硫代硫酸铵对红富士苹果的疏花效应

孟海凤1,张春香2a,韩雪平3,薛晓敏3*

1泰安市林业保护发展中心,山东泰安 271000;2泰安市泰山林业科学研究院,山东泰安 271000;3山东省果树研究所,山东泰安 271000)

摘 要:【目的】探究硫代硫酸铵(ATS)对天红2号苹果疏花的适宜浓度与时期,以及对果实品质的影响,为苹果化学疏花提供参考。【方法】以天红2号苹果为材料,设不同浓度(w,后同)ATS处理(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%),不同喷施时期处理(25%中心花开放、75%中心花开放、25%花瓣脱落1次喷施,以及它们各自复配2次喷施),生理落果后调查坐果率和坐果比例等指标,成熟期测定果实品质指标,以确定ATS 在富士苹果上的疏花效应。【结果】ATS 适宜浓度为1.5%,在中心花开放25%和75%时喷2次,可显著降低坐果率,花序坐果率和花朵坐果率分别为87.70%和33.56%,单果率高达42.54%;保留的中心果发育更好,纵横径较对照分别提高了10.18%和19.06%,其全氮含量比对照增高了近一倍;ATS处理显著提高了单果质量,果皮红色度、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量稍有升高,对果形指数、果肉硬度和可滴定酸含量无明显影响。【结论】ATS可以作为有效疏花剂在红富士苹果上应用,适宜浓度为1.5%,在中心花开放25%和75%时连喷2次效果最好。

关键词:苹果;硫代硫酸铵;化学疏花;果实品质

苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)属蔷薇科落叶果树,因富含糖、酸、维生素、类黄酮、果胶、蛋白质、氨基酸等多种营养而备受消费者青睐,在全世界温带地区广泛种植,其中中国苹果的栽培面积和产量均为世界首位[1-2]。苹果疏花疏果是调整树体负荷、提高果实品质、减轻大小年结果的必要技术,中国长久以来一直沿用人工疏花疏果技术,尽管比较精准,但费时费工,每666.7 m2 用工8~12 个,平均成本约1200 元,在当前用工难、用工贵问题日趋严重的情况下,已成为阻碍苹果产业发展的瓶颈之一。化学疏花疏果因其省力高效一直是欧美发达国家普遍采取的花果调控技术[3-5],也是中国缓解人工疏花疏果压力的理想选择。

疏花剂由于作用时期早,对节省树体营养、促进保留幼果的生长发育效果更加明显,一直是国内外的研究重点,在疏花剂开发和应用方面取得了较大进展。孟玉平等[6]研究了几种钙化合物对苹果疏花疏果的效应,表明5~10 g·L-1 蚁酸钙制剂在顶芽中心花盛开3 d 和5 d 后2 次喷施效果最好,且对果实大小、着色程度、果实品质均无不良影响。有报道表明,石硫合剂可以作为苹果的有效疏花剂,但喷施石硫合剂会影响果园放蜂,所以在生产上并未广泛应用[7-9]

硫代硫酸铵(ammonium thoisulfate,ATS)是由化工厂废气制造的工业副产品,含有丰富的氮和硫营养,常作为肥料调节剂或叶面肥应用[10-11]。后来有学者[12-13]发现ATS 具有降低花粉萌发率、抑制花粉管伸长以及抑制胚珠授粉受精的作用,开始作为一种疏花剂在苹果、梨、桃、李等多种树种上试验应用[14-17]。然而,有关ATS 在红富士苹果上的疏花效应,在国内未见任何报道。为此,笔者在本试验中以短枝红富士天红2 号为试材,开展了适宜浓度、适宜喷施时期以及对果实品质影响等试验研究,旨在为苹果化学疏花疏果技术的推广应用提供参考依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

试验于2019年4月—2020年11月在山东省果树研究所天平湖基地(E 117 01′09.87″,N 36°12′55.36″,海拔168 m)进行,试验园有机质含量(w,后同)0.79%,速效氮含量86.11 mg·kg-1,速效磷含量73.71 mg·kg-1,速效钾含量116.32 mg·kg-1

所用试剂为分析纯硫代硫酸铵(98%),购自阿拉丁试剂官网。所用试验树为9年生和10年生天红2号/SH38/八棱海棠(天红2号为红富士芽变品种),株行距0.75 m×4.00 m,采用高纺锤树形、行间生草、树盘覆盖、肥水一体化技术,管理水平中等偏上。

1.2 试验处理

选取长势基本一致的健康苹果树为试验树,设喷药和对照处理。单株小区,10次重复。不同处理和对照之间保留1株树作为保护株。每株树随机选3个主枝,统计花序数和花朵数,挂牌标记。

2019年4月8日盛花期进行了ATS浓度梯度筛选试验,设置0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%4个浓度处理,清水为对照。选用背负式电动喷雾器喷药,着重对准花朵柱头喷布,喷至花朵湿润轻微滴水为止。

2020 年进行喷施时期筛选试验处理,在25%中心花开放(时期1)、75%中心花开放(时期2)、25%花瓣脱落(时期3)、时期1+时期2、时期1+时期3、时期2+时期3 喷1.5%ATS,以不处理为对照。喷施方法同2019 年,生理落果后调查坐果率和坐果比例;同时以75%中心花开放时喷药处理为代表,每株树随机采3个中心果,测定幼果直径及矿质营养含量;果实成熟期对筛选出的处理进行果实采样,测定果实品质。

1.3 测定指标及方法

生理落果后调查有挂牌的主枝坐果情况,统计花序坐果率、花朵坐果率和坐果比例。花序坐果率(%)=坐果花序数/总花序数×100,花朵坐果率(%)=坐果数/总花朵数×100,单果率(%)=坐单果花序数/总花序数×100,双果率(%)=坐双果花序数/总花序数×100,三果及以上坐果率(%)=100-(单果率+双果率)。

全氮含量用半微量蒸馏法测定,全磷含量用钼锑抗吸光光度法测定,全钾含量用火焰光度计法测定,具体测定步骤参考崔建宇等[18]的方法。

果实成熟期在每株树上不同方位随机采5 个果,共计50 个果实,带回实验室测定果实品质,测量指标包括单果质量、纵横径、果面色泽、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C 含量。其中单果质量用电子台秤称量;果实纵横径用数显游标卡尺测量,果形指数=果实纵径/果实横径;果实去皮硬度用GY-1 型果实硬度计测量;可溶性固形物含量用数显糖量计测定;果皮色泽参照阚超楠等[19]的方法测定,用日本CI-410 色差计测定果实赤道附近果皮4 个方位的L*a*b*值,取平均值;可滴定酸含量用酸碱中和滴定法[20]测定,维生素C 含量采用分析化学家协会改进的2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法[21]测定。

1.4 数据分析

所有数据均采用SPSS 软件进行差异显著性分析,应用Excel 2003软件绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 ATS适宜浓度筛选

不同浓度ATS 处理对坐果率和坐果比例的调查结果如图1 所示。与清水对照相比,0.5%~2.0%的ATS 处理均降低了花序坐果率(图1-A)和花朵坐果率(图1-B),其中对照与1.5%和2.0%处理间的花序坐果率和花朵坐果率存在显著差异(p<0.05);0.5%和1.0% 2 个低浓度处理则与对照间无显著差异,1.5%和2.0%2个浓度处理之间也无显著差异。坐单果和双果花序比例以2.0%处理最高,分别为35.93%和19.25%,单果率显著高于2个低浓度处理及对照,双果率显著高于0.5%浓度处理和对照,与1.5%处理间差异不显著(图1-C)。尽管从坐果率和坐果比例来看,2.0%浓度处理最为理想,但其对花瓣及嫩叶的灼伤较重,需1 周以上才能恢复,故综合考虑,以1.5%浓度作为适宜的喷施浓度。

图1 不同浓度ATS 对坐果的影响
Fig.1 Effects of different concentrations of ATS on fruit set

2.2 ATS适宜喷施时期筛选

不同时期ATS 处理对坐果率和坐果比例的调查结果如图2所示。与对照相比,花期喷施1次和2次花序坐果率均降低,其中除25%落瓣期(时期3)外的其他处理花序坐果率显著低于对照(p<0.05),以中心花开放25%(时期1)和75%(时期2)2次处理的花序坐果率最低(87.70%,图2-A)。不同时期ATS对花朵坐果率的影响与花序坐果率相似,1次处理和2 次处理的花朵坐果率均显著低于对照(p<0.05),处理间差异不显著,以中心花开放25%和75%2 次处理的花朵坐果率最低(33.56%,图2-B)。坐单果和双果花序比例以中心花开放25%和75%2次处理的最高,分别为38.33%和33.33%,单果率显著高于其他时期处理和对照(p<0.05),双果率显著高于大多数处理和对照。综合比较,认为中心花开放25%和75% 2 次处理为ATS 最为适宜的喷施时期。

图2 不同时期ATS 对坐果的影响
Fig.2 Effects of ATS applied in different periods on fruit set

2.3 ATS处理对中心果发育的影响

ATS处理对保留的中心果发育的影响如图3所示。与对照相比,盛花期喷施1次1.5%ATS显著提高了中心果的纵径和横径(p<0.01),较对照分别提高了10.18%和19.06%。说明疏花剂处理对于降低冗余养分消耗、促进剩余幼果生长发育具有极其显著的作用。

图3 ATS 处理对幼果直径的影响
Fig.3 Effect of ATS treatment on young fruit diameter

2.4 ATS处理对中心果矿质营养含量的影响

ATS 含有丰富的对作物有效的氮和硫营养,可以与其他肥料制成复合肥料或者单独作为叶面肥应用,为了探明ATS 喷施后对幼果矿质营养的影响,测定了幼果全氮、全磷和全钾含量(图4)。ATS处理显著提高了幼果全氮含量(p<0.05),但对全磷和全钾含量无明显影响。

图4 ATS 处理对幼果矿质营养含量的影响
Fig.4 Effect of ATS treatment on mineral nutrition contents in young fruit

2.5 ATS处理对果实品质的影响

ATS 处理对天红2 号果实品质的影响如表1 所示。可以看出,ATS处理后显著提高了单果质量,较对照提高了21.47 g,增幅为11.70%,差异达显著水平(p<0.05),与幼果期的影响相一致;红色色度a*、可溶性固形物含量及维生素C含量等品质指标略有增加,但未达显著水平;对果形指数、果肉硬度、可滴定酸含量等品质指标无明显影响;ATS处理后明亮色度L*值略低于对照,说明对果面光洁度产生了极其轻微的影响,差异未达显著水平。综合分析认为,ATS处理后显著增加单果质量,对其他指标影响不明显。

表1 ATS 处理对天红2 号苹果果实品质的影响
Table 1 Effects of ATS on fruit quality of Tianhong 2 apple

材料Material处理Treatment对照Control 0单果质量Single fruit weight/g 204.89±7.21*处理/Treatment对照/Control果形指数Fruit shape index 0.86±0.01果皮色泽Peel color L*40.08±1.02 a*32.03±0.92 b*12.29±0.41硬度Firmness/(kg·cm-2)8.40±0.28 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%15.27±0.32 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acidity/%0.25±0.01 w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)3.10±0.11 183.42±2.410.85±0.0141.36±2.6931.63±1.7413.17±1.178.34±0.1414.94±0.320.24±0.012.92±0.14

3 讨 论

ATS作为一种果树疏花剂已经有十几年的时间,不少国外学者对它的应用效果开展过相关研究。Milić 等[22]以布瑞本苹果为试材研究表明,1%~3%ATS 可显著降低坐果率,浓度越高,坐果率越低,但高浓度会灼伤叶片;时期以20%花朵开放较好,优于80%花朵开放;ATS处理显著提高了单果质量,分别较对照提高21.82%、23.82%和19.67%;增加了淀粉指数和可滴定酸含量,差异未达显著水平;对果形指数和果肉硬度则无明显影响。Janoudi 等[23]研究表明,ATS对Indian Summer苹果的疏花效果不仅与浓度有关,还与药液喷到花瓣上至蒸发干的时间密切相关,蒸发时间越短,花瓣灼伤率越高;无论蒸发时间多长,2%浓度都会引起严重的花朵损伤,且完全开放的花朵比未开放花朵更敏感,5%浓度喷施后需要在1 h内清洗掉,否则存在疏除过量的危险,对树体也会产生中度或重度损伤。澳大利亚Bound[15]研究认为ATS 是梨的有效疏花剂,适宜浓度为1.0%,建议在开花率达到25%和80%时使用2 次,可以显著提高果实品质,包括果实大小、果肉硬度和可溶性固形物含量,但ATS会导致果皮呈轻微黄褐色。本试验结果显示,在中心花开放25%和75%时连续2次喷施1.5%ATS,可以显著降低坐果率,花朵坐果率仅33.56%,比对照降低17.41 个百分点,2%浓度灼伤嫩叶需要较长的恢复周期,且ATS处理能显著提高单果质量,对果肉硬度和可滴定酸含量无明显影响,与多数学者研究结果相一致。但也有研究表明,8%是ATS 在日本李子上的有效疏花浓度,可以显著增加果实直径和鲜果质量,能实现较大的潜在产量[24]

关于苹果幼果期果实含氮量,有学者进行过相关报道,如张芳芳等[25]研究表明,幼果期红富士果实含氮量约0.75%,低于本研究对照试验1.01%的氮含量水平;而王中英等[26]以M9 矮化砧红星苹果为试材,研究认为其幼果期果实含氮量为1.451%,高于本研究的幼果氮含量水平;笔者认为出现这些差异的原因主要与果园土壤矿质营养水平有关,也与试验所用的砧穗组合不完全相同有关。

诸多研究表明,疏花可以显著提高单果质量[27]。但多数仅测定了成熟期果实质量,对生理落果后的幼果鲜有报道。本试验结果表明,ATS 疏花处理后,保留的中心果明显大于对照,其纵横径较对照分别提高了10.18%和19.06%;同时测定了其矿质营养含量,显示ATS 处理显著提高了幼果全氮含量。因此分析保留的中心果偏大的原因可能有2个:一是疏掉了过多边花,节省了树体营养耗散;二是较高的氮含量促进了幼果生长发育。

当然,随着近些年花期霜冻的频繁发生,疏花剂的应用似乎不太受果农欢迎,但瑕不掩瑜,不能因为某些局限性就抹杀了它的作用及效果,且随着规模化种植的日趋增多,化学疏花剂的应用必将越来越广泛。

4 结 论

ATS 在富士苹果上应用的适宜浓度为1.5%,在中心花开放25%和75%时连喷2 次,可显著降低坐果率,花朵坐果率33.56%,单果率42.54%,双果率33.33%,极大地降低了人工定果压力;且显著提高了单果质量,红色色度、可溶性固形物含量及维生素C 含量稍有提高,对果肉硬度和可滴定酸含量无明显影响,可作为一种有效疏花剂在生产上应用。

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Flower thinning effect of ammonium thiosulfate in Red Fuji apple

MENG Haifeng1,ZHANG Chunxiang2a,HAN Xueping3,XUE Xiaomin3*
(1Taian Forestry Protection and Development Center, Taian 271000, Shandong, China;2Taian Taishan Forestry Research Institute,Taian 271000,Shandong,China;3Shandong Institute of Pomology,Taian 271000,Shandong,China)

Abstract:【Objective】The appropriate concentration and spraying period of a flower thinning agent:ammonium thiosulfate(ATS)for Tianhong 2 apple were explored,and the effects of ATS on fruit quality were studied so as to provide reference for the application of ATS in apple.【Methods】The experiment was conducted in Tianping lake base of Shandong Institute of Pomology from April 2019 to November 2020. The reagent used is analytical pure ATS (98%), which was purchased from the official website of Aladdin reagent. The tested trees used were 9 a and 10 a Tianhong 2/SH38/M. robusta. On April 8,2019,ATS concentration screening test was carried out at full bloom stage,with four concentration treatments of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%, and water spray was used as the control. In 2020, the spraying period screening test was carried out with six treatments including spraying at stage 1 (25%central flower opening), at stage 2 (75% central flower opening), at stage 3 (25% petal falling off), at stage1and stage 2(stage 1+2),at stage 1 and stage 3(stage 1+3),and at stage 2 and stage 3(stage 2+3),with no treatment as the control.A knapsack electric sprayer was used to spray the agent until the flowers were moist and dripping slightly.The fruit setting rate and fruit vacancy rate were investigated after physiological fruit drop. Meanwhile, taking the treatment at stage 2 as the representative treatment, the central fruit were collected to determine the diameter size and mineral nutrient content of young fruit.Semi micro distillation method, molybdenum antimony anti absorption spectrophotometry, and flame photometer method were used for the determination of total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium, respectively.At the fruit ripening stage, samples from selected treatments were collected for fruit quality determination.Single fruit was weighed with an electronic platform scale;the vertical and horizontal diameters of fruit were measured with a digital vernier caliper; the peel hardness of fruit with a GY-1 fruit hardness tester; the content of soluble solids with a digital sugar meter; the peel color determined using a CR-410 color difference meter;and titratable acid content was determined with acid-base neutralization titration.【Results】0.5%-2.0%ATS treatments decreased inflorescence fruit setting rate and flower fruit setting rate, and the treatments with 1.5% and 2.0%ATS displayed significant effect.There was no significant difference between the two low concentration treatments and the control, and between the treatments of 1.5% and 2.0%. The ratios of single fruit and double fruit inflorescence in 2.0%treatment were the highest,which were 35.93%and 19.25%,respectively.However,the treatment burned the young leave.Therefore,the concentration of 1.5%was more appropriate.Compared with the control,fruit set decreased after spraying once and twice.Among them,stage 1+3 had the lowest inflorescence setting rate and flower fruit setting rate,which were 87.70%and 33.56%,respectively.The percentages of single fruit and double fruit were the highest in the treatment of stage 1+3, which were 38.33% and 33.33%, respectively. The single fruit rate was significantly higher than in the other treatment periods and in the control. It is considered that two-spray treatments at the 25% and 75% central flower opening were most suitable. The treatment of ATS significantly increased the vertical and horizontal diameters and total nitrogen content in young fruit,but had no significant effect on total phosphorus and total potassium.After ATS treatment, the quality indexes such as single fruit weight, red color a*, soluble solid content and vitamin C content were increased. The single fruit weight increased by 21.47 g or 11.7%compared with the control.However,it had no significant effect on fruit shape index,fruit hardness and titratable acid. The brightness value of L was slightly lower than that of the control.【Conclusion】For ATS application to Fuji apple fruit thinning, the suitable concentration is 1.5%, and the suitable spraying period is the initial and full bloom periods.The treatment can significantly reduce the fruit set, increase the proportion of single fruit inflorescence. It can significantly increase fruit weight,red color,soluble solid content and vitamin C content,but has no significant effect on fruit hardness and titratable acid content.ATS can be used as an effective flower thinning agent in production.

Key words:Apple;Ammonium thiosulfate;Chemical flowering thinning;Fruit quality

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2023)01-0060-07

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220234

收稿日期:2022-04-24

接受日期:2022-08-12

基金项目:财政部和农业农村部:国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-27)

作者简介:孟海凤,女,硕士,主要从事林果培育及技术推广研究。Tel:15865386993,E-mail:menghaifeng@ta.shandong.cn。a为共同第一作者

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0538-8266556,E-mail:xuexiaomin79@126.com