含海藻酸水溶肥减施对苹果生长、品质和根域土壤养分的影响

于会丽1,邵 微1,2,徐国益1,谢 宁1,司 鹏1*

1中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009;2河南农业大学林学院,郑州 450002)

摘 要:【目的】研究含海藻酸水溶肥对苹果长势、产量、品质、养分吸收及根域土壤养分的影响,为其在苹果园合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】进行2 a(年)定位试验,以新红星为供试材料,设置5 个处理,NPK(C)(常规施肥)、NPK(F)(传统水溶肥)、NPK(HF)(含海藻酸水溶肥)、3/4NPK(HF)(减施25%含海藻酸水溶肥)和1/2NPK(HF)(减施50%含海藻酸水溶肥),测定不同处理苹果生长、果实品质、养分含量、土壤养分等相关指标。【结果】连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理均能增加苹果产量、叶片百叶鲜质量和叶面积,且其产量连续2 a 均最高,较NPK(C)处理分别增加20.74%和101.20%。同时,与NPK(C)处理相比,2017年含海藻酸水溶肥处理均增加果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比,降低可滴定酸含量,2018年,1/2NPK(HF)处理的可溶性固形物含量、固酸比和可滴定酸含量呈相反趋势,降低果实品质。连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理和1/2NPK(HF)处理均降低了色度角,其中,2018 年较NPK(HF)处理分别显著降低20.50%和38.66%。此外,2018年,3/4NPK(HF)处理叶片磷钾养分含量最高,显著高于NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理,但其果实磷钾含量与其他处理无显著差异,且3/4NPK(HF)处理和1/2NPK(HF)处理土壤铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均高于NPK(C)处理。主成分分析表明,连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理的综合得分均最高,排名第一。【结论】在当前苹果园区,连续2 a减施25%含海藻酸水溶肥均可增加百叶鲜质量,提高苹果产量,保证果实品质和着色,增加叶片氮和土壤铵态氮含量,而减施50%含海藻酸水溶肥不利于可溶性固形物的积累。综合分析,连续2 a含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%综合效果最优。

关键词:苹果;含海藻酸水溶肥;产量;果实品质;养分吸收;土壤养分

目前我国是世界上最大的苹果生产和消费国,据国家统计局统计,2019 年苹果种植面积为197.81 万hm2,产量达4242.54 万t[1],已成为主产区农民经济增收的支柱产业。近年来,由于盲目追求高产而引发的不合理施肥现象普遍存在,严重制约着苹果产业的可持续发展。据调查,我国苹果园单位面积投入纯氮用量是发达国家的2.45~3.27 倍[2],而化肥施用过量,不仅造成肥料浪费、利用率降低、土壤板结等问题,还引起果树养分失调,导致果实品质下降,直接影响经济和生态效益[3-4]。因此,为提高园区产量,改善果实品质,在肥料中添加增效物质是实现园区减肥增效的重要途径。

海藻酸是以海洋藻类为原料经过一定工艺提取的多糖,为植物提供主要的能量代谢,具有强化细胞壁、提高作物生长速率、增强植物抗逆的功能[5]。同时,海藻酸本身有一定黏性,能改善土壤团粒结构,提高土壤通气性,增加微生物群落多样性、活化土壤养分、提高肥料利用率[6]。在草莓[7]、西瓜[8]、梨[9]、葡萄[10-11]和桃[12]上的研究结果表明,海藻肥能够提高坐果率,增加果实单果质量和产量,提高果实品质和养分吸收,改善葡萄色泽和风味,提高桃和葡萄香气物质种类和相对含量,降低氮磷钾养分的投入,在农业生产中具有重要意义和巨大的潜在应用价值。但关于含海藻酸水溶肥在苹果生产上减肥提质的应用效果鲜有报道,是否可以连续2 a(年)减少氮磷钾用量还不清楚。

笔者在本研究中以含海藻酸水溶肥为试验材料,选用新红星苹果为试材,分别以常规施肥和传统水溶肥为对照,初步研究含海藻酸水溶肥对苹果长势、果实品质、养分吸收和根域土壤养分等方面的影响,探讨含海藻酸水溶肥在苹果上化肥减施增效的潜力,以期为推进当地苹果产业绿色高效发展提供理论依据与技术支撑。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

于2017 年和2018 年在河南省新乡市原阳县盐店庄苹果园进行。该地区属暖温带大陆性季风气候区,年平均气温14 ℃,湿度68%,降雨量656.3 mm,日照时数1928.5 h,无霜期220 d。土壤为砂壤土,基本性状:有机质含量(w,后同)4.9 g·kg-1,全氮含量4.26 mg·g-1,有效磷含量75.79 mg·kg-1,速效钾含量293.87 mg·kg-1,pH 7.50。

供试材料:品种为苹果新红星,树龄8 年,株行距为2 m×4 m。

供试肥料:常规施肥的氮、磷、钾分别采用尿素(含N 46%)、普通过磷酸钙(含P2O5 12%)和氯化钾(含K2O 62%)。传统水溶肥中,所用氮肥为尿素(N含量46.0%)和硝酸钾(N 含量13.5%,K2O 含量46%),磷肥和钾肥为KH2PO4(P2O5含量52%,K2O含量34%),其中钾肥不足用硝酸钾补充。含海藻酸水溶肥中海藻酸为3%,其为海藻提取物(海藻提取物含量为60%,海藻酸含量为6.5%)与传统水溶肥原料氮磷钾复配而成。同一施肥时期,两种水溶肥氮磷钾用量和配比一致(表1)。

表1 施肥方法
Table 1 Fertilization methods

处理Treatment NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)施肥量Fertilization amount(N-P2O5-K2O)/(kg·hm-2)萌芽期Bud break stage 112.50-56.25-112.50112.50-56.25-112.50112.50-56.25-112.5084.38-42.19-84.3856.25-28.13-56.25第一次膨大期First expansion stage 112.50-56.25-112.50112.50-56.25-112.50112.50-56.25-112.5084.38-42.19-84.3856.25-28.13-56.25第二次膨大期Second expansion stage 75.00-37.50-75.0075.00-37.50-75.0075.00-37.50-75.0056.25-28.13-56.2537.50-18.75-37.50采果前期Early fruit picking stage 75.00-37.50-75.0075.00-37.50-75.0075.00-37.50-75.0056.25-28.13-56.2537.50-18.75-37.50

1.2 试验设计

设置5 个处理,3 次重复,单株小区,随机排列。处理分别为:常规施肥、传统水溶肥、含海藻酸水溶肥、减施25%的含海藻酸水溶肥、减施50%的含海藻酸水溶肥,为了方便描述将其分别简化为NPK(C)、NPK(F)、NPK(HF)、3/4NPK(HF)和1/2NPK(HF),减施25%和50%是氮磷钾纯养分施入量减施25%和50%。分别于萌芽期(30%)、第一次膨大期(30%)、第二次膨大期(20%)和采果前期(20%)4 个时期施入,其他田间管理措施与当地传统管理保持一致。具体试验处理及氮磷钾施用量见表1。

1.3 施肥方法

常规施肥采用开沟施肥,水溶肥处理均采用简易装置的水肥一体化施肥技术,即每次施肥前均在树冠周围滴入一定体积的水,再将肥料溶于一定体积的纯水中,搅拌均匀,使其完全溶解,然后以相同流速缓慢滴入根冠四周土壤,最后再滴入一定体积的水,全程模拟水肥一体化施肥过程。

1.4 测定指标与方法

1.4.1 取样方法 2017 年和2018 年8 月果实成熟时,随机采集新梢中上部叶片,每株树采集20 枚功能叶,并在树体东、西、南、北4个方向随机采集15个果实,组成混合样带回实验室。一部分用于果实养分含量测定,另一部分用于果实品质分析。2018年9 月,在离树干2/3 树冠投影处采集0~20 cm 和20~40 cm土壤样品,用于土壤理化性质测定。

1.4.2 指标测定 产量和果实品质测定:实测单株果实数量和单果质量,计算产量。果实硬度采用GY-1型硬度仪测定;可溶性固形物含量(SSC)采用手持数字折射仪(PR-101,Atago,日本)测定;可滴定酸含量采用NaOH 滴定法测定[13]Lab 值均采用便携式色差仪(CR-400,Konica Minolta,日本)测定,再根据以上数值计算色泽饱和度C 值和色度角h°值。C=(a2+b21/2h°=arctan(b/a)/6.2823×360°(a≥0 且b≥0);h°=arctan(b/a)/6.2823×360°+180°(a<0且b>0)[14-15]

养分含量测定:采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮[13],全自动间断化学分析仪(Clever Chem 380,德国)测定叶片和果实N 含量和P 含量,火焰光度计测定叶片和果实K含量。有机质采用重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法,硝态氮用酚二磺酸比色法,铵态氮用2 mol·L-1 KCl浸提-靛酚蓝比色法,有效磷采用0.5 mol·L-1 NaHCO3浸提法,速效钾采用NH4OAc浸提-火焰光度法[16]

1.5 数据分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2010 进行数据处理与作图;SPSS 17.0 进行单因素方差分析与综合得分分析,以p<0.05作为显著性的标准。

2 结果与分析

2.1 苹果生长参数和产量

不同处理苹果生长参数和产量见表2。与NPK(C)相比,连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥处理均增加百叶鲜质量和叶面积,且除2017年叶面积外,1/2NPK(HF)处理均达显著差异。同时,含海藻酸水溶肥减施(3/4NPK(HF)、1/2NPK(HF))处理百叶鲜质量和叶面积均高于NPK(HF)处理,其中2018 年1/2NPK(HF)处理差异显著,而减施处理间差异不显著。与NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理相比,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥处理增加苹果单果质量,2018年单果质量反而降低,且连续2 a含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理单果质量均高于NPK(HF)处理,但差异不显著。连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理产量与NPK(C)和NPK(F)无显著差异(由于2018年倒春寒,导致苹果产量大幅减产),且3/4NPK(HF)处理产量均最高。由此可知,与NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理相比,3/4NPK(HF)处理能增加百叶鲜质量、叶面积和产量,促进树体生长。

表2 不同处理对苹果生长和产量的影响
Table 2 The impact of different treatments on growth and yield of apple

注:不同小写字母表示相同试验园区处理间达5%显著性差异。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 5% level under the same experimental orchard.The same below.

年份Year处理Treatment产量Yield/(kg·667 m-2)2370.40 a 2690.70 a 2202.62 a 2861.99 a 2167.52 a 792.21 bc 1020.85 b 644.17 c 1593.91 a 802.85 bc 20172018 NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)百叶鲜质量Hundred leaf fresh mass/g 62.08 b 73.52 a 69.82 ab 73.50 ab 80.77 a 65.23 b 69.32 b 66.00 b 78.03 a 79.67 a叶面积Leaf area/cm2 26.74 a 26.42 a 26.98 a 28.44 a 27.86 a 23.82 bc 22.93 c 24.23 bc 26.66 ab 27.58 a单果质量Fruit weight/g 225.11 b 242.44 ab 243.74 ab 259.56 a 247.78 ab 246.53 ab 252.67 a 231.40 b 239.40 ab 243.17 ab

2.2 苹果果实品质

不同处理苹果果实品质见图1。与NPK(C)相比,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥处理增加可溶性固形物含量,其中,3/4NPK(HF)处理可溶性固形物含量最高,较NPK(C)显著增加10.43%;而2018 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理可溶性固形物含量低于其他处理,其中,1/2NPK(HF)处理可溶性固形物含量最低,显著低于NPK(F)和NPK(HF)。除2018年1/2NPK(HF)处理外,含海藻酸水溶肥处理较NPK(F)降低了可滴定酸含量,增加了固酸比,其中,2017年3/4NPK(HF)处理固酸比最高,较NPK(F)显著增加40.91%;同时,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理固酸比较NPK(HF)增加,但差异不显著;2018 年减施处理固酸比较NPK(HF)降低,且1/2NPK(HF)差异显著。此外,2017年1/2NPK(HF)硬度最高,且显著高于其他处理,与NPK(F)相比,2018年含海藻酸水溶肥处理显著增加果实硬度,其中,3/4NPK(HF)处理硬度最高,但与NPK(HF)和1/2NPK(HF)差异不显著。综上所述,与NPK(C)相比,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施均能提高可溶性固形物含量和固酸比,改善果实品质;到2018 年3/4NPK(HF)仍能保证果实品质,但1/2NPK(HF)显著增加苹果酸度,降低固酸比,不利于果实品质提升。

图1 不同处理对苹果果实品质的影响
Fig.1 Effects of different treatments on the quality of apple

不同处理苹果果皮色泽见表3。连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥处理色泽饱和度均高于NPK(C)处理,其中,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥处理色泽饱和度显著增加。除色泽饱和度外,连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理果皮亮度和色度角均低于其他处理,其中,2018 年1/2NPK(HF)处理果皮亮度和色度角最低,显著低于其他处理。在含海藻酸水溶肥处理中,3/4NPK(HF)处理和1/2NPK(HF)处理均能降低果实色度角,增加果皮红色覆盖面积,由此可见,含海藻酸水溶肥减施能促进果皮着色。

表3 不同处理对果皮色泽的影响
Table 3 Effect of different treatments on fruit color of apple

年份Year 20172018处理Treatment NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)亮度L 49.52 a 48.97 a 48.94 a 47.04 a 47.69 a 58.83 a 57.94 a 62.39 a 56.67 a 49.91 b色泽饱和度C 32.39 c 32.90 bc 35.17 a 34.38 ab 34.68 a 29.68 a 31.26 a 31.82 a 30.88 a 31.81 a色度角h°45.13 a 45.76 a 45.36 a 40.19 a 40.05 a 52.32 b 61.07 ab 65.70 a 52.23 b 40.30 c

2.3 叶片和果实氮磷钾含量

不同处理叶片养分含量见图2。与NPK(C)处理相比,连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥处理均能增加叶片氮含量,但差异不显著。2017 年各施肥处理叶片磷含量无显著差异,但2018 年含海藻酸水溶肥处理叶片磷含量显著增加,其中,3/4NPK(HF)处理叶片磷含量最高,较NPK(C)处理和NPK(F)处理分别显著增加29.02%和31.46%,且含海藻酸水溶肥处理间差异不显著。同时,与NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理相比,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥降低了叶片钾含量,其中,3/4NPK(HF)处理叶片钾含量最低,且显著低于NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理;2018 年含海藻酸水溶肥处理增加了叶片钾含量,其中3/4NPK(HF)处理叶片钾含量最高,较NPK(F)处理显著提高2.86%。由此说明,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施不影响叶片氮磷含量,到2018 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施增加叶片磷钾含量,且以3/4NPK(HF)处理效果最佳。

图2 不同处理对苹果叶片氮磷钾含量的影响
Fig.2 Effects of different treatments on nutrient contents in the leaves of apple in 2017 and 2018

不同处理果实养分含量见图3。连续2 a NPK(HF)处理果实氮含量高于NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理,其中2018年NPK(HF)处理较NPK(C)处理显著增加33.97%;2017年含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理降低果实氮含量,到2018年果实氮含量反而增加,其中,2017 年1/2NPK(HF)处理果实氮含量最低,显著低于NPK(F)和NPK(HF)处理;2018 年3/4NPK(HF)处理果实氮含量最高,显著高于其他处理。除2017年3/4NPK(HF)处理果实磷含量较NPK(C)和NPK(F)显著降低外,其他处理果实磷含量无显著差异。同时,2017年3/4NPK(HF)处理果实钾含量最高,且除NPK(F)外,显著高于其他处理,2018年各处理间果实钾含量差异不显著。

图3 不同处理对苹果果实氮磷钾养分含量的影响
Fig.3 Effects of different treatments on nutrient contents in the fruits of apple in 2017 and 2018

2.4 苹果根域土壤养分含量

不同处理土壤养分含量见表4。含海藻酸水溶肥降低了土层>20~40 cm 有机质含量,其中NPK(HF)处理有机质最低,较NPK(C)显著降低60%。与NPK(C)处理相比,含海藻酸水溶肥能增加土层0~20 cm 和>20~40 cm 硝态氮含量,其中NPK(HF)和1/2NPK(HF)处理土层>20~40 cm硝态氮含量增加显著;且在含海藻酸水溶肥处理中,20~40 cm 土层3/4NPK(HF)处理硝态氮含量最低,较NPK(HF)和1/2NPK(HF)处理分别显著降低28.31%和32.46%。除NPK(HF)处理外,含海藻酸水溶肥处理土层0~20 cm 和>20~40 cm 铵态氮含量均高于NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理,且含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理铵态氮含量较NPK(F)处理显著增加,但减施处理间无显著差异。含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理土层0~20 cm有效磷和速效钾含量均高于NPK(C)处理,其中速效钾含量达显著差异水平;同时,减施处理土层0~20 cm 有效磷含量与NPK(HF)处理间无显著差异。可见,含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理均能增加土层0~20 cm 硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,增加了土壤有效成分。

表4 2018 年不同处理对根域土壤养分的影响
Table 4 Effect of different treatments on nutrients in the root zone in 2018

土层Soil layer/cm 0~20>20~40处理Treatment NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)w(有机质)Organic matter/%1.01 a 0.83 a 0.94 a 1.00 a 1.08 a 0.70 a 0.51 ab 0.28 b 0.44 ab 0.59 ab w(硝态氮)NO3-N/(mg·kg-1)7.56 a 8.49 a 7.80 a 8.06 a 7.72 a 4.50 c 6.74 bc 8.62 ab 6.18 c 9.15 a w(氨态氮)NH4-N/(mg·kg-1)28.04 a 14.75 b 15.80 b 32.38 a 33.04 a 18.71 b 19.47 b 25.93 ab 33.50 a 34.31 a w(有效磷)Available P/(mg·kg-1)26.12 a 18.59 b 30.70 a 30.19 a 31.69 a 11.75 a 3.08 b 16.19 a 3.31 b 5.32 b w(速效钾)Available K/(mg·kg-1)198.38 d 316.83 bc 392.53 a 251.07 cd 323.03 b 223.67 a 165.93 ab 155.69 b 162.02 ab 205.91 ab

2.5 主成分分析

对苹果生长参数、产量、果实品质和色泽以及叶片和果实养分进行主成分分析,所得特征值、方差贡献率、累计方差贡献率如表5所示。结果表明,连续2 a,前4 个主成分的累计方差贡献率均为100%,说明分析结果基本包含了所测指标的全部信息。根据隶属函数平均值的大小对5个处理进行排序(表6),结果表明,连续2 a,3/4NPK(HF)处理的综合得分均最高,分别为2.03 和1.64,综合排名均第一,说明连续2 a含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%的综合效果最好。

表5 指标总方差分解
Table 5 Total variance of indicators

年份Year主成分Principal component 20172018 F1 F2 F3 F4 F1 F2 F3 F4特征值及贡献率Eigenvalue and contribution rate特征值Eigenvalues 8.094.233.311.378.424.292.611.68贡献率Contributor rate/%47.5624.9119.478.0549.5425.2215.359.90累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate/%47.5672.4791.95100.0049.5474.7690.10100.00

表6 不同处理主成分分析
Table 6 Principal component analysis for different treatments

年份Year 2017排名Rank 2018处理Treatment NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)NPK(C)NPK(F)NPK(HF)3/4NPK(HF)1/2NPK(HF)主成分1得分Principal component score 1-3.29-2.280.323.721.54-2.11-2.09-1.891.884.22主成分2得分Principal component score 2-0.391.71-0.212.02-3.12-0.76-2.202.242.15-1.43主成分3得分Principal component score 3-1.02-0.313.21-0.99-0.90-1.401.79-1.061.74-1.06主成分4得分Principal component score 4-1.441.59-0.28-0.570.70-1.730.741.40-0.960.55综合得分Comprehensive score-1.98-0.590.702.03-0.16-1.62-1.25-0.391.641.625421354312

3 讨论

3.1 不同处理对苹果生长和产量的影响

本试验条件下,与常规施肥相比,含海藻酸水溶肥能增加百叶鲜质量和叶面积,促进树体的生长,这与贾文红[17]研究结果类似,即海藻酸水溶肥能增加设施小果型西瓜的叶长,增强植株长势。分析其原因,可能是含海藻酸水溶肥中海藻类含有大量活性物质,可以促进植物茎部维管束细胞生长,并促进其对无机养分、水分和光合产物的运输,刺激植物体内非特异性活性因子的产生以及调节内源激素的平衡,从而促进植物生长发育[18-19]。同时,笔者在本研究中还发现,连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%和50%处理均能保证苹果产量,且在第2 年呈增加趋势,这与笔者在黄金梨[9]和葡萄[20]的研究结果类似,可能因为海藻酸活化土壤养分,增强树体从土壤中摄取养分能力,促进叶片对磷、钾养分吸收,进而达到增产的效果[7]

3.2 不同处理对果实品质和色泽的影响

诸多研究表明,施用海藻类物质肥料能提高果实品质[7-12]。笔者在本研究中也得到了类似结论,即连续2 a 施用含海藻酸水溶肥能增加果实可溶性固形物含量,降低可滴定酸含量,提高苹果果实品质。可能因为海藻类物质提高了果树体内酶的活性,加快果树新陈代谢,促进果实中干物质和糖的积累,从而改善果实品质[10]。同时研究发现,与含海藻酸水溶肥相比,2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%和50%处理的果实品质指标差异不显著,而在2018 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施50%处理显著降低了可溶性固形物含量和固酸比,导致果实品质下降,可能由于在2017 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施50%处理下,果树生长主要依赖于果园当年土壤肥力,到2018 年该处理下果树对外源性化肥投入的依赖性强,所以施肥量减少50%对果实品质有不利影响。此外,笔者还发现,连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理较常规施肥均增加了果实色泽饱和度,降低了果皮色度角,这与袁璐[21]和于会丽等[10,12]使用海藻肥或海藻提取物复合制剂在葡萄和桃上的研究结果一致。可能与海藻酸中富含单糖和多糖物质有关,糖类物质作为一种信号分子,激活花色苷合成的启动因子,从而达到调控花色苷合成的目的,促进着色[22]

3.3 不同处理对土壤和苹果养分的影响

海藻酸是寡糖类物质,可活化土壤养分,促进作物对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收[23-24]。笔者发现,与常规处理相比,2018年含海藻酸水溶肥处理显著增加了果实氮、叶片磷以及土壤0~20 cm 有效磷和速效钾含量,分析其原因,一方面可能是海藻酸能提高土壤Ca2-P 和Al-P 含量,降低土壤磷的固定,从而提高土壤中磷的有效性[25-27];另一方面,海藻酸进入土壤后降低了土壤的pH值,促进土壤中难溶性磷酸盐的溶解,提高了土壤的供磷水平,进而促进叶片对磷元素的吸收[28-29]。同时,海藻酸能降低钾离子与其他阳离子的比值,释放出钾离子,进而增加土壤速效钾含量[30]。本研究还表明,与含海藻酸水溶肥相比,含海藻酸水溶肥减施处理在2017 年显著降低了果实氮含量,到2018 年反而增加,可能与土壤硝态氮含量有关,即2017年含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%和50%处理土壤硝态氮含量分别为3.44 mg·kg-1和2.13 mg·kg-1,低于2018年土壤硝态氮含量,从而影响果实氮养分吸收。

4 结论

(1)连续2 a含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%和50%均能增加百叶鲜质量和叶面积,促进植株生长发育,稳定苹果产量。

(2)第1 年含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%和50%均能提升果实品质,促进果皮着色;到第2年含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%仍能保证果实品质,但减施50%不利于果实品质的形成。

(3)连续2 a 含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%和50%均能增加果实钾含量,促进果实对钾元素的吸收。同时,含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%和50%增加了根域土壤0~20 cm 铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,提高了土壤有效养分含量。

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Effects of water soluble NPK fertilizer with different content of alginate on apple growth,quality and rhizospheric soil nutrients

YU Huili1,SHAO Wei1,2,XU Guoyi1,XIE Ning1,SI Peng1*

(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China;2College of Forestry,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,Henan,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The effects of alginate water soluble fertilizer on apple growth,yield,quality,nutrient absorption and rhizospheric soil nutrient were studied to provide a theoretical basis for rational application of water soluble fertilizer with alginate in apple orchard.【Methods】A 2-year positioning experiment was carried out in the apple orchard of Yandianzhuang,Yuanyang County, Xinxiang. The apple variety Starkrimson was used as experimental material, and five treatments were set as follows:NPK (C) (conventional fertilization), NPK (F) (traditional water soluble fertilizer), NPK (HF) (alginate water soluble fertilizer), 3/4 NPK (HF) (25% reduction of alginate in water soluble fertilizer) and 1/2 NPK (HF) (50% reduction of alginate in water soluble fertilizer). In this experiment, the growth, fruit quality, nutrient content, and rhizospheric nutrient of apples under different treatments were measured to explore the potential of alginate mixed with water soluble fertilizer on increasing the efficiency of fertilization in apple orchard.All treatments were randomly arranged with three replicates,and the fertilizers were applied in the bud break stage,the first fruit expansion stage,the second fruit expansion stage,and early fruit picking stage,respectively.Field management measures were consistent with the local traditional management.【Results】Apple yield,fresh weight of 100 leave sand area of leaf were increased by the 3/4 NPK(HF)treatment by 20.74% and 101.20% in two consecutive years,compared with NPK(C)treatment,respectively.Compared with the NPK(C)treatment,the soluble solid and solid acid ratio of fruits were increased,and titratable acid content was decreased by the alginate water soluble fertilizer in 2017.There was no significant difference in fruit quality between the treatment of NPK (C) and 3/4 NPK(HF),however,the 1/2 NPK(HF)treatment significantly increased the titratable acid,and reduced the solid/acid ratio,resulting in lower fruit quality in 2018.In terms of fruit color,the hue angle of the 3/4 NPK(HF)treatment and 1/2 NPK(HF)treatment were lower than that of the other treatments in the two consecutive years,which was significantly reduced by 20.50% and 38.66% in 2018 compared with NPK(HF)treatment,respectively.Compared with NPK(C)treatment,the NPK(HF)treatment increased the leaf phosphorus contents in the two consecutive years,although the increase was not significant in 2017.In addition, there was no significant effect on the content of nitrogen in the leaves by reducing the amount of alginate in the water soluble fertilizer in the two consecutive years, and the treatment of 3/4 NPK(HF)could promote the absorption and increase of the contents of phosphorus and potassium in the second year.The NPK(HF)treatment could increase the contents of nitrogen and potassium in the fruits compared with the NPK (C) treatment.The nitrogen content of the fruits under NPK (HF) treatment in 2018 significantly increased by 33.97%.In the treatments of alginate water soluble fertilizer,the fruit nitrogen content in 3/4 NPK (HF) treatment significantly decreased by 28.9% compared with the NPK(HF) treatment in 2017, and the fruit potassium content significantly increased by 13.08%. While in 2018, the fruit nitrogen content of 3/4 NPK (HF) treatment significantly increased by 37.6%, and there was no significant difference in the contents of phosphorus and potassium in the fruits.The treatments of 3/4 NPK (HF) and 1/2 NPK (HF) could increase the ammonium nitrogen contents in the soil layer for two consecutive years,especially in depth of 0-20 cm,the contents of the ammonium nitrogen contents were increased significantly.Moreover,in the soil layer of 0-20 cm,the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium of 3/4 NPK (HF) and 1/2 NPK (HF) treatments were higher than those of the NPK(C)treatment.The principal component analysis showed that the total effect of 3/4 NPK(HF)treatment was the best in the two consecutive year.【Conclusion】Under the current conditions of apple orchard,the 3/4 NPK(HF)treatment in the two consecutive years could increase the fresh weight of 100 leaves and fruit yield, leaf nitrogen content and soil ammonium nitrogen, and improve the fruit quality and color. While the soluble solid of apples of the 1/2 NPK (HF) treatment in two consecutive years were lower than that of the NPK (HF) and 3/4 NPK (HF) treatments. Comprehensive analysis showed that the total effect of 3/4 NPK(HF)treatments was the best.

Key words:Apple;Alginate water soluble fertilizer;Yield;Fruit quality;Nutrient absorption;Soil nutrients

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)02-0242-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220226

收稿日期:2022-04-21

接受日期:2022-08-12

基金项目:海南省重点研发计划(ZDYF2021XDNY280);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610192022106);“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0200405)

作者简介:于会丽,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事果树新型肥料研制与施肥技术研究。Tel:0371-55900886,E-mail:yuhuili@caas.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0371-55900886,E-mail:sipeng@caas.cn