柑橘褪绿矮缩病毒dot-ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

秦阳阳1,陈香玲2a,王甲军1,叶 肖1,申世凯1,周 彦1*

1西南大学柑桔研究所国家柑桔工程技术研究中心,重庆 400712;2广西农业科学院园艺研究所,南宁 530007)

摘 要目的】柑橘褪绿矮缩病毒(Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus,CCDaV)是一种新的柑橘病毒,为给我国柑橘脱毒苗木质量控制和田间监测提供技术支撑,建立了一种灵敏度高、特异性强的快速检测方法。【方法】通过序列分析和相似性比对,明确抗原靶标;构建CCDaV-CP的原核表达载体,诱导目的蛋白表达后作为抗原用于注射兔子,制备抗血清。运用Western blot检测效价。通过优化抗体浓度,建立CCDaV的dot-ELISA检测方法,明确其灵敏度,并用于田间疑似样品检测。【结果】以外壳蛋白(CP)的保守区域为靶标,成功构建了表达载体pET28a-CCDaV-CP,其在18 ℃,IPTG 浓度0.5 mmol·L-1时,诱导12 h,目的蛋白的表达量高。制备的特异性抗血清效价为1:3000。由此建立的dot-ELISA检测方法在提取液被稀释640倍时,仍能检测出CCDaV。应用该方法对42份田间疑似样品的检测结果与PCR法的符合率为94.73%。【结论】首次获得了CCDaV的抗血清,并以此建立了快捷、灵敏、准确的dot-ELISA检测方法,为CCDaV的快速检测和防控提供了技术支撑。

关键词柑橘褪绿矮缩病毒;外壳蛋白;抗血清;斑点酶联免疫吸附法

柑橘是世界第一大水果,也是仅次于小麦、大豆、玉米的第四大贸易农产品。我国作为柑橘重要的起源中心之一,柑橘栽培历史长达4000 多年[1]。截止到2018年,中国柑橘栽培面积和产量均居世界首位[2]。柑橘病毒病是阻碍柑橘产业健康持续发展的重要因素之一,我国已发现的柑橘病毒病害有30余种[3],其中柑橘褪绿矮缩病毒(Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus,CCDaV)是近年来柑橘生产上出现的一种新病害,病株叶片畸形、扭曲、花叶,节间变短,植株矮化,果实变小,产量和品质降低[4-5]。目前除甜橙外,未发现其他抗耐病的柑橘类型或品种。CCDaV自20世纪90年代在土耳其被首次报道以来,对其柑橘产业,尤其是葡萄柚产业造成了极其严重的损失[4-6]。中国自2008 年首次在云南瑞丽的尤力克柠檬上发现零星病树以来[7],CCDaV 现已扩散至广西、广东、江西等地的多个柑橘品种上,并呈现出不断扩散的趋势[8],对我国柑橘产业的健康、持续发展造成了一定的风险隐患[9]

CCDaV 为双生病毒科(GeminiviridaeCitlodavirus成员[10],其基因组序列为约3.64 kb的环状单链DNA 分子,具有双生病毒科保守的TAATATTAC 区域[6],可能含有6个开放阅读框(ORFs)[10]。其中ORF2编码27.9 ku的外壳蛋白(Coat protein,CP)。CCDaV主要通过嫁接进行传播,刀割、杨梅类白粉虱(Parabemisia myricae Kuwana)也是重要的传播方式[11-12]

种植无病毒苗木是防控CCDaV的重要手段,而快速、高效的病毒检测技术是种苗无毒化的重要保障。早期针对CCDaV 的检测方法主要是指示植物鉴定和电子显微镜观察[3,13],但这2种方法耗时较长,且结果判定较为主观,不适用于病害的快速检测。近年来,以保守的CP 和运动蛋白(Movement protein,MP)为靶标,建立了基于PCR、实时PCR、环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)[6-7,14]等的高灵敏分子生物学检测方法。但PCR和实时PCR法操作步骤繁琐、耗时耗力,局限于实验室,难以进行大样本规模化、现场检测[15],且LAMP 易污染出现假阳性。血清学检测技术凭借其快速简单、灵敏特异、高通量等优点,一直是植物病毒检测的重要手段。目前尚未获得CCDaV的特异性抗体,严重制约了其血清学检测技术的发展。为此,笔者在本研究中以CCDaV保守的CP 为靶标,构建了重组表达载体pET28a-CCDaV-CP,制备了特异性抗血清,建立、优化了CCDaV的dot-ELISA检测方法,提高了检测效率,为CCDaV的快速检测及脱毒种苗生产提供了支撑。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

单独感染CCDaV、柑橘衰退病(Citrus tristeza virus,CTV)、柑橘黄脉病毒(Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV)、柑橘鳞皮病毒(Citrus psorosis virus,CPV)、柑橘碎叶病毒(Citrus tatter leaf virus,CTLV)的病株均保存于西南大学柑桔研究所国家柑桔苗木脱毒中心。

1.2 菌株及试剂

pET28a载体、大肠杆菌Rosetta购自武汉金开瑞生物工程有限公司,pGEM-T vector kit、T4 DNA 连接酶和异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(Isopropyl β-D-Thiogalactoside,IPTG)均购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;康为DNA 抽提试剂盒购自葆光生物有限公司;山羊抗兔购自重庆泽物有限公司。引物合成及相关测序均在成都擎科生物科技有限责任公司完成。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 引物设计 利用在线网站Interpro(http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/)对NCBI 中的15 个CCDaV全序列进行分析,发现CP最为保守,但CP的N端有无序性,会影响蛋白表达,因此在本研究中选择CCDaV-CP 的保守区域(29-253 位氨基酸)为靶标,设计引物序列F:5’-GTGGA CAGC AAATGGGTCGCGGATCCCCATGTAAAACACACACGGTGGA -TGTGAT-3’(划线部分为BamH Ⅰ酶切位点);R:-5’CAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTTAATTTGA TGTAGAATCATAAAAATACA-3’(划 线部分为Xho Ⅰ酶切位点)。

1.3.2 核酸提取及重组载体构建 取0.1 g CCDaV病株叶片研磨后,采用康为DNA 试剂盒抽提总DNA。将PCR 产物和原核表达载体pET28a 用BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后,经T4 DNA 连接酶4 ℃过夜连接。连接产物转化至大肠杆菌DH5α,涂布在含50 mg·L-1 Kana的LB固体培养基过夜培养,经菌落PCR 鉴定结果为阳性后测序。将构建好的重组质粒转化到表达菌株Rosetta。PCR 检测为阳性的菌落扩大培养后提取质粒,并进行酶切验证。

1.3.3 融合蛋白的诱导表达、纯化与抗血清制备参照Zhu 等[16]稍作修改进行融合蛋白的诱导表达。筛选含有重组质粒的表达菌株,用不同终浓度(0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mol·L-1)的IPTG 于18 ℃诱导蛋白表达,诱导时间12 h。表达产物经SDS-PAGE 验证后,纯化、回收,并参照张静等[17]的方法用于抗血清制备。

1.3.4 抗血清效价检测 将获得的抗血清按1∶500的浓度稀释后作为一抗,将山羊抗兔作为二抗,用纯化的目的多肽作为抗原检测抗血清特异性。同时,将抗血清以1∶500、1∶1000、1∶2000、1∶3000、1∶4000的浓度稀释,测定抗血清效价。

1.3.5 dot-ELISA检测方法的建立,及其特异性、灵敏度分析 dot-ELISA 检测参考尚海丽等[18]的方法并稍作修改,即0.1 g柑橘叶加0.01 mol·L-1 PBS研磨匀浆,5500 r·min-1离心5 min。取2 μL上清液点于硝酸纤维素膜上,室温晾干。1%(w)BSA 100 r·min-1封闭90 min;PBS 稀释一抗100 r·min-1孵育90 min,后加入AP 标记的山羊抗兔IgG 100 r·min-1 孵育1 h。以上每一步结束后,使用PBST 洗脱液洗膜3次,每次5 min。随后用BCIP/NBT 避光显色5 min。利用方阵实验明确一抗和二抗的最适稀释倍数。用优化后的dot-ELISA 法检测分别感染了CCDaV、CTV、CYVCV、CTLV、CPV 的病株,以及健康植株叶片的提取液,验证其特异性。此外,将CCDaV 病株和健康柑橘叶片的粗提液进行倍比(1∶20、1∶40、1∶80、1∶160、1∶320、1∶640、1∶1280)稀释后进行检测,确定灵敏度。

1.3.6 田间样品检测 随机采集田间42 份疑似感染CCDaV 的柑橘样品,运用优化后的dot-ELISA 以及常规PCR法[6]比较检测结果,采用夏婷等[19]的方法比较2种检测方法的符合度。

2 结果与分析

2.1 CCDaV-CP的扩增和目的蛋白的诱导表达

用引入酶切位点的引物扩增出CCDaV-CP 片段(图1-A)。将重组质粒双切酶后分别得到5000 bp 和690 bp 的条带,其大小与预期相符(图1-B)。同时序列测定结果正确,表明已成功构建了含有CCDaV-CP 基因的原核表达载体,标记为pET28a-CCDaV-CP。

图1 CCDaV-CP 的PCR 扩增、重组质粒双酶切验证和重组菌在IPTG 诱导下的蛋白表达
Fig.1 PCR amplification of CCDaV-CP,verification of recombinant plasmid by restriction enzymes and protein expression of recombinant bacteria induced by IPTG

A.CCDaV-CP 基因序列的扩增;M1 为DNA 分子质量标准;1 为CCDaV-CP;B.重组质粒的双酶切验证;M2 为DNA 分子质量标准;2 为重组质粒;3 为重组质粒双酶切验证;C.重组菌在IPTG 诱导下的蛋白表达;M 为蛋白质分子质量标准(条带分别为14.4、18.4、25.0、35.0、45.0、66.2、116.0 ku);A1 为未被诱导的菌株pET28a;A2 为0.5 mmol·L-1 IPTG 诱导的菌株pET28a。
A.Amplification of CCDaV- CP gene sequence; M1.DNA Marker;1 is CCDaV- CP; B.Verification of recombinant plasmid by restriction enzymes;M2 is DNA Marker;2-3 are Verification of recombinant plasmid by double digestion;C.Protein expression of recombinant bacteria induced by IPTG; M is Protein molecular weight marker (14.4,18.4,25.0,35.0,45.0,66.2,116.0 ku);A1 is Uninduced pET28a;A2 is pET28a induced by 0.5 mmol·L-1 IPTG.

用终浓度0.5 mmol·L-1的IPTG于18 ℃诱导12 h时成功表达了目的蛋白,且表达量高,其分子质量在25 ku左右,与预期大小相符(图1-C)。

2.2 抗血清检测和抗血清效价测定

将获得的抗血清以1∶500 的浓度稀释,将纯化目的多肽进行Western blot检测,结果表明抗血清与纯化的目的蛋白有特异性免疫反应,条带单一(图2-A)。而与空载体蛋白、Rosetta菌株蛋白均无特异性反应。将抗血清按1∶500、1∶1000、1∶2000、1∶3000、1∶4000 的浓度稀释后与纯化的目的蛋白进行Western blot检测抗血清效价,发现抗血清的效价达到了1∶3000(图2-B)。

图2 抗血清检测和抗血清效价检测
Fig.2 Detection of specificity and titer of pET28a-CCDaVCP antiserum by Western blot

A.抗血清的特异性检测;M 为蛋白质分子质量标准;B3 为抗血清特异性检测;B.抗血清的效价检测;A1~A5 表示制备的抗血清稀释成不同的倍数:500、1000、2000、3000、4000;A6 为阴性对照。
A.Detection of specificity of pET28a-CCDaV-CP antiserum by Western blot; M is Protein marker; B3 is Antiserum specificity detection;B.Detection of titer of pET28a-CCDaV-CP antiserum by Western blot:A1-A5 indicates that the prepared antiserum is diluted into different multiples:500,1000,2000,3000,4000;A6 is negative control.

2.3 dot-ELISA 检测方法的优化、特异性和灵敏度分析

方阵实验表明,dot-ELISA 中抗血清和AP 标记二抗的最适稀释倍数分别为1∶4000和1∶10 000。基于此,将优化后的dot-ELISA 分别检测CCDaV、CTV、CYVCV、CTLV、CPV病株叶片,以及健康植株叶片提取物,检测结果显示,仅CCDaV 病株样品呈现紫色的阳性斑点,其余样品的检测结果均为阴性(图3-A)。在不同稀释倍数下,健康植株的叶片提取液均不能出现紫色的阳性斑点。表明该检测方法特异性强。此外,当CCDaV 病叶提取液被稀释到1∶640 倍时,仍能观察紫色的阳性斑点(图3-B),表明该检测方法的灵敏度较高。

图3 dot-ELISA 特异性和灵敏度分析
Fig.3 dot-ELISA specificity and sensitivity analysis for CCDaV detection

A.dot-ELISA 特异性分析:-为健康柑橘;CCDaV 为柑橘褪绿矮缩病(CCDaV)病株;CYVCV 为柑橘黄脉病毒(CYVCV)病株;CTLV 为柑橘碎叶病毒(CTLV)病株;CPV 为柑橘鳞皮病毒(CPV)病株;CTV 为柑橘衰退病(CTV)病株;B.dot-ELISA 检测方法的灵敏度分析;1~7 为CCDaV 病株;-为健康柑橘。
A.dot-ELISA specificity analysis;- is Healthy citrus sample; CCDaV is CCDaV infected sample; CYVCV is CYVCV infected sample; CTLV is CTLV infected sample;CPV is CPV infected sample;CTV is CTV infected sample;B.dot-ELISA sensitivity analysis;1-7 are CCDaV-infected citrus sample;-is healthy citrus sample.

2.4 dot-ELISA田间样品检测

利用优化后的dot-ELISA 方法,对42 份疑似感染CCDaV的田间柑橘样品进行检测。结果显示,有18 份柑橘样品检出CCDaV,24 份样品未检出CCDaV(图4)。除dot-ELISA检测为阳性的样品外,PCR 法还从1 份dot-ELISA 检测为阴性的样品中检测出病毒。dot-ELISA法与PCR法的检测符合率为94.73%,表明建立的dot-ELISA法灵敏度较高,适用于田间样品检测(图5)。

图4 田间病样PCR 检测结果
Fig.4 PCR amplification of CCDaV-suspected citrus sample in the field

M 为DNA 分子质量标准;1~42 为田间疑似样品;a 为阳性对照;b 为阴性对照。
M is DNA marker;1-42 are CCDaV-suspected citrus sample in the field;a is positive control;b is negative control

图5 dot-ELISA 方法田间柑橘样品的检测
Fig.5 Detection of field citrus samples by dot-ELISA method

3 讨 论

CCDaV作为一种新发生的柑橘病毒病,自2015年在我国首次被发现以来,长期零星分布于云南瑞丽的尤力克柠檬园。近年来随着我国柑橘产业的快速发展,柑橘苗木、接穗交流频繁,CCDaV也随苗木扩散至广西、广东、江西等地,并开始危害柚类、莱檬等柑橘类型。由于目前除甜橙外,尚未发现抗/耐柑橘褪绿矮缩病的柑橘品种,因此柑橘褪绿矮缩病对我国柑橘产业的风险加剧。目前使用无病毒苗木是防治柑橘褪绿矮缩病最有效的途径,因此快速、高效、灵敏的检测技术是防治该病的重要保障。

目前植物病毒的检测主要利用血清学和分子生物学方法,其中利用单克隆抗体或抗血清建立的血清学检测方法,具有高通量、易操作的优点。植物病毒单克隆抗体或抗血清制备,一般以提纯病毒作为免疫原,但是因果树病毒含量低、分布不均,且果树中多酚多糖类含量高,导致病毒提纯的难度大。近年来,利用分子生物学方法体外表达病毒蛋白为免疫原制备抗血清,可以有效解决上述难题。笔者在本研究中通过比对15个不同来源的CCDaV毒株发现,其CP的29~253位氨基酸最为保守,因此将其进行原核表达后作为抗原。重组菌在IPTG 诱导后表达产物所得量的高低以及其存在形式是蛋白成功表达的重要因素。在本研究中,当IPTG 终浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1时,诱导的蛋白表达量与0.7 和0.9 mmol·L-1 IPTG 诱导时差异不大,因此考虑到IPTG 对细菌的毒性,同时兼顾经济成本,本研究中pET28a-CCDaV-CP重组质粒表达时选择的IPTG终浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1。此外,笔者在本研究中还发现在16 ℃时诱导12 h ,pET28a-CCDaV-CP 的表达量较低(数据未显示)。沈继朵等[20]发现,适当提升诱导温度可以提高蛋白的表达水平。为此,笔者在IPTG 终浓度0.5 mmol·L-1 时,将诱导温度提高到18 ℃,诱导12 h,成功获得了表达目的蛋白,且表达量高。由此制备的抗血清可特异性检测CCDaV,且效价为1∶3000,表明其效果较好。以此建立、优化的dot-ELISA 方法最低可检测到1∶640 倍稀释液中的CCDaV,且与常规PCR 的检测符合度高,可以满足田间CCDaV检测的需要。笔者在田间样品检测时还发现,PCR法的阳性检出率略高于dot-ELISA法,这可能是由于PCR法灵敏度更高所造成的[21]

4 结 论

笔者首次制备出特异性检测CCDaV-CP多肽的高效价抗血清,建立了CCDaV的dot-ELISA检测方法,将为我国今后检测和防治CCDaV提供技术支撑。

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Establishment and application of dot-ELISA detection method for Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus

QIN Yangyang1,CHEN Xiangling2a,WANG Jiajun1,YE Xiao1,SHEN Shikai1,ZHOU Yan1*

(1National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center,Citrus Research Institute,Southwest University,Chongqing 400712,China;2Horticultural Research Institute,Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanning 530007,Guangxi,China)

Abstract:【Objective】In 2015, a new citrus viral disease caused by Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV) was discovered in Yunnan province of China, and since then it has spread in some important citrus-growing provinces of China,like Guangxi and Yunnan.At present,the main control strategy for prevention of CCDaV is based on using virus-free germplasm and propagation materials.To date,various techniques have been employed to detect CCDaV,including biological indexing,PCR and qPCR.However,these conventional detection techniques generally suffer from drawbacks.The purpose of this research was to establish a sensitive,accurate and high-throughput detection method for CCDaV,so as to provide technical support for the diagnosis and production of virus-free citrus plants in China.【Methods】The restriction enzymes BamHⅠand XhoⅠwere added to the corresponding end of the CCDaV- CP gene sequence, respectively.Primers F (5’- GTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGCGGATCCCCATGTAAAACACACACGGTGGATGTGAT-3’) and R (5’- CAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTTAATTT GATGTAGAATCATAAA AA TA CA-3’)were designed using SNAPGENE software based on a region (84-762 nt) of coat protein (CP) gene that was highly conserved across 15 full CCDaV genome sequences available in GenBank.Total DNA was extracted from 0.1 g CCDaV-infected citrus sample and amplified by PCR with primers F/R.The reaction was conducted under conditions of initial 3 min denaturation at 98 ℃,34 cycles at 98 ℃for 10 s,60 ℃for 15 s,72 ℃for 40 s and extension for 5 min at 72 ℃.The PCR purified products and pET28a vector were digested by BamHⅠand XhoⅠ, and after that they were ligated with T4 DNA ligase and transferred into Escherichia coli(E. coli) strain DH5α and finally plated onto Luria-Bertani (LB) agar containing Kanamycin (Kana).The expression strain Rosetta containing the recombinant plasmid was cultured at 37 ℃overnight, and transferred to a new medium at a 10%inoculum on the second day,until OD600 reached 0.4-0.6.Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was added to a final concentration of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 mmol,and incubated at 18 ℃overnight.The expressed protein was purified and then used to immune rabbit.The optimal titer of the antiserum was tested by Western blot.Based on the prepared antiserum, dot-ELISA was developed for detecting CCDaV in citrus by optimizing the titer of the primary antibody and goat-anti-rabbit second antibody.The specificity of the established dot-ELISA was evaluated by detecting the samples infected with CCDaV,Citrus tristeza virus(CTV),Citrus yellow vein clearing virus(CYVCV), Citrus psorosis virus (CPV) and Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), respectively.The sap of CCDaV-infected and healthy citrus leaf samples were diluted by multiple ratio (1∶20, 1∶40, 1∶80, 1∶160, 1∶320, 1∶640, 1∶1280) to determine the sensitivity of dot-ELISA.Citrus leaf samples collected from Chongqing municipality and Guangxi province were tested for CCDaV infection using the dot-ELISA and PCR to test the applicability of the established dot-ELISA.【Results】The result showed that the full sequence of CP gene was 762 bp, encoding 253 amino acids.The prokaryotic expression plasmid pET28a-CCDaV-CP was successfully constructed, and the target fusion protein (CCDaV-CP) was highly expressed in E. coli induced by 0.5 mmol IPTG at 18 ℃.The expressed protein was identified and purified, and then used to immune rabbit.Finally, the specific antiserum was prepared and it could strongly and specifically react with an approximately 25 ku of CCDaV CP by Western blot,with the optimal titer of the antiserum being 1∶3000.Furthermore, no hybridization signal was observed on the lane of pET28a vector or Rosetta strain.The results also showed that the optimum reaction conditions of established dot-ELISA were 1∶4000 for the antiserum and 1∶10 000 for goat anti-rabbit IgG labeled by Alkaline Phosphatase(AP)AffiniPure.In the specific test,only CCDaV-infected samples were positive,and the rest of samples were negative.In the sensitivity detection,the established dot-ELISA could detect CCDaV in citrus sap diluted at 1∶640 (ρ, g·mL-1).Among the 42 field CCDaV-suspected samples,the detection rate by dot-ELISA was 42.8%,which was lower than that by PCR(45.2%).All samples that were tested positive with dot-ELISA were also tested positive with PCR.One dot-ELISA negative sample was also positive by PCR.These results suggested that the dot-ELISA method established in this study was sensitive and reliable.【Conclusion】In the study, the optimal conditions were explored for prokaryotic expression and the specific antisera was prepared for detection of pET28a-CCDaV-CP.This is the first report of prepared antiserum against CCDaV and a dot-ELISA method for CCDaV detection.The detection results showed that the developed dot-ELISA could accurately, reliably and sensitively detect CCDaV in citrus samples and will facilitate the implementation of citrus budwood certification programs to screen plants in nurseries.The assay will also be useful for studying on the etiology of CCDaV,scientific prevention and control of CCDaV in China.

Key words: Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus; Coat protein;Antiserum; Dot enzyme linked immunosorbant assay

中图分类号S666

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)11-2181-07

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220275

收稿日期2022-05-24

接受日期:2022-07-13

基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1001802);财政部和农业农村部:国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-26-05B);重庆市自然科学基金项目(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0557)

作者简介秦阳阳,女,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为植物病理学。Tel:15981827499,E-mail:850245416@qq.com。a为共同第一作者。

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13320292375,E-mail:zhouyan@cric.cn