火龙果新品种粤红5号的选育

戴宏芬,李俊成,孙清明*

(广东省农业科学院果树研究所·农业农村部南亚热带果树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室·广东省热带亚热带果树研究重点实验室,广州 510640)

摘 要粤红5 号是从大红与普通白肉杂交F1代中选育出的火龙果新品种。果实椭圆形,整齐均匀,平均单果质量310.0 g,可食率79.5%;成熟时果皮粉红色,鳞片尖部绿色;果肉白色,肉质清爽、清甜,无青草味,口感极佳,品质上等,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为14.14%,可滴定酸含量0.172%。花芽分化能力强,自花坐果率90%以上,丰产稳产;枝蔓刺极少且短,利于田间管理;适应性强,抗火龙果溃疡病。适宜在火龙果产区种植。

关键词火龙果;新品种;粤红5号;杂交

火龙果属仙人掌科(Cactaceae)量天尺属(Hylocereus)或蛇鞭柱属(Seleniereus)多年蔓生性植物,原产于墨西哥和中南美洲的热带地区[1]。自20世纪90年代初引入中国大陆种植,目前已迅速扩大到中国南方大部分地区,其中广东、广西、海南、云南、福建、贵州等地区已形成规模化商业种植基地,火龙果产业逐渐成为当地农业的特色产业[2]。火龙果产业在农业增效、农民增收中发挥了积极作用。目前,国内种植的火龙果品种以免授粉的大红系列为主,单一品种长期种植存在潜在风险;且随着人们生活水平的提高,对多样化果品的需求也日益增加。通过多种育种方式,培育出优质、抗病、自交亲和、枝蔓少刺的火龙果新品种,不断丰富火龙果品种类型,对促进火龙果产业持续稳定发展具有重要意义。前期笔者通过人工杂交选育了一个自交亲和、果实甜度高、无青草味、抗火龙果溃疡病,且尤为突出的是枝蔓上刺极少或无刺的新株系,通过广东省非主要农作物品种评定,品种名称为粤红5号火龙果(图1)。

图1 火龙果新品种粤红5 号
Fig.1 The plant and fruit of new pitaya cultivar Yuehong No.5

A.田间开花结果状;B.果实;C.粤红5 号枝蔓;D.大红枝蔓;E.白肉枝蔓。
A.The flowers and fruits of the pitaya plants; B.The fruit of Yuehong No.5; The stem of Yuehong No.5; D.The stem of Dahong pitaya; E.The stem of white-fleshed pitaya.

1 选育过程

1.1 亲本选择

选择大红为母本、普通白肉为父本。大红自交亲和,果肉玫红色,品质中等,高产、综合性状优良,但高温季节果实偏小、成熟时鳞片尖易干枯;普通白肉自交亲和、果大,果肉白色、带有青草味。

1.2 选育过程

2013 年6 月,在广东省农业科学院果树研究所火龙果基地,以大红为母本、普通白肉为父本进行杂交,7月选择3000粒左右充实饱满的杂交种子播种,8 月随机选取1000 个健壮单株单穴移栽,10 月剪取接穗,于选种圃中进行嫁接,砧木为普通白肉火龙果,嫁接成活350株。2014年10月,初步筛选出8个表现优良的单株,其中,编号为S8-301 的单株表现为自交亲和、果肉白色、果实甜度高、无青草味、口感好等特点,尤为突出的是枝蔓上刺极少或无。2014—2016 年,连续3 a(年)对该优株进行调查,表现丰产稳产,品质稳定。2015 年,采集接穗进行嫁接扩繁,分别于广州市、东莞市、江门市等地开展区域和生产试验,2016—2020年严格按照果树选种规程,连续多年对母株无性繁殖后代的遗传稳定性和果实特性进行系统调查研究,结果表明该品系植物学和生物学性状稳定。2021年8月通过广东省非主要农作物品种评定,品种名称为粤红5号火龙果,证书编号2021-015。

2 品种特性

2.1 植物学特征

粤红5 号树势中庸稍旺。主根少而短,分生大量侧根,侧根上再产生新的分支。主干、侧枝都能萌发不定根。根系以水平扩展为主,分布于土壤表层。枝蔓横切面为不规则的三角形,幼茎肋缘突出明显,老熟后肋缘略微平齐,肋缘木栓化不明显。幼茎浅绿色,老熟茎深绿色。茎表面光滑、蜡质厚,腋芽演化为刺座。刺座直径均值0.4 cm,老熟枝蔓刺座呈灰白色,每个刺座含有0~1 个刺,刺暗褐色,较短,长0.1~0.2 cm。花着生于枝蔓的中部、顶部,可同时开放。花冠中等大,花被平均长13.2 cm,宽5.4 cm;心皮长14.1 cm,宽2.2 cm。花瓣白色,萼片主色绿色,花柱长22.3 cm,柱头裂片数22~28个,裂片黄绿色,花药高度低于柱头。种子小、黑色,尖卵形,均匀分布于果肉中。

2.2 农艺性状

2.2.1 生长结果习性 粤红5 号树势较强,1 a 可以抽生春、夏、秋梢,幼茎浅绿色,长至1 m 左右去顶,暖冬多雨时,健壮植株有时会萌发晚冬梢,如遇低温,嫩枝易发生冷害甚至死亡。2年生以上结果树,夏季应以开花结果为主,但该品种叶芽极易萌发,需要及时修剪,保证花果营养供应充足。粤红5 号易成花,具有早花特性,第一批花芽萌发期和第一批果成熟期均早于亲本8~10 d;自交结实能力极强,自交坐果率高达92%。

2.2.2 物候期 广州地区,春梢在2 月底到5 月初萌发,夏秋梢萌发期因树龄、树势及结果量而异,12月底气温低于10 ℃左右进入休眠期。2 年生以上结果树,4 月底至10 月下旬多批次开花,其中有5~6批次花量大且集中。从现蕾到开花16~18 d,每批花期持续3~4 个夜晚。从谢花至果实成熟需要28~40 d,第1 批果实成熟期在6 月初,末批果实在12 月下旬成熟。

2.2.3 果实性状 粤红5 号果实成熟时果皮粉红色,鳞片与果皮相对位置为紧贴或略微外张,鳞片长度、厚度均中等,鳞片数16~22个,鳞片尖部绿色;果肉白色,肉质清爽、清甜,无青草味,口感极佳。如表1 所示,果实椭圆形,平均纵径10.5 cm,平均横径7.6 cm,单果质量310.0 g,可食率79.5%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)14.14%,总糖含量12.54%、还原糖含量10.12%、可滴定酸含量0.172%。种子小、多而柔。果实品质明显优于亲本。

表1 粤红5 号与亲本果实性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of fruit characteristics of Yuehong No.5 and the parents

品种Cultivar果形Fruit shape果肉颜色Flesh color粤红5号Yuehong 5大红Dahong普通白肉White-fleshed椭圆形Oval短椭圆形Short oval长椭圆形Long oval白色White玫红色Rose red白色White单果质量Single fruit weight/g 310.0 340.0 360.0可食率Edible rate/%79.50 63.60 73.8 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%14.14 12.78 11.85 w(总糖)Total sugar content/%12.54 10.23 9.01 w(还原糖)Reducing sugar content/%10.12 9.79 8.67 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/%0.172 0.201 0.321

2.2.4 抗逆性 参照火龙果溃疡病评价方法[2],连续3 a(2017—2019 年)对粤红5 号和双亲进行溃疡病的抗病性评价。由表2可知,粤红5号抗性级别为抗性,母本和父本均为感病品种。

表2 粤红5 号与双亲品种对火龙果溃疡病田间抗性评价
Table 2 The resistance evaluation of Yuehong No.5 and the parents to canker in field

品种Cultivar粤红5号Yuehong No.5普通白肉White-fleshed大红Dahong病情指数Disease index 10.20 60.45 50.45抗性评价Resistance evaluation抗病Resistance感病Susceptible感病Susceptible

2.2.5 丰产稳产性 丰产稳产性好,2 年生单株平均产量2.21 kg,每666.7 m2产量达到1 768.00 kg;3年 生 每666.7 m2 产 量 达 到2 882.67 kg;4 年 生 每

666.7 m2产量达到3 178.67 kg。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 适宜种植范围

粤红5号适应性强,粗生易管理。以土质疏松、有机质丰富、排灌良好、pH 5.5~7.5的土壤为宜。在广东省中南部地区,四季均可种植,但以春季3—4月为最佳。

3.2 建园定植

宜选择肥水条件好、排灌方便的地方建园。种植前施足基肥。常采用排式种植,株行距一般为(0.3~0.5)m×(2.0~3.0)m。选用健壮、无病虫害、优质的扦插或嫁接苗。

3.3 肥水管理

遵循薄肥勤施原则。幼年树以施氮肥为主。成龄树以施磷、钾肥为主,控制氮肥用量。每年7 月、10月和翌年3月,每株施有机肥4~5 kg、复合肥150~200 g。开花结果期间增施钾肥、镁肥、过磷酸钙。果实生长期加施微量元素肥,每周喷施1 次叶面肥。树盘用草或菇渣覆盖有利于保水,干旱季节每2~3 d灌溉1次,雨天注意排涝。

3.4 防寒措施

粤红5 号的幼芽、嫩枝5 ℃时易引起冻伤,0 ℃以下低温会造成植株冻伤或冻死。根据气象预报资料在低温来临前,及时采取塑料薄膜、遮阳网、布、稻草等对整株进行覆盖,以降低寒害影响;待气温稳定回升后,撤除覆盖物。

3.5 其他管理

粤红5号整形修剪、花果管理、病虫害综合防治与其他火龙果品种一致,无特殊要求。

参考文献References:

[1] 罗志文,李向宏,彭超,韩冰,何凡,陈业光,范鸿雁,陈哲,崔健,辛曙丽.红肉火龙果新品种大龙的选育[J].果树学报,2018,35(5):642-645.LUO Zhiwen,LI Xianghong,PENG Chao,HAN Bing,HE Fan,CHEN Yeguang,FAN Hongyan, CHEN Zhe,CUI Jian,XIN Shuli.A new red pulp dragon fruit cultivar Dalong[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2018,35(5):642-645.

[2] 孙清明,李春雨,刘应钦,易干军.火龙果新品种粤红3 号的选育[J].果树学报,2017,34(6):778-780.SUN Qingming,LI Chunyu,LIU Yingqin,YI Ganjun.Breeding report of a new pitaya cultivar Yuehong 3(Hylocereus spp.)[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(6):778-780.

Breeding report of a new pitaya cultivar Yuehong No.5

DAI Hongfen,LI Juncheng,SUN Qingming*

(Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research,Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China)

Abstract: Yuehong No.5 is a new pitaya cultivar selected from the crossing progenies of Dahong ×Common white flesh.Dahong is a self-compatible and productive variety with red flesh and medium quality.Its fruits are usually small and the scales are easily dry in high temperature season.Common white flesh is a self-compatible and productive variety with white flesh and grass taste.About 3000 hybrid seeds were sowed in July, 2013.About 1000 healthy seedlings were chosen and transplanted in nursery in August.The scions of the seedlings were grafted on white-fleshed variety in the breeding nursery in Oct, and a total of 350 grafted seedlings survived and were planted in the field.Eight excellent strains were preliminarily selected in Oct 2014.The strain S8-301 was characterized by self-compatibility, white pulp, high sweetness, and pleasant taste without grass taste.Even more impressively,few thorns were seen on the stem of the strain, which would make planting safer and easier.The strain had stable yield and quality fruits.The regional field trials initiated in Guangzhou, Dongguan, Jiangmeng and other nearby regions in Guangdong Province in 2015.The results of five years trials showed that the cultivar had stable botanical and biological traits,wide adaptability,high disease resistance and excellent fruit quality.It was registered as a non-major crop cultivar by the Crop Variety Approval Committee of Guangdong Province and was named as Yuehong No.5 in August, 2021.The bracts were linked to the peel closely or slightly stretched out.The length and thickness of bracts were moderate.The number of bracts per fruit was 16-22.The apex of bract was green.The fruit was oval and medium size,with average single fruit weight of 310.0 g,average longitudinal diameter of 10.5 cm,average horizontal diameter of 7.6 cm.After full ripening, the peel is pink and the flesh is white, compact, crispy,juicy and sweet, with soluble solids content of 14.14%, total sugar content of 12.54%, reducing sugar content of 10.12% and titratable acid content of 0.172%.It takes 16-18 days from bud germination to flowering,and blooms in several batches from late April to late Oct.The fruit development period is 28-40 d.The first and last batch of fruit ripened in the ends of May and November.The first batch of flower buds appears 8-10 d earlier than the parents.The fruit setting rate of natural pollination was 92%.The cultivar showed strong resistance to pitaya canker disease, while the parents were easily infected.The yield was high and stable.It should be cultivated in the soil with pH 5.5-7.5, good soil drainage,sufficient sunshine and convenient transportation.

Key words:Pitaya;New cultivar;Yuehong No.5;Cross breeding

中图分类号S667.9

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)11-2205-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220229

收稿日期2022-04-21

接受日期:2022-06-08

基金项目广州市科技特派员项目(20212100031);省科技厅项目(粤科农字﹝2021﹞151 号KTP20210078);广东省农业农村厅项目(2020KJ257);广东省乡村振兴战略专项(粤农计﹝2018﹞37号、粤财农﹝2019﹞73号);广东省现代农业产业技术体系优稀水果创新团队建设项目(2019KJ116)

作者简介戴宏芬,女,副研究员,硕士,研究方向为火龙果栽培与育种。Tel:13138489303,E-mail:1322139961@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:18665032856,E-mail:sunqingming@gdaas.cn