优质早熟大果百香果新品种蜜语的选育

韦晓霞1,梁党弟2,3,赖瑞联1,吴如健1,陈发兴2

1福建省农业科学院果树研究所,福州 350013;2福建农林大学园艺学院,福州 350002;3岭南师范学院生命科学与技术学院,广东湛江 524048)

摘 要:蜜语是福紫(♀)×芭乐味黄金果(♂)杂交选育的鲜食百香果新品种(新品种权号CNA20191006864)。该品种果实近圆形,果顶突,果大,单果质量83.8~92.8 g。果皮紫红色,较厚;果肉黄色,酸甜可口,多汁,香味浓郁。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)17.3%~17.9%,可食率55.5%,总酸含量2.1%,维生素C含量19.3 mg·100 g-1。该品种生长势强健,在福建福州地区开花期为3月中旬到6月下旬和9月上旬到11月下旬,自交亲和性好,持续结果期长,果实生育期65~90 d。早熟,品质好,较丰产,耐贮藏,产量800~1200 kg·666.7 m2。该品种耐寒性强于黄果百香果,适宜在福建、广西、云南、贵州等百香果种植区种植。

关键词:百香果;新品种;蜜语;早熟;大果

百香果是近几年快速发展起来的一种亚热带水果,为西番莲科(Passifloraceae)西番莲属(Passiflora linnaeus)多年生藤本植物,中文名鸡蛋果(Passiflora edulis Sims),也称西番莲,根据果皮颜色分为紫果西番莲(P.edulis)和黄果西番莲(P.edulis.f.favicarpa)两大类型[1]。百香果甜酸可口,风味浓郁,具有苹果、柑橘、番石榴等多种水果风味,被称为“果汁之王”,是一种极具开发前景的优质水果[2]。近年来,百香果市场接受度高,国内种植面积迅速增加,尤其在福建、广东、贵州、海南等地发展较快,成为热门的新兴特色果树[3]。但目前百香果品种较为混杂,具有自主知识产权的优良品种稀缺,生产上紫果主栽品种台农存在酸度高,采后运输中易脱囊,鲜食品质不佳的缺陷;黄果品种如芭乐味黄金果等以甜度高、酸度低备受市场青睐,种植面积快速扩大,但是黄果品种抗寒性差,存在物候期迟,夏季开花易受高温影响花量少,秋冬果实受低温影响不能完熟,植株易受冻等现象,大大制约黄金果等黄果品种的发展[3-4]。因此,培育成熟期早、甜度高、抗性强的优质品种,成为百香果种质资源创新与新品种选育的重要目标。

蜜语是福建省农业科学院果树研究所通过人工杂交选育的百香果新品种,该品种植物学性状表现稳定,经济性状良好,聚合双亲的多个优良基因,具有成熟早、果大、香味浓郁、酸甜可口、丰产稳产、抗性强等优点,2021年12月获得中华人民共和国农业农村部植物新品种权证书(CNA20191006864),为福建省首个获得授权的百香果鲜食新品种。

1 选育经过

2016年6月在福建省农业科学院塑料薄膜温室大棚,以紫果百香果福紫为母本与黄果百香果芭乐味黄金果6 号为父本进行杂交。母本福紫、父本芭乐味黄金果6号为收集在福建省西番莲种质资源圃的优异百香果资源,福紫表现为植株抗寒性较强,果实香气浓,芭乐味黄金果6号表现为果实品质好,果浆饱满不脱囊。杂交果当年9月采收,收获223粒杂交种子,在试种的杂交种苗198株中筛选出品质佳、抗性强、丰产性突出的单株FH-9,具体表现为果个大、汁液多、酸甜可口、香味浓、果色鲜艳;以FH-9的枝条作为接穗,以较抗茎基腐病的黄果种为砧木,通过嫁接繁育的方法培育苗木,2018—2021 年分别于福州市、诏安县、长汀县等地进行试种,命名为蜜语(图1),观察其一致性和稳定性。连续4 a(年)对各区试点植株的生长情况进行观察,叶、茎、花、果等植物学特征表现基本一致,无异型株,品质和性状均稳定。观察显示:蜜语果实汁液量多,酸甜可口,香味浓郁,果实品质性状优良,早熟大果的特征明显,且果肉不脱囊。在福建福州等地成熟期比主栽早熟品种台农早10 d左右。

图1 百香果新品种蜜语
Fig.1 A new Passiflora edulis variety Miyu

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

叶片纸质,长16.5 cm,宽16.88 cm,掌状3 深裂,中间裂片宽度6.25 cm,裂刻深度12.8 cm,两侧裂片卵状长圆形,裂片边缘有细锯齿,叶柄长2.49 cm,近叶基有2 个蜜腺。单花,与卷须对生;花芳香,直径约4 cm;花梗长4.0~4.5 cm;苞片绿色,宽卵形或菱形,长1.0~1.2 cm,边缘有不规则细锯齿;萼片5枚,外面绿色,内面绿白色,长2.5~3.0 cm,外面顶端具一角状附属器;花瓣5 枚,与萼片等长;外副花冠裂片4~5 轮,外2 轮裂片丝状,与花瓣近等长,基部淡绿色,中部紫色,顶部白色,内3轮裂片窄三角形,长约2 mm;内副花冠非褶状,顶端全缘或为不规则撕裂状,高1.0~1.2 mm;花盘膜质,高约4 mm;雌雄蕊柄长度1.0~1.2 cm;雄蕊5 枚,花丝分离,基部合生,长度5~6 mm,扁平;花药长圆形,长度5~6 mm,淡黄绿色;子房倒卵球形,长约8 mm,被短茸毛;花柱3枚,扁棒状,柱头肾形。浆果圆形;果肉黄色,种子多数卵状三角形。

2.2 果实主要经济性状

果实近圆形,幼果绿色,成熟后紫红色,果皮较厚,光泽度强,较坚韧,果面密布白色斑点。果基平,果顶突。果肉黄色,汁液多,香味浓,酸甜可口,可直接鲜食。果大,最大单果质量高达155.0 g,平均单果质量90.8 g,果实纵径6.73 cm,横径6.30 cm,纵横比1.07。果皮厚度0.67 cm,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为17.8%,可食率55.5%,总酸含量2.1%,维生素C含量19.3 mg·100 g-1(表1)。种子卵状三角形,千粒质量15.1g。果实开始转色时采收,常温下可放置7~15 d,4~6 ℃冷藏可贮放40~50 d。

表1 蜜语与主栽品种果实主要经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of main economic characters between Miyu and main cultivars

品种Cultivar果形Fruit shape蜜语Miyu果顶Blossom apex尖Cuspidal平均单果质量Average fruit weight/g 90.8 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%17.8 w(总酸)Total acid/%2.1可食率Edible rate/%55.5果皮厚度Pericarp thickness/cm 0.67汁液量Juice rete/%多More固酸比Solidacid ratio 8.47台农Tainong近圆形Suborbicular椭圆形Oval平76.217.62.352.50.507.65 Flat较多More芭乐味百香果Balewei baixiang guo近圆形Suborbicular平85.319.32.453.50.658.04 Flat风味Flavour甜微酸,香味较浓Steet,slightly sour,strong france酸甜,香味浓Sour and sweet,strong france甜微酸,香味较浓Steet,slightly sour,strong france色泽Color紫红Purplish red深紫红Imperial purple黄色Yellow较多More

蜜语百香果果实大,酸甜可口,汁液量大,香味浓郁,固酸比高于现有主栽品种台农和芭乐味百香果,品质性状优良。蜜语聚合双亲的多个优良性状,优异性状明显,与母本紫果百香果相比,酸度低、汁液多更适宜鲜食;与父本黄金百香果相比,长势强健,抗寒性较强,适宜种植区更广。

2.3 物候期

在福建福州,枝条生长健壮,生长量大,3 月中旬第一批花芽开始萌动,3月下旬至4月初始花,4月下旬第一批花为盛花期,花期1 d,花后3 d子房明显膨大,花后15 d左右果实大小定型,之后基本不会再膨大,花后70~80 d 果实成熟。开花受低温影响小,3 月中旬到6 月底和9 月初到11 月底均可开花,1 月冬季低温低于5 ℃时生长停止,低于0 ℃受冻明显,-3 ℃以下会严重受冻甚至死亡。

2.4 生长结果习性

蜜语百香果植株生长势中等。气温25~30 ℃时生长量最大,全年3~4批次花,在设施大棚等温湿度等条件适宜的环境下能持续生长,没有明显的休眠期。露地种植大苗,第一批果7月开始陆续采收,第一批果集中采收期为7 月下旬。夏天气温高于32 ℃花粉活性差,气温太高开花受抑制,导致花粉变少甚至不开花,9月中旬第三批大量开花结果,果实集中采收期为11 月中下旬。蜜语百香果持续结果期长,每666.7 m2 产量1000~1500 kg,经济价值高,有较好的发展前景。

2.5 抗病性与适应性

蜜语百香果先后在福建省福州、诏安、长汀、屏南、闽侯,海南省三亚,贵州省从江县等多地开展试种及区域试验,生长良好,表现出较强的生长适应性。在海南等地冬季能正常开花,该品种较低温度下开花性状良好,早熟的特征明显。经中试、区域试验等多点多年的种植和观察,生长季生长旺盛,无明显的枝干、叶、果病害,较抗疫霉病,对茎基腐病感病,苗木宜用抗茎基腐病的砧木进行嫁接繁殖,生产种植以嫁接苗为好。

经区域试验和生产示范,蜜语百香果喜温、喜光、喜湿润但不宜长期浸水。在福建省、贵州省、云南省等百香果适宜种植区均可种植,福建省以龙岩市、宁德市、福州市海拔低于500 m 地区,漳州等闽南区域海拨300 m以上地区等生态条件与之相似的区域最为高产。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 园地选择

宜选择年均气温>18 ℃,最冷月平均气温>10 ℃,冬季基本无霜冻的区域种植,以土层深厚、土壤肥沃疏松透气、有机质含量高、pH 值5.5~6.5,排灌方便、交通便捷、阳光充足的平地或缓坡地为佳。

3.2 建园定植

可用镀锌管、水泥柱或竹竿搭棚架式或篱架式种植,柱高约2.0 m,以铅丝或尼龙线成方格搭架。选择健康且无病害的嫁接苗种植,平地水田要起高畦以防积水。株距1.5~2 m,行距2~3 m,每666.7 m2栽植150~200株,气温稳定在15 ℃以上时定植为佳。

3.3 施肥

在温度条件适宜的情况下,蜜语百香果生长量大,周年均可开花结果。百香果属高需肥果树,施肥应以有机肥为主、配合复合肥、结合微量元素肥。定植前1~2个月,挖定植沟或定植穴施入腐熟羊粪等有机肥或土杂肥,或将1000~2000 kg·666.7 m-2有机肥或土杂肥、25 kg钙镁磷肥经旋耕机与土壤混合均匀。种植成活后,每月追肥1次,春季初期追肥以氮肥为主。上棚后再及时追施一次花前肥、壮果肥、采后肥,施肥量根据开花结果和植株生长实际情况增减用肥量。

3.4 整枝修剪

当幼苗定植成活后,及时绑缚,平棚式留1条主蔓上架,抹去过多侧芽。主蔓上架后需要留4~6 条侧蔓,并分布均匀。在采果后对结果枝短截,促其重新长出健壮、结果能力更强的新枝蔓,培育良好二、三级蔓。对枝蔓比较多的植株剪去弱枝、重叠枝,避免枝蔓密集生长,以保持果园通风透光。冬季最后一批果实采收后,对主枝进行短截,以更新树形。

3.5 病虫害防治

百香果病害主要有花叶病、疫病、茎基腐病、炭疽病等。保持田间湿润度,做好排水工作,尤其是低洼地果园,防止土壤过湿积水诱发病害,远离瓜类和茄果类蔬菜,冬季用石硫合剂等进行清园处理,及时清除烧毁病枝病叶。目前大多数果农未建立母本园,隔离和保护措施不够完善,容易遭受病毒病侵害。因此,推广一年一种,将所有老树在12 月底前进行清除和消毒杀菌,翌年3 月种植抗病性强的品种作为砧木的健康嫁接苗。

3.6 防寒

有霜冻的地区种植百香果可采用大棚等设施栽培提高温度,有利于果实成熟及树体正常越冬;宜采用一年一栽的栽培措施种植,秋季先在温室中培育大苗,等春天气温回升后再种植大苗。另外,还可以通过寒冷驯化,如用脱落酸、褪黑素、印度梨形孢等植物生长调节剂或植物激素诱导来提高百香果抗寒性。

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A new early-maturing and high-yielding passion fruit cultivar Miyu

WEI Xiaoxia1,LIANG Dangdi2,3,LAI Ruilian1,WU Rujian1,CHEN Faxing2

(1Fruit Research Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Fuzhou 350013,Fujian,China;2College of Horticulture,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China;3Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University,Zhanjiang 524048,Guangdong,China)

Abstract: The passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is native to tropical America and has more than 500 species, of which at least 50 or more are edible.At present, P. edulis f. flavicarpa and P. edulis f.edulis are the main cultivated varieties, widely appreciated and accepted by consumers worldwide due to its unique flavor and high medicinal value.It is also called passion flower or egg fruit because it contains apple, guava, banana, strawberry, mango, pineapple and other 130 kinds of fruit aroma. The peel and pulp of passion fruit have many biological functions,such as controlling blood sugar,anti-hypertension, anti-inflammation and reducing fat, protecting liver and kidney, and regulating cardiac autonomic nerve functions. In addition,passion fruit peel powder can be used as food raw material when added to baking products. Passion fruit has high nutritional and medicinal value with great development potential.In recent years,passion fruit has been highly accepted by the market,and the domestic planting area has grown rapidly, especially in Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, etc., and has become a popular emerging characteristic fruit crop. However, at present, the varieties of passion fruit are relatively mixed,and excellent varieties with independent intellectual property rights are scarce.In purple passion fruit, many cultivars have the defects of high acidity, easy peeling during post-harvest transportation,and poor quality of fresh food.In yellow fruit,guava-flavored golden fruit is favored by the market due to their high sweetness and low acidity, and the planting area has developed rapidly. However, the yellow fruit varieties have poor cold resistance, delayed phenological period, and are easily affected by high temperature in summer. In autumn and winter, the fruits cannot fully ripen due to the influence of low temperature, and the plants are susceptible to freezing, which greatly restricts the development of yellow fruit varieties. Therefore, cultivating high-quality varieties with early maturity, high sweetness and good resistance has become an important goal in passion fruit germplasm resource innovation and new variety breeding. The passion fruit cultivar Miyu is a hybrid between Fuzi (♀) X Balewei (♂).The characteristics of fruit are nearly round,mostly apical and large fruit of about 83.8-92.8 g in weight with yellow pulp,purplish red surface and thick peel.The fruit is rich in juice,aroma and suitable taste with sour-sweet,TSS is ranged from 17.3%to 17.8%,TA content is 2.1%and the content of vitamin C is 19.3 mg·100 g-1 FW, approximately. Moreover, the edible rate is 55.5%.The new cultivar Miyu has the profile of early maturing with short fruit development period in the same year.The fruit is early maturing and has a long fruiting period.It is relatively high-yielding and has a great postharvest value.Its yield is around 800-1200 kg per 666.7 m2. This review provides the basic introduction about passion fruit production and quality in China as well as detailed information about the passion fruit cultivar Miyu. It is still needed to further investigate the potential of other early maturing cultivars to ensure the better production of passion fruit.

Key words:Passion fruit;New cultivar;Miyu;Early-maturity;Big fruit

中图分类号:S667.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)01-0187-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220364

收稿日期:2022-07-14

接受日期:2022-09-06

基金项目:福建省科技计划项目(202110033);福建省农业科学院科研项目(DWHZ-2022-10)

作者简介:韦晓霞,副研究员,硕士,主要从事果树育种与栽培技术研究。Tel:13705973257,E-mail:wxx82046@qq.com