草莓新品种红玉的选育

童建新1,来文国1,李 龙2,裘劼人1,廖益民2*

1杭州市农业科学研究院,杭州 310024;2建德市农业技术推广中心,建德 311600)

摘 要红玉是由红颊×育种材料2008-2-20 杂交选育而成的早熟、抗病草莓新品种。该品种果实长圆锥形,平均单果质量22.4 g,果面橙红色、光泽度强、果肉橙红色、髓心空洞无或小;果实种子带宽度中等,种子凹入果面;果实萼心凸出,萼片平展;果实风味脆甜可口,香气浓郁,全年平均可溶性固形物含量(w)为11.3%,果实硬度中等,为1.96 kg·cm-2,耐贮运。在浙江杭州地区,9月上旬定植,11月中旬果实成熟;植株中抗炭疽病、灰霉病;耐低温弱光照性强,丰产,产量达35 t·hm-2;育苗容易。适合中国大部分地区大棚促成栽培,该品种花序高于叶面,栽培时需起高垄,垄高35 cm以上。

关键词草莓;新品种;红玉;早熟;抗病

20 世纪80 年代以来,中国草莓(Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.)产业蓬勃发展,目前栽培面积和产量均居世界首位。中国是野生草莓起源地,但草莓品种选育起步较晚,使得中国大果型栽培草莓品种以国外引进为主,如日系的丰香、章姬、红颊,欧美系的蒙特瑞、甜查理等。日系品种口感好、品质优但不抗病;欧美品种抗性好、产量高但口感偏酸。近年来,中国草莓品种选育速度也明显加快,多家育种单位育成一些优良品种,但是栽培面积较小,尚未形成主栽品种[1-3]。笔者针对生产上对品种的要求,在前期草莓种质评价的基础上,以“优质、早熟、丰产、抗病”等为育种目标,经杂交优选,选育出优质早熟草莓新品种红玉。

1 育种过程

2010年2月以红颊为母本,以自主选育的早熟、抗病、高产的2008-2-20(亲本)为父本进行有性杂交,4 月初收获杂交种子503 粒,播种后获得实生苗225 株,同年9 月定植于杭州市农科院下杨草莓基地,从抗病性、植株形态、果实大小、风味等主要性状考察,2010 年12 月至2011 年4 月进行实生苗选拔,其中2010-2-17、2010-2-36、2010-2-185 单株入选优株。2011 年4 月对上述3 个优株进行扩繁,9 月种植,2011年12月—2012年4月对早熟性、抗病性、果实大小、形状、风味、产量等主要性状进行观察与测定,其中2010-2-17 表现为早熟性好、抗病性好、大果、可溶性固形物含量高,品质优、风味浓,果形正,株型优美,连续开花结果能力强等。2012 年4 月对2010-2-17进行扩繁育苗,9月于下杨草莓大棚种植,2012 年12 月至2013 年4 月再次对主要性状进行观察与测定,早熟性、抗病性、果实形状、风味、产量等性状表现稳定,确定为优系。

2013—2015 年在杭州市农科院富阳双江蔬菜基地、建德航头草莓专业合作社等地进行育苗试验,苗期抗炭疽病能力强,繁殖系数高,666.7 m2产优质苗5 万余株;2014—2016 年分别在建德航头草莓专业合作社、杭州下杨草莓基地进行品种特性鉴定试验和品种适应性试验,2010-2-17 表现为成熟期早,12 月初开始采果,果实大,果形美观,风味好,硬度适中,植株长势中庸,不易徒长等,连续开花结果能力强,灰霉病抗性好。同等条件下较红颊可少施药,多施底肥,产量高。2016—2017 年在北京昌平、四川成都双流、浙江建德等地开展品种适应性及栽培试验,同时在多地开展规模种植、高架基质栽培,表现出早熟性好、抗病性强、品质优、硬度适中、产量高等优点。2017 年定名为红玉(图1),并申请国家植物新品种权。2021年12月30日获得农业农村部颁发的植物新品种权证书(品种权号:CNA20173168.9,证书号:第202101992号)。

图1 草莓新品种红玉
Fig.1 The new strawberry cultivar Hongyu

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

植株生长势中庸,株姿开张。在促成栽培条件下,1月份的株高26.3 cm,冠径28.6 cm。三出复叶,叶色中等绿色;叶片长形,长8.8 cm,宽6.2 cm,叶柄长16.5 cm。两性花,花瓣白色,花瓣数5~6枚,花冠径3.3 cm;花梗长,花序高于叶片,每花序着生12~20朵花。

2.2 果实性状

果实长圆锥形,果面橙红色,颜色均匀,光泽度高;果实种子带宽度中等,种子凹入果面;果肉橙红色,髓心橙红色,髓心空洞无或小;果实萼心凸出,萼片平展;果实硬度中等,为1.96 kg·cm-2,耐贮运。开花结果连续性强,果实风味酸甜,有香气,平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.3%,可溶性糖含量7.8%,果个大,平均单果质量22.4 g,产量达35 t·hm-2。红玉与其父母本及品种章姬主要果实性状对比见表1。

表1 主要果实性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of the major fruit traits

品种Cultivar红玉Hongyu红颊Benihoppe 2008-2-20平均单果质量Average single fruit weight/g 22.4果形Fruit shape长圆锥形Long conical圆锥形Conical长圆锥形Long conical长圆锥形Long conical果实硬度Fruit hardness/(kg·cm-2)1.96 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%11.3 21.5 2.04 11.4 23.3 2.08 9.8章姬Akihime 19.2果面颜色Fruit surface color橙红色Orange-red红色Red橙红色Orange-red橙红色Orange-red果肉颜色Fruit fresh color橙红色Orange-red橙红色Orange-red橙红色Orange-red橙红色Orange-red 1.56风味Flavor酸甜Sour sweet酸甜Sour sweet酸甜Sour sweet甜Sweet 9.5

2.3 物候期

在浙江杭州地区设施促成栽培,9月上旬定植,10月上旬现蕾,10月中下旬开花,11月中旬始熟,12月中旬进入盛果期,采收期可延续至翌年5月。

2.4 适应性

红玉适合设施栽培。通过品种选育过程田间试验及近几年田间自然表现观察,发现该品种中抗炭疽病、灰霉病,白粉病抗性与红颊相似;耐低温、弱光照能力强,连续结果性好。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 育苗

育苗地以酸性偏中性为宜,育苗母株需健壮无病虫害,于3月底至4月初定植,子苗繁殖的主要季节为5—6 月,保持土壤湿润,间隔10~15 d 追肥1次,每次每666.7 m2撒施三元复合肥3~5 kg,追肥次数视发苗情况而定,快封垄以后停止施肥。匍匐茎发生前期,均匀摆放固定匍匐茎子苗,及时清理发病的匍匐茎与病株。掰叶除草应在晴天露水干后进行。7月初当每平方米为60~70株子苗,或出现徒长时,及时用三唑类农药、生长抑制剂等适度控苗。

3.2 定植

该品种植株长势中庸,定植前应施足基肥,基肥以菜饼、羊粪等有机肥为主,注意有机肥应充分发酵,以免烧苗。红玉花梗长,定植前应起高垄,垄高35 cm 以上,防止草莓果实拖在地上。红玉适宜定植期在江浙地区为9 月初,北方地区为8 月下旬,南方地区为9 月中旬。江浙地区早熟栽培可在8 月中下旬定植,每666.7 m2栽植7000株左右,定植期间高温时需采取遮阴降温措施。

3.3 定植后管理

定植后出3 枚新叶时摘除贴近地面的老叶;生长期内尽量少剥叶片,每花序果采摘结束,打掉黄叶、倒伏的老叶及病叶即可。红玉植株需肥量大,但需薄肥勤施,前期均衡型,后期高钾、钙型。种植抽生新叶后至显蕾期,7~10 d 每666.7 m2滴施均衡型肥2~3 kg;果实膨大后,间隔10~15 d 用高钾型水溶性肥,按≤0.4%浓度进行滴灌,浇透,结合喷药可追施叶面肥或施0.2%液肥、补充中微量营养元素;前后两茬果交替期,追施1 次平衡型肥,浓度≤0.4%。当最低温度在8~10 ℃时,铺地膜、盖棚膜;≤5 ℃时加盖二道膜保温;在0 ℃~-4 ℃之间,采用双层膜保温;在-5 ℃以下时,应再加盖小拱棚膜,或双层膜保温+其他加温措施。

3.4 病虫害防治

合理用药,以免产生药害;红玉不会徒长且花数较多、产量较高,需要养大植株,因此定植后不能压苗;其次红玉花柄很长,也不应拉苗,以免造成花柄过长;定植后激素类药剂不能使用。红玉抗病性较好,灰霉病和炭疽病均为中抗,在选好苗及做好土壤消毒的情况下少用药,炭疽病、白粉病及灰霉病预防用药3~4次即可;虫害借鉴当地其他主流品种防治。

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Breeding of a new strawberry cultivar Hongyu (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

TONG Jianxin1,LAI Wenguo1,LI Long2,QIU Jieren1,LIAO Yimin2*

(1Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China;2Jiande Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Jiande 311600,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract: Hongyu is a new early-ripening and disease-resistant cultivar (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.).The seedling was derived from a cross between Benihoppe(female parent)and a strain coded as 2008-2-20 (Sweet Charlie × Benihoppe, male parent) at the experimental field.Through artificial pollination,503 hybrid seeds were obtained in April 2010 and 225 seedlings growing from these seeds were planted in September.In 2012, the strain 2010-2-17, one of the hybrid seedlings, was initially selected for its early-ripening, disease-resistance,larger fruit size,good taste and so on.It was then propagated largely for cultivating test.After regional adaptability testing at 5 sites (including Xiayang, Jiande and Fuyang in Hangzhou, Changping in Beijing, and Shuangliu in Sichuan province) over four years from 2013 to 2016, it was finally selected and applied for the protection right of new plant varieties named as Hongyu in 2017.The growth vigor of this cultivar is moderate and the growth habit of the plant is spreading.In January under forcing culture conditions, the plant height is 26.3 cm and the crown diameter is 28.6 cm.The leaves are long with medium green color.The leaf length is 8.8 cm and the leaf width is 6.2 cm.The petiole length is 16.5 cm.Hermaphrodite flowers are white and the corolla diameter is 3.3 cm.The inflorescence is higher than the leaf surface and the number of flowers per inflorescence is 12-20.The fruit is mainly long conical with evenly colored orange-red peel and shine surface.The flesh is also orange-red with no or small pith cavities and pleasant aroma.Seeds recess into the fruit surface.The calyx of the fruit is protruding and the sepals are flat.The average fruit weight is 22.4 g.The fruit tastes crisp and sweet with some sour.The average soluble solids content is 11.3%and the soluble sugar content is 7.8%.The fruit firmness is moderate with an average of 1.96 kg·cm-2.Around Hangzhou area of Zhejiang province,seedlings are usually planted in early September.The fruits start to ripen in mid-November and the plant enters full fruit period in mid-December.The harvesting period can last until May of the following year, and fruit yield can reach up to 3.5 t·hm-2.The cultivar is moderately resistant to anthracnose and Botrytis cinereal, and has similar resistance to powdery mildew as Benihoppe.The fruit is suitable for long time storage and transportation.The cultivar is tolerant to low temperature and week light, capable of continuous fruiting, and suitable for forcing culture in most areas of China.It is needed to apply enough base-fertilizer for higher yield.The height of planting ridges should be more than 35 cm.According to the growth of the plant, old and diseased leaves should be removed in time,and fertilizer supplement should be timely and appropriate.

Key words:Fragaria×ananassa Duch.;New cultivar;Hongyu;Early-maturing;Disease-resistant

中图分类号S668.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)11-2209-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220395

收稿日期2022-07-21

接受日期:2022-08-16

基金项目杭州市科技发展计划项目(20201203B109)

作者简介童建新,男,高级农艺师,本科,从事草莓育种和栽培技术研究工作。Tel:0571-87311794,E-mail:28191675@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:2877048566@qq.com