肥城桃是我国的传统名桃，距今有1100多年的栽培历史，外形美观、香气馥郁、甘甜多汁，有“群桃之冠”的美誉[1]。肥城桃是一个较为封闭的遗传群体，具有授粉特异性，对群体内花粉表现可授，对多数群体外源花粉授粉后表现不坐果[2]。为增加肥城桃品种多样性，丰富种群结构、提高果实品质，育种团队长期开展肥城桃育种工作。经多年努力，选育出肥城桃杂交后代、中熟桃新品种七月肥，在亲本基础上成熟期大大提前，果实品质得到改善。
1 选育经过
2011年，山东省果树研究所与肥城市肥城桃产业发展中心联合育种，用中华寿桃和川中岛的混合花粉与肥城桃品系中果实成熟后不易软化的白里肥桃进行不去雄蕊杂交[3]。获得的杂交种子于营养钵中培育，出苗64 株。2012 年定植，成活62 株，2015年经鉴定初选，获得一株成熟期提前、品质优异的优系，果实整齐，口感好，具有浓郁的肥城桃香味。2016年，在山东肥城、蒙阴、邹城等地建立新品种区试园，经连续多年观察，其性状稳定，适应性良好。表现为果形圆整、果实大型、表皮不着色、白肉、肉质细腻、黏核、风味甜、具有浓郁的肥城桃香味、丰产。2022 年2 月通过山东省林草品种审定委员会审定，定名为七月肥（图1），良种编号：鲁S-SV-AP-012-2021。
2 主要性状
2.1 植物学特征
树势中庸，树姿开张，幼树生长势旺。主干褐色，皮孔中等，长椭圆形，灰白色；1年生枝阳面红褐色，背面绿色。叶片长椭圆披针形，绿色，叶片长16.41 cm、宽3.94 cm，叶柄长0.82 cm；叶基楔形，叶缘为钝锯齿状，叶尖渐尖。蜜腺肾形，2～3个。花芽圆锥形，多复花芽，花芽密度集中；花蔷薇形，粉红色，花药橘黄色，花粉多，雌蕊与雄蕊等高或稍低于雄蕊。
2.2 果实经济性状
七月肥果实近圆形，大果型，平均单果质量329.3 g。果尖明显，茸毛细密；两半部较对称，缝合线深，梗洼深广。果面黄绿色，完熟底色乳黄，成熟度一致；果皮较厚，难剥离。果肉白色，肉质细腻，纤维少，汁多味甜，有浓郁的肥城桃香味，可溶性固形物含量（w）14.5%。核卵圆形，黏核（表1）。
表1 七月肥与白里肥桃果实经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of main economic characters between Qiyuefei and Bailifeitao
品种Cultivar七月肥Qiyuefei白里肥桃Bailifeitao成熟期Mature stage 7月底End July 9月初EarlySeptember茸毛Skin fuzz少Less少Less平均单果质量Average fruit weight/g 329.3 232.4 w（可溶性固形物）Soluble solids content/%14.5 13.2果核状态Stone adhesion黏核Cling stone黏核Cling stone
2.3 生长结果习性
七月肥以中短果枝结果为主，开花结实率高。以2 m×4 m 的株行距栽植，嫁接苗定植当年即可形成花芽，第2 年少量结果，第4 年进入盛果期，每666.7 m2产量为1 646.6 kg，第5年每666.7 m2产量可达2 195.4 kg。
2.4 物候期
在泰安地区，3 月中旬萌芽，4 月初盛花，7 月下旬果实成熟，果实发育期110 d 左右，11 月中旬落叶，生育期230 d左右。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 定植建园
适宜在山东及周边桃产区栽植。选择土层深厚、排水良好的非重茬地建园，平原地区推荐采用Y字形树形，株行距2 m×（4～5）m；丘陵地或山地推荐采用三主枝开心形树形，株行距为3 m×4 m或4 m×5 m。
3.2 土肥水管理
施肥以有机肥为主，每年9—10 月，每666.7 m2施农家肥5000～6000 kg；在果实膨大期，每666.7 m2施硫酸钾复合肥或有机肥60～75 kg。根据天气情况适时浇水和排涝。果园可进行行间生草管理，有利于保持土壤水分，增加土壤有机质含量。采用自然生草或人工生草的方式，人工生草推荐草种有毛叶苕子、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿等[4]。
3.3 花果管理
为保证果实品质严格按要求疏花疏果，长果枝留3～4 个果，中果枝留2～3 个果，短果枝留1 个果。果实成熟可分多批次采收，判断成熟度时可以果实绿色减退变白、果肉稍硬、果面基本满色、具有该品种固有风味为标准。
3.4 病虫害防控
七月肥桃抗逆性和适应性强，无特殊易感病虫害。生产中注意蚜虫、桃潜叶蛾、梨小食心虫、卷叶虫、红蜘蛛、炭疽病、疮痂病等主要病虫害的综合防控。
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[1]高云侠，陈赛英，孙静.肥城桃产业现状及发展思路[J].中国果菜，2022，42（4）：72-75.GAO Yunxia，CHEN Saiying，SUN Jing. Status and development ideas of Feicheng peach industry[J].China Fruit&Vegetable，2022，42（4）：72-75.
[2]刘伟，李桂祥，董晓民，李勃，韩真，张安宁.肥城桃花粉粒形态观察[J].果树学报，2018，35（1）：38-45.LIU Wei，LI Guixiang，DONG Xiaomin，LI Bo，HAN Zhen，ZHANG Anning. Observation on pollen grains of Feicheng peaches[J].Journal of Fruit Science，2018，35（1）：38-45.
[3]薛炳烨，束怀瑞.肥城桃两品系果实细胞壁成分和水解酶活性的比较[J].园艺学报，2004，31（4）：499-501.XUE Bingye，SHU Huairui.Changes of cell wall and hydrolases in th fruit of two cultivars of Feicheng peach during development and ripening[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica，2004，31（4）：499-501.
[4]张安宁，李桂祥.山东省现代桃园栽培管理制度构建[J].落叶果树，2020，52（5）：4-7.ZHANG Anning，LI Guixiang. Modern peach cultivation management system construction in Shandong Province[J]. Deciduous Fruits，2020，52（5）：4-7.
Breeding report on a high-quality mid-ripening peach cultivar Qiyuefei
DONG Xiaomin1, LI Guixiang1, GAO Xiaolan1, LI Miao1, LIU Wei1, GONG Qingtao1, CHEN Wenyu2,LIU Min2,ZHANG Anning1*
(1Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China;2Feicheng Peach Industry Development Center, Feicheng 271600,Shandong,China)
Abstract: Feicheng peach is a famous traditional peach cultivar in China, with a cultivation history of more than 1100 years. Due to the requirement of pollination specificity, Feicheng peach often does not bear fruits when the exogenous pollens are used during crossing pollination.In order to increase the diversity of Feicheng peach varieties and improve the fruit quality, a long-term breeding program has been carried out. Qiyuefei is a new high-quality mid-ripening peach cultivar derived from the seeds of Bailifeitao pollinated with the mixed pollens of Zhonghuashoutao and Chuanzhongdao in 2011. Qiyuefei was first selected in 2015 for its early ripening, large fruit, good taste and distinct aroma like Feicheng peach.The regional field trails were conducted in the peach production areas of Feicheng county,Mengyin county and Zoucheng county in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020.The tree of Qiyuefei is moderately vigorous with open gesture.The annual branch is red-brown on the sunward side and green on the back side. The nectary of leaf is kidney-shaped. The margin of leaf is obtuse serrate. The flower buds are conical in shape. The flower is pink and rose-shaped with fertile pollens. The fruit is large with an average weight of 329.3 g, and its shape is nearly round with two nearly symmetrical halves. The fruit tip is obvious with deep cavity and the suture line. The background color of fruit is creamy yellow,and there is no red pigment on the surface of the fruit.The fruit is not easy to peel.The flesh is white. The soluble solids content is 14.5%. The stone is cling. The date of bud burst is mid-March,and the blooming date is early April.The fruit ripens in the end of July in Taian,Shandong Province, much earlier than that of its parents.The fruit development period of Qiyuefei is nearly 110 days.The date of leaf fall is mid-November, and its full growth period is nearly 230 days.All kinds of fruit branches can bear fruits,and the medium and short fruit branches are dominant.The yield of 5-year-old tree is up to 2 195.4 kg per 666.7 m2.Qiyuefei passed the examination and approval of Shandong Forest and Grass Variety Committee in February 2022.It is suitable to plant in Shandong Province and its surrounding peach producing areas. The fertile land with good drainage is needed for growing Qiyuefei.The Y-shaped of the tree form is recommended in the plain area, with spacing of 2 m×(4-5) m. The open heart-shaped tree form with three main branches is recommended in the hilly or mountainous area,with spacing of 3 m×4 m or 4 m×5 m.Qiyuefei has good resistance to stresses and good adaptability.
Key words:Peach;New cultivar;Qiyuefei;Feicheng peach;Mid-ripening
中图分类号：S662.1
文献标志码：A
文章编号：1009-9980(2023)01-0180-03
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220296
收稿日期：2022-06-06
接受日期：2022-07-28
基金项目：国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项（CARS-30-Z-08）；山东省农业良种工程项目（2020LZGC007）
作者简介：董晓民，女，助理研究员，硕士，主要从事桃育种与生物技术研究。Tel：0538-8237532，E-mail：dxm1209@163.com
*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel：0538-8260176，E-mail：zan_hope@163.com
