中熟红皮砂梨新品种金彤的选育

张靖国1,范 净1,陈启亮1,杨晓平1,周德平2,杜 威1,田 瑞1,胡红菊1*

1湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所·湖北洪山实验室·农业农村部华中作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室·农作物重大病虫草害防控湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430064;2湖北省孝昌县周巷镇人民政府,湖北孝昌 432915)

摘 要:金彤是由金水2号×大理火把杂交选育出的中熟红皮砂梨新品种。该品种树势中庸,树姿开张,以短果枝结果为主。果实圆形,果皮底色黄绿色、果面盖色为橘红色,果肉白色,肉质细脆,汁液多,平均单果质量251 g,可溶性固形物含量(w)12.5%,品质上。果实生育期140 d左右,在武汉地区8月中旬成熟。中抗梨黑斑病。适宜在湖北武汉、荆门、恩施及相似生态区种植。

关键词:砂梨;新品种;金彤;红皮

“压缩、改造老劣中晚熟品种”是当前长江流域砂梨产区的发展方向[1]。而目前生产中的中晚熟主栽品种存在品质较差、同质化严重等问题,难以满足人们日益增长的水果消费需求[2]。红皮梨因其色泽鲜红、外观优美以及含有一定保健功能等特点而深受消费者喜爱,因而红皮梨新品种选育也一直是国内外梨育种热点[3-5]。如新西兰以砂梨和西洋梨中的红皮资源进行种间杂交育成红梨新品种Papple(原代号PremP109)、PiqaBoo(原代号PremP009),风靡全球,目前已经进入中国市场;中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所利用库尔勒香梨、火把梨、八月红等红梨资源先后育成系列红皮梨品种红香酥、红酥脆、满天红、美人酥、红宝石、丹霞红,以及山西省果树研究所育成的红皮梨品种玉露香等,为中国梨产业发展做出了重要贡献。但因为品种适应性等原因,长江流域砂梨产区迄今尚缺乏适宜的红皮梨品种。

湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所利用中国云南特有的红皮砂梨资源,采用杂交育种方法育成的中熟红皮砂梨新品种金彤,具有果实大、可溶性固形物含量高、外观美等特点,综合性状优良,已通过农业农村部品种登记。

1 选育经过

湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所于2007 年以金水2号为母本、大理火把为父本进行人工杂交,获得杂交种子480 粒,12 月将种子进行沙藏层积处理。2008 年1 月播种,出苗288 株。2009 年1 月定植,2012年开始结果,经过连续3 a(年)观察,发现第242株表现为果实大、可溶性固形物含量高、果面有红晕,确定为优株,代号为杂242。2017—2020年在武汉市江夏区、宣恩县椒园镇和钟祥市旧口镇等地开展区域试验,连续多年多点的植物学特征、生物学特性、果实经济性状、抗性与适应性等系统观察评价结果表明,该品种性状表现稳定,果大、外观美、风味甜,品质优。2021 年7 月通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,定名为金彤(图1),登记编号:GDP梨(2021)420002。SSR鉴定确定其为金水2号和大理火把的后代(表1,图2)。

表1 金彤及其亲本的SSR 指纹
Table 1 SSR genotypes of Jintong and its parents

SSR位点SSR locus NH013a BGT23b CH03g07 NH011b CH04e03 CH04e05 CH01h10 CH05c07 CH03d02 CH01f02 CH01d08 NH007b NH015a CH02d11 EMPc117 TsuENH089 TsuENH080-354大理火把Dalihuoba 203/203 188/200 241/241 182/210 182/188 204/210 102/116 133/133 216/216 160/174 279/295 119/148 105/131 103/103 103/119 168/168 347/347金水2号Jinshui 2 203/205 186/200 245/259 180/182 186/188 194/210 92/112 115/133 177/179 166/176 281/295 148/148 105/135 103/115 103/103 156/168 347/370金彤Jintong 203/203 200/200 241/259 180/182 182/186 210/210 102/116 115/133 177/216 166/174 295/295 119/148 105/135 103/115 103/119 168/168 347/370

图1 砂梨新品种金彤
Fig.1 A new sand pear cultivar Jintong

图2 金彤及其亲本的SSR 鉴定
Fig.2 Parentage analysis of Jintong and its parents by SSR markers

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

树姿半直立。一年生枝为暗褐色,节间长度5.1 cm。幼叶淡红色,叶片卵圆形,叶缘锐锯齿,叶片基部圆形、叶尖长渐尖,叶片长10.8 cm、宽6.7 cm。每个花序平均6.2朵花,花朵颜色白色,花瓣5枚,柱头低于花药。花药颜色紫红色,每朵花雄蕊数平均为26.8枚。

2.2 果实主要经济性状

果大,平均单果质量251 g,最大单果质量532 g。果实圆形,果实纵径9.9 cm,横径10.2 cm,果形指数为0.97。果面光滑,果皮底色为黄绿色、果面盖色为橘红色,果锈少。肉质细、脆,汁液多。萼片脱落。风味甜,果实可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.5%,可溶性糖含量7.84%,可滴定酸含量0.22%,维生素C含量为0.15 mg·g-1,果肉硬度为5.8 kg·cm-2,果肉石细胞含量为0.35%,品质上(表2)。

表2 金彤与金水2 号的主要果实经济性状比较
Table 2 Comparison of main economic characteristics between Jintong and Jingshui 2

品种Cultivar金彤Jintong金水2号Jingshui 2成熟期Maturity period 8月中下旬Mid August 7月下旬Late July果实形状Fruit shape圆形Round倒卵形Obovate果皮颜色Peel color绿色,阳面红色Green with red surface绿色Green果肉质地Fresh texture细、脆Fine,crisp极细、脆Very fine,crisp风味Flavor甜Sweet淡甜Light sweet单果质量Average weight per fruit/g 251果肉硬度Hardness/(kg·cm-2)5.8 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%12.5 2184.711.7

2.3 生长结果习性

金彤树势强,成枝力中,萌芽率85.6%。短果枝比率为60.8%,腋花芽比率为15.3%。平均花序坐果数为2.8个。幼苗定植第3年开始结果,第5年进入盛果期。高接第2年可结果,第3年进入盛果期(表3)。无明显大小年结果现象。自交不亲和,需合理配置授粉品种。

表3 金彤与金水2 号在湖北不同地点的产量
Table 3 Yields of Jintong and Jingshui 2 in different sites of Hubei

注:2017 年高接换种。
Note:All cultivars were high-grafted in 2017.

年份Year 2018 2019金水2号Jinshui 2 870 925 854 1100 1095 1020区试点Site武汉Wuhan钟祥Zhongxiang宣恩Xuanen武汉Wuhan钟祥Zhongxiang宣恩Xuanen每666.7 m2产量Yield per 666.7 m2/kg金彤Jingtong 1030 1080 967 1320 1280 1180

2.4 物候期

在湖北武汉地区,金彤一般在3 月上旬花芽开始萌动,盛花期为3月中下旬,果实成熟期8月中下旬,落叶期11月中旬。果实发育期140 d左右,营养生长期约236 d。

2.5 适应性与抗逆性

在湖北武汉、钟祥及宣恩等地经过多年观察,金彤梨栽培表现良好(表3)。人工接种鉴定试验结果显示,接种梨黑斑病病菌7 d 后的平均病情指数为38.44,表现为中抗梨黑斑病。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园及树体管理

建园以土壤肥沃的平地或缓坡为宜,株行距(2~3)m×4 m。树形以‘倒伞形’或‘细长纺锤形’为宜。幼树宜轻剪,多刻芽、拉枝,促进树体早日成形。推荐授粉品种为丰水、圆黄、翠冠,配置比例为(2~3)∶1,每个梨园最好配置2个以上授粉品种。提倡行间生草或间种绿肥。

金彤的主要病害为梨锈病、黑斑病和轮纹病,主要虫害为梨木虱和梨小食心虫。应加强病虫害防控,保护好果实和叶片,防止树体秋季返青返花。

3.2 果实管理及采后贮运

套袋果应在采收前2周解袋,摘叶转果,促进果实着色。建议免套袋栽培,增强果实着色,提高果实品质。金彤果皮较薄,果面容易被擦伤而影响外观品质。因此在果实采收和贮藏运输处理过程中需要格外注意,轻拿轻放,果实采后立即套发泡网套,防止果实之间相互擦伤。果实耐贮藏,常温货架期20 d左右。

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Breeding report of a new mid-ripening red sand pear cultivar Jintong

ZHANG Jingguo1,FAN Jing1,CHEN Qiliang1,YANG Xiaoping1,ZHOU Deping2,DU Wei1,TIAN Rui1,HU Hongju1*

(1Institute of Fruit and Tea,Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Hubei Hongshan Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Crop Diseases, Pest and Weeds, Wuhan 430064, Hubei, China;2Zhouxiang Town Government, Xiaochang County, Hubei Province, Xiaochang 432915, Hubei,China)

Abstract:Jintong is a mid-ripening sand pears with excellent appearance.The new variety was derived from a cross between Jinshui 2 and Dalihuoba in 2007 at the Institute of Fruit and Tea,Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences. It was initially selected in 2016 for its red peel and sweet taste.After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Wuhan, Jingmen and Enshi in Hubei province) over four years from 2017 to 2020, it was finally selected in 2021. The tree of the new cultivar is vigorous with spreading growth habit. Its annual branches are dark-brown in color, with few lenticels.The leaves are ovate,acuminate and sharply serrated.The color of unopened flowers is light pink,and anthers are fuchsia.The fruit shape is mainly round,and peel has yellow green ground color with light red surface color.Its flesh is white, crispy, juicy and fine in texture. The average fruit weight is 251 g, maximum fruit weight is 532 g,fruit shape index is 0.98.The content of total soluble solids is 12.5%,the content of soluble sugar content is 7.84%,the content of total acid is 0.22%,the content of vitamin C is 0.15 mg·g-1,the flesh hardness is 5.7 kg·cm-2. The fruit quality is excellent. The fruit development period is about 140 d and it matures in the mid-August in Wuhan area.The number of flowers per inflorescence is from six to seven.The fruits are mainly bore on the spures.The capability of continuous fruiting is strong.It is resistant to drought and black spot disease.The fruits have long storage-life,the cold storage life is 3 months and the shelf life is over 20 days.The suitable cultivation areas are Hubei province and similar regions in the Yangtze River basin. This cultivar can bear fruits in the second year after planting, and has high yield potential.The spacing of 3 m×4 m is recommended.The most suitable pollination cultivars for it would be Cuiguan,Wonwhang and Housui.

Key words:Pyrus pyrifolia;New cultivar;Jintong;Red Peel

中图分类号:S661.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)12-2432-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220270

收稿日期:2022-06-14

接受日期:2022-08-08

基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2020YFD1000202);农业农村部华中作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室/农作物重大病虫草害防控湖北省重点实验室开放基金课题(2019ZTSJJ9)

作者简介:张靖国,男,副研究员,博士,主要从事梨种质资源研究。Tel:027-87770812,E-mail:705868726@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:027-87770812,E-mail:hongjuhu@sina.com