金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实品质与挥发性物质比较分析

杨文渊1,2,3,谢红江2,陶 炼2,宦云敏1,陈善波4,林立金1,廖明安1*

1四川农业大学园艺学院,成都 611130;2四川省农业科学院园艺研究所,成都 610066;3农业农村部西南区域园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室,成都 610066;4四川省林业科学研究院,成都 610081)

摘 要:【目的】对比分析金冠苹果及其变异优系(SGP-1)果实主要品质与挥发性物质等方面的差异,为品种选育与创新利用提供材料基础和理论依据。【方法】以金冠苹果及SGP-1为试材,利用常规方法测定果实主要外观和内在品质;采用GC-MS对果实挥发性物质进行定性、定量分析。【结果】(1)两材料主要品质指标差异达到显著水平,SGP-1的果肉硬度、糖酸比、色度值La*较金冠分别提高了9.94%、80.91%、6.31%、27.14%,果锈指数和可滴定酸含量分别降低了80.0%和52.8%。(2)两材料中共鉴定出44种挥发性物质,其中SGP-1有38种,相对含量大于1.00%的挥发性物质有13种;金冠有34种,相对含量大于1.00%的挥发性物质有14种;主要由酯类、醇类、萜烯类等化合物组成,但不同品种的挥发性物质差异较大,SGP-1酯类物质相对含量高于金冠,醇类物质则低于金冠。(3)共有27种挥发性物质确定为两材料差异挥发物,SGP-1中的己酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸丙酯、丁酸乙酯等24种化合物相对含量较高,具有较高贡献值,且显著(p<0.05)高于金冠;金冠中的6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、2-乙基-1-己醇、丁酸丁酯等3种化合物相对含量较高,具有较高贡献值,且显著(p<0.05)高于SGP-1。【结论】SGP-1果实的果锈指数、含酸量及糖酸比较金冠有显著改善,且挥发性物质种类丰富,具有独特而浓郁的香味,综合性状优于金冠苹果。

关键词:金冠苹果;金冠优系;果实品质;挥发性物质;GC-MS;PLS-DA

金冠(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Golden Delicious’)又名金帅、黄香蕉、黄元帅,以适应性强、丰产、稳产和优质著称,是世界苹果主栽品种之一,目前在我国华北、西北、西南等地区有广泛栽培,在苹果生产中占有十分重要的地位[1-2]。金冠苹果在西南冷凉高地的栽培面积较大,主要分布在四川、西藏高海拔地区,因果实具有阳面着红色、酸甜风味浓郁等独特品质,为民族地区农业增效、农民增收致富,尤其是川藏高海拔地区实现产业扶贫、乡村振兴做出了重要贡献[3-4],但由于金冠苹果果面易形成锈斑,导致果皮粗糙,严重影响果品的商品价值,已成为制约其发展的主要因素。为此,本课题组经过多年的研究,从金冠苹果中发现了一个实生变异材料(暂定名:SGP-1)[5],该材料具有果面光洁,果点小而稀,萼洼处无锈,梗洼少锈,果形高桩,商品性状优异等特点[1],对于无锈新品种选育和金冠苹果的品质改良具有重要意义。

果实品质主要由外观品质、内在品质和香气品质等构成[6]。随着人们生活水平的不断提高,消费者对果实内在品质、香气品质的要求越来越高,而挥发性物质是香气产生的重要组成部分,是果实品质评价的重要指标[7-8]。已有研究表明,苹果果实的挥发性物质主要有酯类、醇类、醛类、酮类、烯烃类等化合物组成,不同品种之间挥发性物质的含量和种类差异较大[9-15]。王海波等[16]的研究表明,金冠苹果挥发性物质主要由酯类、醛类、醇类等化合物组成,且含量较高;而王立霞等[17]的研究发现,金冠苹果挥发性物质有酯类、醇类、醛类、酮类等7 类化合物。随着苹果果实生长发育时期的变化,挥发性成分种类和数量也在不断地变化。Feng 等[18]的研究表明,在苹果果实发育早期,挥发性成分较少,以醛类为主(87.0%),在果实成熟期,挥发性成分种类和数量增加,以酯类(37.6%)和烯烃类为主(23.2%);Liu 等[19]的研究表明,醛类是苹果果实发育早期的主要挥发性物质,醇类和酯类在果实成熟过程中急剧增加,在成熟果实中,酯类和萜类化合物是主要香气挥发物。

目前,针对金冠苹果及变异材料在果皮性状比较、防锈技术等方面有报道[1,20],而有关金冠苹果及无锈低酸变异材料的果实内在品质、挥发性物质等方面的报道较少。为此,笔者在本研究中以金冠苹果及其具有无锈、低酸特点的变异优系(SGP-1)为试材,利用常规方法测定果实主要外观品质指标(色度、果形指数、果锈指数、单果质量)和主要内在品质指标(果肉硬度、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C 含量、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比);同时采用GC-MS 对果实挥发性物质进行定性、定量分析,深入研究金冠苹果及优系果实品质与挥发性物质的差异性,为金冠苹果优新品种选育提供科学依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

试验于2019 年4 月开始,在四川省阿坝州苹果基地进行。试验材料为金冠及优系(SGP-1),树龄8 a,株行距3 m×4 m,栽培管理水平中等,长势基本一致。成熟期随机摘取东、南、西、北4个方位、大小基本一致的果实5个,共计果实20个,用于果实品质和挥发性物质测定。样品采集后于5 ℃低温保存,并带回实验室用于观测和分析。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 果实品质测定(1)主要外观品质测定。果实色泽采用便携式测色仪(HunterLab MiniScan EZ)测定;果锈指数统计参照Jones 等[21]的方法,即根据果锈程度将果实分为6 级:无锈果为0 级,<5%为1级,5%~<10%为2级,10%~<15%为3级,15%~<20%为4 级,≥20%为5 级。果锈指数=(∑(各级代表数值×该级果数))(/总果数×最重级代表数值)×100。数据取3次的平均值。

(2)主要内在品质测定。果实硬度采用果实硬度计(GY-B型)测定;可溶性固形物含量采用数字折射计(Atago)测定;可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法测定[22];可滴定酸含量采用酸碱滴定法测定;维生素C含量采用紫外快速测定法。

1.2.2 果实挥发性物质测定 运用7890A-5975C GC-MS(美国安捷伦公司),参考刘路等[23]的方法并略作改进,进行果实挥发性物质测定。

(1)固相微萃取条件:取5 g 果肉于15 mL 顶空固相微萃取样品瓶中,加盖密封后在60 ℃的恒温振荡器下振荡10 min。将萃取头(30/50 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS)插入顶空固相微萃取样品瓶中推出纤维,于60 ℃水浴锅下萃取吸附30 min 后取出,进行气质测定。每个样品设3次重复。

(2)GC 条件:采用HP-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)色谱柱;初始温度为40 ℃,保持8 min,以5 ℃·min-1 升至75 ℃,再以3.5 ℃·min-1升至125 ℃,再以5 ℃·min-1升至185 ℃保持1 min,再以10 ℃·min-1升至230 ℃保持20 min;载气为氦气,流速为1.2 mL·min-1,不分流;进样口温度为260 ℃。

(3)MS 条件:电离方式EI,电离电压70 eV,灯丝流量0.25 mA,连接杆温度280 ℃,电子倍增器电压为1500 V,扫描范围30~350 amu,离子源温度250 ℃。得到的质谱数据用NIST 17L 版标准谱库自动检索和匹配,确定化学成分。采用峰面积归一化法进行挥发性物质的定量分析,计算各组分的相对百分含量。

1.3 数据分析

采用Excel 2010 进行数据处理,结果表示为(平均值±标准差);采用SPSS 22进行差异显著性分析;采用MetaboAnalyst 网页服务器(https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/)进行偏最小二乘回归分析(Partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实品质比较

由图1 可知,与金冠苹果相比,优系(SGP-1)果面密被蜡质,光洁少锈,果点小而稀,阳面着鲜红色。由表1、表2可知,除色度值b*外,两材料主要品质指标差异均达到显著水平,SGP-1果形指数、果肉硬度、糖酸比、色度值La*较金冠分别提高了2.08%、9.94%、80.91%、6.31%、27.14%;而SGP-1 的果锈指数和可滴定酸较金冠降低了80.0%和52.8%。总体而言,SGP-1在果锈指数、酸含量、糖酸比、果肉硬度等方面得到较大改善,综合性状优于金冠苹果。

表1 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实外部品质比较
Table 1 Comparison of external quality of apple fruit between Golden Delicious and its variant materials(SGP-1)

注:不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicated significant difference between treatment at p<0.05 level.The same below.

品种Variety金冠苹果Golden Delicious apple金冠优系Variant materials of Golden Delicious apple色度值Chroma value L 61.78±0.36 b a*17.02±0.18 b b*43.86±0.62 a果形指数Fruit index 0.96±0.02 b果锈指数Fruit rust index 12.5±0.1 a单果质量Single fruit weight/g 196.35±1.07 a 65.68±0.38 a 21.64±0.15 a 42.58±0.40 a 0.98±0.01 a 2.5±0.02 b 192.35±0.97 b

表2 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实内部品质比较
Table 2 Comparison of internal quality of apple fruit between Golden Delicious and its variant materials(SGP-1)

品种Variety金冠Golden Delicious apple金冠优系Variant materials of Golden Delicious apple果肉硬度Flesh firmness/(kg·cm-2)9.76±0.11 b w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/%10.27±0.07 a w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%0.36±0.01 a w(维生素C)Vitamin content/(mg·100 g-1)8.6±0.10 a w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%15.45±0.18 a糖酸比Sugar acid ratio 49.45±0.29 b 10.73±0.04 a 9.34±0.11 b 0.17±0.01 b 6.8±0.08 b 13.41±0.13 b 89.46±0.42 a香气Aroma淡Week浓Strong

图1 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)外观比较
Fig.1 Comparison of appearance between Golden Delicious apple and its variant materials(SGP-1)

2.2 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)GC-MS 总离子流图比较

由图2、图3 可知,金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质出峰时间较为集中,主要集中在前24 min 出峰,说明两材料果实中沸点较低的挥发性成分占比较大。

图2 金冠苹果挥发性物质GC-MS 总离子流图
Fig.2 GC-MS total ion flow diagram of volatile components in Golden Delicious apple

图3 SGP-1 果实挥发性物质GC-MS 总离子流图
Fig.3 GC-MS total ion flow diagram of volatile components in SGP-1

2.3 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质分析

由表3可知,金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实中共鉴定出44种挥发性物质,其中,SGP-1鉴定出挥发性物质有38 种,相对含量大于1.00%的挥发性物质有13 种;金冠鉴定出挥发性物质有34 种,相对含量大于1.00%的挥发性物质有14种。根据挥发性物质类型划分(表4),金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)分别检测出7 类挥发性物质,其中,SGP-1 有酯类25 种、萜烯类5 种、醇类3 种、醚类2 种、醛类1 种、酚类1 种、芳烃类1种,酯类物质相对含量最高,占76.51%;其次是萜烯类物质,占12.69%;再次是醇类物质,占7.04%;酚类为特有物质,占0.19%。金冠有酯类20种、萜烯类4种、醇类4种、醚类2种、醛类2种、酮类1 种、芳烃类1 种。酯类相对含量最高,占53.87%;其次是醇类物质,占20.21%;再次是萜烯类物质,占10.55%;酮类为特有物质,占0.10%。由此可见,酯类物质是金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)中最重要的挥发性物质,占50.00%以上。结果表明,两材料果实挥发性物质主要由酯类、醇类、萜烯类等化合物组成,但不同类型的挥发性物质差异较大,SGP-1酯类物质相对含量高于金冠42.03%,金冠醇类物质相对含量较SGP-1高187.07%。

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表3 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质比较
Table 3 Comparison of volatile compounds between Golden Delicious apple and its variant materials(SGP-1)

注:“-”表示未检出。下同。
Note:“-”means not detected.The same below.

序号No.分子式Molecular formula保留时间Retention time/min 3.96 5.19 5.24 5.57 6.45 6.54 7.14 7.25 7.74 8.02 8.19 8.46 9.02 10.16 10.38 10.48 10.86 11.26 11.39 11.60 12.05 13.14 13.22 13.27 14.10 14.34 15.41 15.43 15.56 15.70 16.51 16.93 17.87 17.88 18.87 18.93 19.58 19.97 21.69 21.82 22.03 22.30 22.69 23.04分子质量Molecular weight/u化合物名称Compound name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44金冠优系Variant materials of Golden Delicious apple 0.74±0.16 b—1.62±0.16 a 7.60±2.42 a 0.50±0.08 a 0.85±0.43 b 6.03±1.28 b 3.19±1.01 a 0.58±0.21 a 0.15±0.05 b 0.35±0.14 a 0.14±0.02 a 0.33±0.03 a—1.25±0.24 b 5.16±0.36 a 7.16±1.27 b 0.20±0.05 b—1.47±0.10 b 0.08±0.01 b 0.27±0.06 b 0.16±0.01 a—0.16±0.01 a—4.45±0.06 a—0.40±0.01 a 1.38±0.15 a 28.72±5.07 a 0.34±0.03 a 0.30±0.02 a 0.12±0.01 b 0.10±0.01 a 0.17±0.01 a 0.19±0.11 a 8.22±0.41 a 0.20±0.02 a 0.49±0.16 a 11.49±2.88 a 0.38±0.02 a 0.13±0.03 a 0.60±0.05 a 2-甲基-1-丁醇1-Butanol,2-methyl-己醛Hexanal丁酸乙酯Butanoic acid,ethyl ester乙酸丁酯Acetic acid,butyl ester 2-甲基丁酸乙酯Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,ethyl ester(E)-2-己烯醛2-Hexenal,(E)-1-己醇1-Hexanol 2-甲基乙酸丁酯1-Butanol,2-methyl-,acetate丁酸丙酯Butanoic acid,propyl ester丙酸丁酯Propanoic acid,butyl ester乙酸戊酯Acetic acid,pentyl ester己酸甲酯Hexanoic acid,methyl ester 2-甲基丁酸丙酯Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,propyl ester 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮5-Hepten-2-one,6-methyl-丁酸丁酯Butanoic acid,butyl ester己酸乙酯Hexanoic acid,ethyl ester乙酸己酯Acetic acid,hexyl ester D-柠檬烯D-Limonene 2-乙基-1-己醇1-Hexanol,2-ethyl-2-甲基丁酸丁酯Butyl 2-methylbutanoate 2-甲基丁基丁酸酯Butanoic acid,2-methylbutyl ester 3-壬醇3-Nonanol 2-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,2-methylbutyl ester丙酸己酯Propanoic acid,hexyl ester 2-甲基丁酸戊酯Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,pentyl ester 2-甲基丙酸己酯Propanoic acid,2-methyl-,hexyl ester己酸丁酯Hexanoic acid,butyl ester丁酸己酯Butanoic acid,hexyl ester辛酸乙酯Octanoic acid,ethyl ester 4-烯丙基苯甲醚Estragole 2-甲基丁酸己酯Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,hexyl ester 2-甲基己酸丁酯Hexanoic acid,2-methylbutyl ester己酸戊酯Hexanoic acid,pentyl ester对丙烯基茴香醚Anethole(E)-2-甲基-2-丁酸-4-甲基戊酯2-Butenoic acid,2-methyl-,4-methylpentyl ester,(E)-2-甲基丁酸庚酯Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,heptyl ester丁香酚Eugenol己酸己酯Hexanoic acid,hexyl ester α-姜黄烯Benzene,1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-(Z、E)-α-法尼烯1,3,6,10-Dodecatetraene,3,7,11-trimethyl-,(Z,E)-α-法尼烯Alpha-Farnesene罗汉柏烯Cis-Thujopsene α-广藿香烯Alpha-Patchoulene辛酸己酯Octanoic acid,hexyl ester C5H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H14O2 C6H10O C8H18O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C8H16O2 C8H14O C8H15O2 C8H16O2 C8H15O2 C10H16 C8H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2相对含量Relative content/%金冠苹果Golden Delicious apple 1.62±0.88 a 1.24±1.59 a 0.28±0.25 b 3.61±1.08 b 0.06±0.06 b 3.57±3.79 a 18.01±10.21 a 3.15±1.35 a 0.17±0.07 b 0.57±0.12 a 0.27±0.04 b——C9H20O C10H20O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H12O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C10H12O C11H20O2 0.19±0.09 a 5.13±1.51 a 2.36±0.60 b 14.11±7.43 a 0.28±0.23 a 0.24±0.07 a 1.60±0.16 a 0.19±0.05 a 0.33±0.34 a—0.74±0.25 0.04±0.05 b 0.16±0.17 a—9.66±2.15 a—0.41±0.09 b 6.93±2.79 b 0.09±0.08 b—0.18±0.10 a C12H24O2 C10H12O2 C12H24O2 C15H22 C15H24——C15H24 C15H24 C15H24 C14H28O2 88.15 100.16 116.16 116.16 130.19 98.14 130.23 130.19 130.19 130.19 130.19 130.19 144.21 126.20 143.20 144.21 143.20 136.23 130.23 158.24 158.24 144.26 172.26 158.24 172.26 172.26 172.26 172.26 172.26 148.20 186.29 186.29 186.29 148.20 184.28 200.32 164.20 200.32 202.34 204.35 204.35 204.35 204.35 228.37 4.48±2.32 b 0.17±0.06 b 0.32±0.37 b 9.69±9.02 b 0.26±0.35 b—0.26±0.24 b

2.4 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质PLS-DA分析

偏最小二乘回归分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)是一种新型的多元统计数据分析方法,它主要研究的是多因变量对多自变量的回归建模。根据金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质(表3),构建PLS-DA模型,模型的主成分回归系数Q2为0.910,大于0.5,说明模型的预测能力较好;R2为0.998,说明模型对因变量变异贡献率为99.80%,即自变量的变化能解释导致99.80%的因变量发生,模型拟合度较高。由图4可知,金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)在PLS-DA 散点图中得到很好的分离,表明两材料之间果实挥发性物质存在差异。

图4 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质分数曲线图
Fig.4 The scores plot of volatile matter in Golden Delicious apple and its variant materials(SGP-1)

采用变量投影重要性(variable importance of projection,VIP)对PLS-DA模型中每个挥发性物质对2 个品系差异的贡献率进行分析。VIP 值越大,表示对PLS-DA 模型的分类贡献越大,也表示该挥发性物质在两材料间差异越大。如图5可知,基于VIP 值>1 的标准进行差异代谢物的筛选,共有27种挥发性物质被确定为差异挥发物,其中有酯类22种、醇类1种、酮类1种、酚类1种、醚类1种、萜烯类1 种。在所有的差异挥发物中,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、2-乙基-1-己醇、丁酸丁酯等3 种化合物在金冠中相对含量较高。而已酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸丙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丁酸丙酯、2-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯、2-甲基乙酸丁酯、辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸丁酯、4-烯丙基苯甲醚、(E)-2-甲基-2-丁酸-4-甲基戊酯、2-甲基丁酸庚酯、己酸戊酯、2-甲基己酸丁酯、2-甲基丁酸戊酯、辛酸己酯、丁香酚、2-甲基丁酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸丁酯、α-广藿香烯、乙酸戊酯、己酸己酯等24种化合物在SGP-1 中具有较高的相对含量。因此,这些差异代谢物可作为区分金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)的潜在生物标志。

图5 金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质PLS-DA 分析变量投影VIP 值
Fig.5 The VIP scores of PLS-DA analysis variables in Golden Delicious apple and its variant materials(SGP-1)

3 讨 论

果实品质是农产品的重要指标,而果实品质将直接决定经济效益。笔者在本研究中发现,除色度值b*外,两材料主要品质指标差异达到显著水平,与金冠苹果相比,SGP-1果实色度值La*、果肉硬度、糖酸比分别提高了6.31%、27.14%、9.94%、80.91%;而果锈指数、可滴定酸含量分别降低了80%和52.80%。由此可见,两材料果实品质差异较大,SGP-1在果锈指数、酸含量和糖酸比上得到较大改善,综合性状优于金冠苹果。前人研究表明,金冠苹果锈果率高达80%以上,严重影响果实的外观品质,成为制约其发展的重要因素[24-25]。因此,金冠苹果优系(SGP-1)的开发与利用,将弥补金冠易感锈、风味偏酸等不足,具有广阔的发展前景。

挥发性物质是植物体内的次生代谢物,为多种类型化合物的混合物。挥发性物质是衡量苹果果实内在品质的重要指标之一,不同苹果品种的挥发性物质种类和含量差异较大,果实产生的香气类型也不同,根据苹果挥发性物质成分的构成,分为水果“甜香型”和“清香型”2 大类,其中酯类主要表现为“甜香型”,而醛类、烯烃类以及醇类主要表现为“清香型”[26-27]。刘俊灵等[8]的研究表明,金冠苹果共检测出42种挥发性物质,其中酯类28种、醛类5种、醇类3种、烯烃类4种、其他类2种,酯类物质和含量均为最多。而本研究中,共鉴定出44 种挥发性物质,其中:SGP-1挥发性物质有38种,分为酯类25种、萜烯类5 种、醇类3 种、醚类2 种、醛类1 种、酚类1 种、芳烃类1种;金冠挥发性物质34种,分为酯类20种、萜烯类4 种、醇类4 种、醚类2 种、醛类2 种、酮类1种、芳烃类1种。不同品种的挥发性物质差异较大,SGP-1挥发性物质相对含量从大到小依次为酯类>萜烯类>醇类>醚类>醛类>芳烃类>酚类;金冠从大到小依次为酯类>醇类>萜烯类>醛类>醚类>芳烃类>酮类。由此可见,酯类物质是金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)中最主要的挥发性物质,均属于“甜香型”,这与前人研究[28]的金冠族系品种的香味类型受醛类影响较大不同,这可能与西南冷凉高地独特的生态环境有关,且SGP-1 酯类物质相对含量高于金冠42.03%,挥发性物质数量多4种,使得SGP-1香味更加浓郁。

苹果的挥发性物质种类越多,含量越高,果实的整体香气就越浓。香气是苹果的重要质量指标,对苹果的整体风味和消费者的接受程度有很大影响[29]。果实风味主要取决于特征性香气成分的种类及香气值的大小,苹果的特征性香气在20~30种,2-甲基丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸己酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯等对苹果风味具有较大的影响[28,30-31]。为进一步研究金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)果实挥发性物质的差异性,本研究基于VIP值>1的标准,将共有27种挥发性物质确定为差异挥发物,结果表明,SGP-1中的己酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸丙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丁酸丙酯、2-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯、2-甲基乙酸丁酯、辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸丁酯、4-烯丙基苯甲醚、(E)-2-甲基-2-丁酸-4-甲基戊酯、2-甲基丁酸庚酯、己酸戊酯、2-甲基己酸丁酯、2-甲基丁酸戊酯、辛酸己酯、丁香酚、2-甲基丁酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸丁酯、α-广藿香烯、乙酸戊酯、己酸己酯等24种化合物相对含量较高,具有较高贡献值,且显著(p<0.05)高于金冠;金冠中的6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、2-乙基-1-己醇、丁酸丁酯等3种化合物相对含量较高,具有较高贡献值,且显著(p<0.05)高于SGP-1。因此,以上挥发性物质种类和含量的差异,可能是导致两材料具有独特香气的重要原因。果实挥发性物质成分受多种因素的影响,如品种、栽培方式、环境条件等[8-9,32]。Elisa 等[33]的研究表明,金冠苹果挥发性成分受更强的遗传控制,进一步说明了金冠苹果的品种特性。而对于金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)在不同海拔、不同区域的果实品质和挥发性物质的差异变化,还需要进一步的研究。

4 结 论

金冠优系(SGP-1)果实的果锈指数、可滴定酸含量及糖酸比等品质指标较金冠有显著改善,综合性状优于金冠。两材料共鉴定出44种挥发性物质,其中SGP-1 鉴定出38 种,金冠鉴定出34 种,分为7类挥发性物质,主要由酯类、醇类、萜烯类等组成;酯类物质是金冠苹果及优系(SGP-1)中最主要的挥发性物质。两材料共有27 种挥发性物质确定为差异挥发物,SGP-1 中的己酸甲酯、2-甲基丁酸丙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丁酸丙酯、2-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯、2-甲基乙酸丁酯、辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸丁酯、4-烯丙基苯甲醚、(E)-2-甲基-2-丁酸-4-甲基戊酯、2-甲基丁酸庚酯、己酸戊酯、2-甲基己酸丁酯、2-甲基丁酸戊酯、辛酸己酯、丁香酚、2-甲基丁酸己酯、2-甲基丁酸丁酯、α-广藿香烯、乙酸戊酯、己酸己酯等24 种化合物具有较高贡献值;金冠中的6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、2-乙基-1-己醇、丁酸丁酯等3 种化合物具有较高贡献值。可见,SGP-1 果实中挥发性物质种类更丰富,相对含量也与金冠不同,形成了独特而浓郁的香味。

致谢:感谢四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所李治华研究员、赵驰助理研究员在数据处理与分析过程中的指导!

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Comparison of fruit quality and volatile compounds between Golden Delicious apple and the new strain originated from its occasional seedling(SGP-1)

YANG Wenyuan1, 2, 3, XIE Hongjiang2, TAO Lian2, HUAN Yunmin1, CHEN Shanbo4, LIN Lijin1, LIAO Ming’an1*

(1College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;2Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu 610066,Sichuan,China;3Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops(Southwest Region),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Chengdu 610066,Sichuan,China;4Sichuan Academy of Forestry Science,Chengdu 610081,Sichuan,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Golden Delicious is one of the main apple cultivar in the alpine plateau in Southwest China. It is popular for high eating quality. However, its fruit surface is easily rusty. The fruits of new strain SGP-1 selected from occasional seedling of Golden Delicious have less rust, lower acidity and stronger aroma.The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in fruit quality and volatile substances of Golden Delicious and its offspring SGP-1 in order to provide a theoretical basis for the possible use of the new strain.【Methods】The rust index,the peel color,single fruit weight,the fruit index, hardness, soluble solids, titratable acid, vitamin C, sugar and acid components of Golden Deli-cious and SGP-1 were detected by conventional methods.The volatiles of the fruits were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.【Results】(1)The fruit surface of SGP-1 was densely waxy,smooth and less rusted,the fruit spots was small and thin,besides,the sunny side was bright and red.The main quality indexes of the two materials had significant differences.Compared with Golden Delicious apple, the pulp firmness, sugar-acid ratio, color value L and a* of SGP-1 fruits were respectively increased by 9.94%,80.91%,6.31%,27.14%,the rust index and titratable acid respectively decreased by 80.0% and 52.8%. (2)A total of 44 volatile substances were identified in the two materials,mainly composed of compounds such as esters,alcohols,and terpenes.SGP-1 had 38 volatile substances,including 25 kinds of esters,5 kinds of terpenes,3 kinds of alcohols,2 kinds of ethers,1 kind of aldehydes, 1 kind of phenols, and 1 kind of aromatic hydrocarbons; the content of esters was 76.51%, the content of terpenes was 12.69%, and the content of alcohols was 7.04%; phenols were unique substances, accounting for only 0.19%.There were 13 kinds of volatile substances with relative content over 1.00%in the fruits of SGP-1.There were 34 volatile substances,including 20 kinds of esters,4 kinds of terpenes,4 kinds of alcohols,2 kinds of ethers,2 kinds of aldehydes,1 kind of ketones,and 1 kind of aromatic hydrocarbons in the fruits of Golden Delicious;the relative content of esters was 53.87%; followed by alcohols (20.21%) and terpenes (10.55%); ketones were unique substances, accounting for only 0.10%.There were 14 kinds of volatile substances with relative content over 1.00%in the fruits of Golden Delicious.The above showed that the components and contents of volatile substances of the two materials were quite different, resulting in a unique and rich aroma of SGP-1 fruits. (3)The Variable Importance of Projection (VIP) was used to analyze the contribution of each volatile substance in the PLS-DA model to the difference between the two materials. A total of 27 volatile compounds were identified as differential volatiles. The 24 compounds such as Hexanoic acid, the methyl ester,Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,propyl ester,Butanoic acid,ethyl ester,Acetic acid,butyl ester,Butanoic acid,propyl ester,Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,2-methylbutyl ester,1-Butanol,2-methyl-,acetate,Octanoic acid,ethyl ester,Hexanoic acid,ethyl ester,2-Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,ethyl ester,Hexanoic acid,butyl ester,Estragole,2-Butenoic acid,2-methyl-,4-methylpentyl ester,(E)-,Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,heptyl ester, Hexanoic acid, pentyl ester, Hexanoic acid, 2-methylbutyl ester, Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-,pentyl ester,Octanoic acid,hexyl ester,Eugenol,Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,hexyl ester,Butyl 2-methylbutanoate,Alpha-Patchoulene,Acetic acid, pentyl ester and Hexanoic acid, and hexyl ester in the fruits of SGP-1 were higher than those of Golden Delicious (p<0.05) and had higher contribution values.The contents of 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-, 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl- and Butanoic acid, butyl ester in the fruits of Golden Delicious were higher, and their contribution values were higher than those of SGP-1(p<0.05).【Conclusion】Compared with Golden Delicious apple, the fruit rust index, acid content and sugar-acid content of SGP-1 fruits were significantly improved,and the aroma components were rich in the fruits of SGP-1,and the comprehensive characters of SGP-1were better than Golden Delicious.The molecular mechanism of less rust, low acidity and rich aroma in SGP-1 apple need to explore in the near future.

Key words: Golden Delicious apple; Variant materials of Golden Delicious apple; Fruit quality; Volatile compounds;Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer;Partial least squares discriminant analysis

中图分类号:S661.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)12-2277-12

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220291

收稿日期:2022-06-02

接受日期:2022-07-24

基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1600802);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS-27);四川省区域创新合作(2021YFQ0025);四川省科技计划项目(2021YFYZ0023);农业农村部西南区域园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室项目(MYZS201904)

作者简介:杨文渊,女,副研究员,在读博士研究生,研究方向为果树生理生态。Tel:13541223736,E-mail:312826458@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13980175828,E-mail:lman@sicau.edu.cn