±0.50 c 12.49±0.50 a 60.47±0.50 b CK 23.45±0.51 c 25.53±0.50 a 5.45±0.51 c 54.43±0.51 c

2.3 不同覆盖处理对苹果树根区土壤细菌的影响

从空间分布来看,GC 处理在0~20 cm 和>40~60 cm土层的细菌数量显著大于CK,而DB处理在各土层的土壤细菌数量均显著小于CK(p<0.05)。在0~60 cm土层,除SS处理外,其余处理土壤细菌数量均显著小于CK,且HM 和DB 处理的结果和土壤真菌数量的变化趋势一致(表3)。从时间分布来看,各处理在果实膨大期细菌数量出现最大值,在果实成熟期出现最小值(图2)。较CK而言,SS处理可增加土壤细菌数量,但无显著差异(p>0.05),而GC、HM和DB处理可显著降低27.51%~61.81%的土壤细菌数量。

图2 不同覆盖处理对各生育期0~60 cm 土层根区土壤细菌数量的影响
Fig.2 Effects of different mulching treatments on the number of root zone soil bacteria in 0~60 cm soil layer at different growth period

表3 不同覆盖处理对各土层根区土壤细菌数量的影响
Table 3 Effects of different mulching treatments on bacteria quantity in root zone soil of different soil layers
(×1010 CFU· g-1

土层Soil horizon/cm 0~20>20~40>40~60 0~60 GC 31.69±0.60 a 7.71±0.26 e 29.50±0.50 a 60.31±0.54 b SS 29.58±0.52 c 40.55±0.51 a 22.57±0.51 c 91.03±0.21 a HM 13.56±0.51 e 13.37±0.55 d 8.49±0.50 e 31.77±0.32 d DB 22.10±0.10 d 20.47±0.50 c 17.41±0.52 d 53.30±0.58 c CK 30.60±0.53 b 34.52±0.50 b 24.42±0.52 b 83.20±0.56 a

2.4 不同覆盖处理对苹果树根区土壤放线菌的影响

覆盖处理可不同程度地增加土壤放线菌数量。与CK 相比,GC 和HM 处理可显著提高0~60 cm 土壤放线菌数量(p<0.05),分别增加了96.07%和29.59%,而DB 处理仅显著增加了>40~60 cm 土层的放线菌数量(表4)。从时间分布来看,GC 和HM处理从休眠期到果实成熟期土壤放线菌数量表现为先降低再升高、又降低再升高的趋势;而SS和DB处理则表现为持续降低的趋势(图3)。

图3 不同覆盖处理对各生育期0~60 cm 土层根区土壤放线菌数量的影响
Fig.3 Effects of different mulching treatments on the number of root zone soil actinobacteria in 0~60 cm soil layer at different growth period

表4 不同覆盖处理对各土层根区土壤放线菌数量的影响
Table 4 Effects of different mulching treatments on actinobacteria quantity in root zone soil of different soil layers(×106 CFU· g-1

土层Soil horizon/cm 0~20>20~40>40~60 0~60 GC 21.83±0.76 a 12.52±0.50 a 3.43±0.52 b 38.43±0.51 a SS 4.55±0.51 e 8.43±0.52 b 4.43±0.51 a 17.40±0.53 e HM 14.56±0.51 b 6.00±1.00 d 4.50±0.50 a 25.40±0.53 b DB 6.37±0.55 d 6.65±0.56 cd 5.39±0.54 a 18.40±0.53 d CK 9.48±0.50 c 7.41±0.52 bc 3.35±0.56 b 19.60±0.52 c

2.5 土壤理化性质与土壤微生物数量的相关性分析

由表5可知,各处理土壤微生物数量的变化与土壤含水量呈正相关,DB 处理细菌数量和CK 处理放线菌数量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),其他处理均不显著。GC 处理下,土壤微生物数量与土壤pH、全磷、速效磷和全钾含量呈负相关,但未表现出显著性(p>0.05)。SS处理下的土壤细菌数量与土壤全磷含量呈显著负相关;HM处理下的土壤真菌数量与土壤速效氮含量呈显著正相关,放线菌数量与土壤全氮含量呈显著负相关;DB处理的土壤放线菌数量与速效氮含量呈显著正相关;CK 处理的放线菌数量与速效氮含量呈显著正相关,真菌和放线菌数量与速效磷含量呈显著负相关。

表5 不同覆盖处理下土壤理化性质与土壤微生物数量的相关性分析
Table 5 Correlation coefficients between soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial population under different mulching treatments

注:*表示在p<0.05 水平上显著相关。
Note:*indicates significant correlation at p<0.05.

覆盖Mulching GC SS HM DB CK速效钾含量Available Potassium 0.215-0.308-0.228 0.199-0.114-0.708 0.156 0.448 0.381 0.064-0.418-0.639 0.274 0.085-0.141微生物Microbe细菌Bacteria真菌Fungi放线菌Actinomycete细菌Bacteria真菌Fungi放线菌Actinomycete细菌Bacteria真菌Fungi放线菌Actinomycete细菌Bacteria真菌Fungi放线菌Actinomycete细菌Bacteria真菌Fungi放线菌Actinomycete含水量Water content 0.145 0.868 0.824 0.392 0.783 0.501 0.834 0.688 0.379 0.906*0.778 0.431 0.364 0.860 0.924*酸碱性pH-0.305-0.140-0.086-0.010 0.227 0.726 0.107 0.659-0.027 0.564 0.865 0.738 0.047 0.613 0.767全氮含量Total Nitrogen 0.637-0.800-0.823 0.538-0.821-0.868 0.030-0.677-0.943*-0.567-0.290-0.478 0.592-0.535-0.502速效氮含量Available Nitrogen 0.663 0.277 0.248 0.602-0.521-0.061 0.150 0.960*0.455 0.665 0.863 0.931*0.140 0.864 0.931*全磷含量Total Phosphorus-0.101-0.284-0.462-0.883*0.549 0.804 0.484 0.503 0.233 0.466 0.633 0.857 0.569 0.437 0.421速效磷含量Available Phosphorus-0.139-0.021-0.085-0.359-0.733-0.590-0.139 0.671 0.187-0.315-0.439-0.275-0.437-0.874*-0.904*全钾含量Total Potassium-0.362-0.518-0.512-0.511 0.215-0.242-0.527-0.005 0.066-0.090-0.231-0.016-0.423 0.240 0.174

3 讨 论

黄土高原是我国水土流失最为严重的地区之一,土壤为黄绵土,结构疏松,加之气候干燥,降水稀少,果园清耕模式不利于苹果园的可持续发展,而地面覆盖作为一种改善土壤质量、提高作物产量的措施,在国内外得到广泛应用[24]。笔者在本研究中发现,对果园进行覆干草、覆砂石、覆PE 黑膜和覆园艺地布4 种处理后,均使土壤微环境产生一定的变化。覆盖对土壤水分的影响取决于降水和气候因子,通过控制地表蒸发速率对土壤水分状况有良好的影响[25]。4 种覆盖处理比清耕显著提高2.6%~5.0%的土壤含水量,其中园艺地布覆盖处理最为明显,这是因为地布作为新型覆盖材料具有较强的渗水性,并且可有效地降低水分蒸发[15]。碱性土壤对植物的生长和矿物质的吸收具有抑制作用[26],而覆盖PE黑膜和园艺地布可有效降低土壤pH,砂石覆盖反而加重了土壤碱化。土壤养分作为作物生长发育的物质基础,也是土壤肥力的重要指标之一[27]。较清耕处理而言,覆盖处理可有效提高苹果园0~60 cm 土层土壤全素含量和速效养分含量,尤其是磷素含量,4种覆盖处理下均表现为增高。虽然覆盖处理对土壤养分含量总体表现为提高趋势,但仍存在例外,其中园艺地布覆盖降低了土壤全氮含量,PE黑膜覆盖降低了土壤全钾含量,干草覆盖和砂石覆盖则降低了土壤速效氮含量,这与Gan等[28]的研究结果一致,这主要是因为土壤养分的变化受多因素影响,包括初始土壤养分水平、微生物群落和活性、有效土壤水分等,而不单单是由覆盖所致。

微生物群落不仅是生态系统健康和恢复水平的指标,而且可以通过调控微生物群落来促进退化生态系统的恢复[29]。土壤微生物作为土壤生态系统的主要驱动者,在调节养分循环、分解有机质、影响土壤结构、抑制植物病害和提高植物产量方面有着重要作用[30]。本研究表明,土壤中细菌数量远大于真菌,4种覆盖均增加了土壤表层微生物的数量,且随着土层深度的增加,土壤微生物数量逐渐减少,其中干草覆盖显著增加了0~60 cm土层土壤真菌和放线菌数量,土壤细菌数量相比清耕处理反而减少,这可能由于真菌善于分解有机物质,新鲜有机质的输入可能优先刺激土壤真菌的生长和繁殖[13]。放线菌作为一种可以产生分解木质素酶的腐生菌类,可大量分解土壤中的植物有机残体,因此干草覆盖后土壤中的放线菌数量显著增加[31]。与清耕相比,园艺地布覆盖则只增加了土壤真菌数量,细菌和放线菌数量均有所降低,这与王元基[13]和薛晓敏等[12]的研究结果相反,可能是因为土壤真菌数量的大幅提高抑制了细菌和放线菌的生长,但具体原因还需进一步研究。除放线菌数量变化外,砂石覆盖对土壤微生物数量的改变与前2 种处理则相反,可能与砂石覆盖增加土壤碱性有关,并且较其他覆盖,砂石覆盖对土壤性状的影响较弱,在不同覆盖模式下,土壤真菌的适应性和功能多样性略强于细菌,在微碱环境中,细菌生长比真菌生长较旺盛,因此砂石覆盖与其他覆盖处理对微生物数量的影响产生不同结果[8,32]。本研究还发现,覆盖处理后,随着果树发育阶段的进行,土壤真菌数量逐渐降低,而土壤细菌数量在果实膨大期达到最大值,土壤放线菌数量则在干草覆盖和PE黑膜覆盖中先降低再升高再降低,砂石覆盖和园艺地布覆盖的变化趋势与土壤真菌数量变化趋势一致。与沈鹏飞[31]的研究相类似,这主要是因为覆盖过程逐渐增加了有机质,为微生物提供更多养料,从而促进微生物的活动,且随着覆盖时间的延长,土壤酶活性、微生物数量的增加,使得微生物数量达到饱和状态,因此微生物数量又会呈现降低趋势[33]

土壤是土壤微生物的一个高度异质性的环境,土壤理化性质对土壤微生物的生物量具有重要影响[29,34]。本研究中各覆盖处理下,土壤含水量与土壤微生物数量均呈正相关,这可能是因为覆盖处理可以抑制杂草生长,减少养分竞争,可以有效贮存水分,为微生物的生长繁殖提供相对稳定的土壤环境[31]。除干草覆盖下的微生物和PE 黑膜覆盖下的土壤放线菌外,土壤微生物数量变化与土壤pH也呈正相关。而土壤全钾、速效钾和速效磷含量与土壤微生物数量呈负相关(除SS处理的细菌数量和HM处理),这可能与黄土高原苹果园磷、钾含量过剩有关[35]。土壤氮素的形成和转化与土壤微生物氮素生理群密切相关[36],因此,除砂石覆盖的土壤真菌与放线菌数量与土壤速效氮含量呈负相关外,其余覆盖处理的微生物量皆与其呈正相关,可能是因为覆盖增加了氮素的积累,参与氮循环的微生物增多,但具体原因还得进一步试验验证[5]。此外,本试验只是对不同覆盖处理的土壤微生物数量进行了调查,微生物种类的变化是否与覆盖处理的不同而有所差异还需进一步试验分析,并且只对果园进行了为期一年的覆盖处理,覆盖时间的长短以及地面覆盖物的薄厚对土壤微生物产生何种影响还需进一步探究。

4 结 论

与清耕(CK)相比,干草、砂石、PE 黑膜和园艺地布覆盖均可有效改善0~60 cm 的土壤理化性质。其中干草覆盖和园艺地布覆盖处理可显著提高土壤含水量,改善养分条件,提高土壤真菌和放线菌数量,可优先作为黄土高原苹果园区土地管理的方式。

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Effect of mulching materials on the amount of soil microorganisms of apple root zone in Loess Plateau

CHEN Junhong,XIE Yuqin,ZHANG Yang,LI Xiaowei,XUE Yingyu*
(College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The study amied to investigate the effects of different mulching materials on the soil physicochemical properties and soil microorganisms in apple orchards of Loess Plateau to provide a theoretical basis for the apple orchard management in the future.【Methods】The soil samples were collected from the row middle of four-year-old apple trees (Fuji) that treated with different mulching materials including the hay (GC), sand (SS), PE black film (HM), horticultural mulching (DB), and clear tillage (CK) during the period from February to December, 2018. The soil moisture content, pH,total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, total potassium content, available nitrogen content,available potassium content, and available phosphorus content were determined by collecting the soil samples of 0 to 60 cm from the row middle of four-year-old apple trees. Similarly, the amount of soil fungi,bacteria,and actinomycetes were determined using the dilution coating plate method,and the soil samples were collected from the soil layers of 0 to 20 cm,20 to 40 cm and 40 to 60 cm,respectively at the dormancy, full flowering, fruit formation, fruit expansion, and fruit ripening stages. Meanwhile, the correlations of fungi,bacteria,and actinomycetes numbers at different layers of soil were analyzed.【Results】The four different mulching treatments increased the soil water content significantly by 2.6% to 5.0%(p<0.05)in comparison to the CK,and also the soil water content was positively correlated with the microbial amounts. Compared with the CK treatment, the SS treatment increased the soil alkalinity significantly, whereas the HM and DB treatments decreased the soil pH value significantly. Furthermore, the different mulching treatments exhibited different effects on the nutrient contents in the soil.The soil total nitrogen content, total potassium content, total phosphorus content, available potassium and phosphorus content were increased, whereas the soil available nitrogen content was decreased by the GC and SS materials in comparison with the CK treatment.Among the soil nutrients parameters,the soil total potassium content was increased significantly (p<0.05). In addition, the HM and DB treatments increased the soil total phosphorus content,available nitrogen content,available phosphorus content, and available potassium content with a variable degree, but decreased the total potassium content and nitrogen content finally in the soil.Among the four mulching treatments,the DB treatments significantly increased the contents of soil available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by 26.67%,113.40%and 48.47%, respectively. During the growth period of 4-year-old apple trees (Fuji), the four mulching treatments effectively increased the amounts of the soil microorganisms,but the amount of soil microorganisms decreased gradually with the increase of the soil depth at different periods. During the five growth stages of apple trees, the amount of soil fungi reached its maximum during the dormant stage,whereas the amount of soil bacteria reached its peak at the fruit expansion stage.The number of actinomycetes reached the minimum at the fruit maturity stage in the soil treated with the four different mulching materials, especially the GC treatment presented the significant effect on the changes of actinomycetes amount.Compared with the CK treatment,the amount of soil fungi was increased by 47.91%and 11.10% at the soil layer from 0 to 60 cm after GC and DB treatments, respectively; the number of soil bacteria was increased by 9.41% after SS treatment, while decreased by 27.51% to 61.81% at the same soil depth after treatment with GC, DB and HM material, respectively; the amount of soil actinomycetes was significantly increased by 29.59%and 96.07%after treatment with the HM and GC materials,respectively.【Conclusion】The methods of hay mulching and horticultural cloth mulching could significantly enhance the soil water content, improve the soil nutrient conditions, increase the amount of the soil fungi and actinomycetes, and could be used as the land management mode for apple orchards in Loess Plateau.

Key words:Apple orchard;Mulching;Soil physical and chemical properties;Soil microorganism

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)03-0471-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220284

收稿日期:2022-06-08

接受日期:2022-09-03

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0201100);甘肃省农牧厅生物技术研究与应用开发项目(GNSW-2012-27)

作者简介:陈军宏,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为植物病害生物防治。Tel:18394159950,E-mail:1069651055@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13919829541,E-mail:xueyy@gsau.edu.cn