47份青皮红心柚果实农艺性状的综合分析与优异种质筛选

赵东兴,岳建伟,赵志昆,杨永智,陈林杨,陈鸿洁,李 春*,张荣琴,毕光林

(云南省红河热带农业科学研究所,云南河口 661399)

摘 要目的】通过对青皮红心柚果实农艺性状的分析研究,筛选出优异种质,为青皮红心柚种质资源评价、品种选育及创新利用提供材料基础和理论依据。【方法】对47 份青皮红心柚种质果实的单果质量、挂果数、单株产量、纵径、横径、果形指数等12个农艺性状进行遗传变异性分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析以及优异种质筛选。【结果】47份种质具有丰富的遗传多样性;部分性状间存在相关性;主成分分析可将12个性状归为4个主成分,累计贡献率为73.733%,分别反映青皮红心柚的果实大小、产量性状、外观性状和果形特征;聚类分析可将47个种质分为5个类群。根据对果实农艺性状综合分析,初步筛选出14份优异种质,其中312表现最好,其次是518、420和421。【结论】初步判定了青皮红心柚不同品种果实农艺性状的差异,可为品种选育和生产利用提供参考。

关键词青皮红心柚;果实;农艺性状;综合分析;种质筛选

青皮红心柚为芸香科(Rutaceae)柑橘属(Citrus)柚[Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck]的一种,原产地为东南亚的泰国、越南和中国云南南部热区,因成熟后果表绿色,果肉红色而得名青皮红心柚。目前在云南、广西、海南热区均有引种栽培,但青皮红心柚的品种间差异较大,种植效益亦受影响,为解决生产中存在优质种质资源少、优良品种缺乏的问题,有必要开展青皮红心柚种质比较评价和筛选研究。

种质资源是植物改良的基础[1],通过广泛收集种质资源,对材料的性状表现进行观察分析,了解性状的多样性和性状间的相关性,从而了解相应性状的遗传规律,为新品种的培育提供指导[2]。目前,对柚类资源遗传多样性的研究有形态学鉴定[3]、细胞 学 鉴 定[4],以 及 广 泛 采 用 的SNP、GBS、SSR、SRAP 等[5-15]分子标记方法,这些方法需要专用的仪器设备,具有成本高且对人员技术水平要求高的缺点。对柚类种质而言,果实的表型特征对资源的商品属性和价值有重大意义,而相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析是种质资源表型多样性研究中应用最为普遍、有效的分析方法,目前已在大豆、芝麻、花生、水稻、高粱、甜高粱等[16-25]作物中广泛应用,在柚类中也有少量运用[26-28],但尚未见到针对青皮红心柚果实进行研究的相关报道。笔者在本研究中以47 份青皮红心柚种质资源为材料,通过对单果质量、挂果数、单株产量、纵径、横径、果形指数、果皮厚度、囊瓣数、种子数等农艺性状进行遗传多样性、相关性、聚类分析和主成分分析,以期为青皮红心柚种质资源评价、品种选育及创新利用提供材料基础和理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

试验在同一地块进行,位于云南省红河热带农业科学研究所内,海拔95 m,缓坡、壤砂土,热带雨林季风气候,极端最高温度40.9 ℃,极端最低温度7.9 ℃,平均温度22.0 ℃,平均降水1 587.3 mm,日照1605 h。以酸柚为砧木,水肥管理一致,树龄4 a(年),树势中庸,于果实二次生理落果结束后,用白色蜡质纸袋套袋处理,果实采摘时成熟度一致。

1.2 仪器设备

电子天平(梅特勒ML6002T/02 精度0.01 g)、电子数显卡尺(苏测0.01 mm)、数码相机尼康D7200。

1.3 方法

每份材料选取果树中部外围、果形端正的柚果3 个,共141 个果实,清洗杀菌后,观察记载单果质量、挂果数、单株产量、纵径、横径、果形指数、果皮厚度、囊瓣数、种子数等12个果实性状,3次重复。

(1)单果质量、挂果数,单株产量、果实横径、纵径、果形指数、果皮厚度、囊瓣数、种子数测定依据NY/T 2435—2013《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南柑橘》[29],用电子天平测定单果质量,用数显游标卡尺测定果实横纵径和果皮厚度,计算果形指数,计算最宽处;单果质量分级参考GB/T 27633—2011《琯溪蜜柚》[30]

(2)果肉红色在相同设备条件下拍摄果实横切面,依据红色程度从浅到深,分为粉红、橙红、红色三类,再将每个类型由浅到深分3个等级(即粉红3级,橙红3级,红色3级)共9个等级,参照图1。

图1 果肉红色分级参照图
Fig.1 Reference picture to grading of red flesh

(3)果表绿色:在相同设备条件下拍摄果表照片,目测绿色在果表所占面积,从20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%,依次分为9 个等级,参照图2。

图2 果表绿色分级参照图
Fig.2 Reference picture to grading of fruit surface green

1.4 数据处理与分析方法

数据经Excel 整理并计算出平均值、标准差、变异系数,利用SPSS 19.0 进行相关性分析、主成分分析以及聚类分析,其中聚类分析方法采用组间联接法,遗传距离为平方欧式距离[31],并根据农艺性状综合表现,筛选优异种质。

2 结果与分析

2.1 果实性状遗传变异性分析

由表1 可知,47 份青皮红心柚种质的12 个性状的变异系数平均值为27.53%,变异系数在6.49%~74.32%之间。其中单株产量的变异系数最大为74.32%,其次是挂果数的变异系数为73.24%,果肉红色的变异系数为37.49%,果表绿色变异系数为33.43%,种子数的变异系数为27.52%,果皮厚度的变异系数为20.95%,单果质量的变异系数为19.97%,囊瓣数的变异系数为10.74%。因变异系数大于10%表示样本间差异较大[32],本研究中单株产量、挂果数、果肉红色、果表绿色、种子数、果皮厚度、单果质量和囊瓣数这8 个性状的变异系数均大于10%,说明这些参数有利于种质的比较和筛选。

表1 青皮红心柚种质资源的变异性分析
Table 1 Variability analysis of pomelo germplasm with green skin and red pulp

性状Trait平均值Average单果质量Fruit weight(FW)挂果数Fruit counts(FC)单株产量Yield per plant(YPP)纵径Fruit length(FL)最宽处Widest point(WP)横径Fruit diameter(FD)果形指数Fruit shape index(FSI)果皮厚度Pericarp thickness(PT)囊瓣数Segment numbers per fruit(SNPF)种子数Seed numbers per fruit(SNF)果肉红色Red pulp(RP)果表绿色Green skin(GS)平均值Average变异范围Variation range 788.91~2 075.37 1~30 0.8~43.13 1 239.53 7.98 10.73标准差Standard deviation 261.70变异系数CV/%19.97 5.81 7.99 73.24 74.32 128.24~186.95 70~100 124.81~170.00 0.93~1.36 153.94 83.51 149.26 1.03 13.37 8.22 10.68 0.07 8.82 9.93 7.30 6.49 1.06~2.38 12~18 3.68 15.40 1.70 1.64 20.95 10.74 8~25 15.26 4.07 27.52 1~9 1~9 6.19 5.60 2.36 1.81 37.49 33.43 27.53

2.2 47个青皮红心柚果实性状相关性分析

对47 个供试青皮红心柚种质的12 个农艺性状进行相关性分析,结果见表2。从表2中的数据可看出,单果质量与纵径、最宽处和横径呈极显著正相关(p<0.01);单株产量与果皮厚度呈显著负相关(p<0.05);纵径与最宽处、横径和果形指数呈极显著正相关;最宽处与横径、果皮厚度、果表绿色呈极显著正相关;果皮厚度与果表绿色呈极显著正相关;果肉红色与果表绿色呈极显著正相关。以上分析表明,在12个性状中,除囊瓣数和种子数与其他性状均无显著相关性,其余性状间是相互影响的,说明在青皮红心柚品种选育与利用上囊瓣数和种子数不具有代表性,要综合考虑单果质量、挂果数、单株产量、纵径等性状。

表2 47 个青皮红心柚果实性状相关性分析
Table 2 Correlation analysis of characters of 47 pomelo fruits with green skin and red pulp

注:*表示显著相关,p<0.05;**表示极显著相关,p<0.01。
Note:*means significant correlation,p<0.05;**indicates very significant correlation,p<0.01.

性状Trait挂果数FC单株产量YPP纵径FL最宽处WP横径FD果形指数FSI果皮厚度PT囊瓣数SNPF种子数SNF果肉红色RP果表绿色GS单果质量FW 0.073 0.284 0.705**0.697**0.698**-0.111 0.074-0.039 0.202 0.173 0.119挂果数FC单株产量YPP纵径FL最宽处WP横径FD果形指数FSI果皮厚度PT囊瓣数SNPF种子数SNF果肉红色RP 0.967**-0.097 0.000-0.046-0.086-0.320*-0.035-0.150 0.133 0.200 0.088 0.154 0.155 0.079-0.301*-0.036-0.107 0.195 0.185 0.744**0.738**0.557**0.218-0.003 0.208 0.213 0.187 0.757**0.144 0.238**0.176 0.166 0.186 0.408**-0.146 0.141 0.029 0.201 0.231 0.214 0.147-0.038 0.048 0.036-0.011-0.177-0.124 0.218 0.326**0.104-0.150-0.120-0.112-0.2570.322**

2.3 主成分分析

由于柚子果实性状间存在一定相关性,故利用主成分分析方法确定各性状指标对青皮红心柚综合性状的影响。通过主成分分析,可为选配亲本和筛选评价指标提供依据。对青皮红心柚12 个果实性状进行主成分分析,以特征向量值大于1为标准,将12个性状归为4个主成分,见表3。从表中数据可看出,第1 主成分的贡献率为30.146%,所有性状的载荷符号都是正向,载荷值较高的性状有单果质量、纵径、最宽处、横径,其特征向量值分别为0.872、0.872、0.888、0.905,主要反映果实大小性状特征,因提取到的4个主成分中第1主成分的贡献率最高,在品种选育中重点考虑这4个性状;第2主成分贡献率18.845%,特征向量中符号为正向且载荷值较高的是挂果数、单株产量,主要反映产量性状特征;第3主成分贡献率为14.327%,特征向量中符号为正向且载荷值较高的是果肉红色、果表绿色、果皮厚度,主要反映果外观性状特征,在青皮红心柚品种选育中要适当把握;第4 主成分贡献率为10.415%,特征向量中符号为正向且载荷值较高的是果形指数、纵径,这主要反映果形性状特征,在品种选育中也有重要意义。

表3 青皮红心柚果实性状的主成分分析
Table 3 Principal component analysis of pomelo fruit characters with green skin and red pulp

性状Trait单果质量FW挂果数FC单株产量YPP纵径FL最宽处WP横径FD果形指数FSI果皮厚度PT囊瓣数SNPF种子数SNF果肉红色RP果表绿色GS贡献率Contribution rate/%累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate/%成分Component 1 0.872 0.075 0.266 0.872 0.888 0.905 0.158 0.265-0.001 0.184 0.360 0.395 30.146 2 3 4 0.060 0.950 0.922-0.239-0.079-0.049-0.292-0.422-0.067-0.279 0.201 0.230 18.845-0.259-0.034-0.092-0.038-0.051-0.195 0.184 0.637-0.454-0.587 0.483 0.615 14.327 0.217 0.212 0.185 0.380 0.005-0.293 0.922-0.124 0.014 0.095-0.043-0.134 10.415 30.146 48.991 63.319 73.733

在前4 个主成分包括的12 个性状中单果质量、单株产量、果表绿色、果肉红色、果皮厚度、果形(纵径、最宽处、横径)是对青皮红心柚材料评价的重要因素,参考《琯溪蜜柚》GB/T 27633—2011 品质分级标准[30],结合青皮红心柚市场青睐中等果的特点,在青皮红心柚的资源评价时,依次以单果质量(中型果1.1~1.5 kg)>单株产量>果表绿色>果肉红色>果皮厚度>果形(纵径、最宽处、横径)作为主要依据。

2.4 青皮红心柚果实性状聚类分析

采用SPSS 19.0软件对47份青皮红心柚种质的12个果实性状进行系统聚类分析,使用组间联接的树状图进行聚类分析(图3)。结果表明,在欧式距离为7.5 时,可将其大致分为5 类。第Ⅰ类为超大果,包含1份种质,单果质量2.075 kg,果实形状为梨形,果肉浅红(2 级),果表绿色较浅(5 级)。第Ⅱ类有11份种质,这类种质为中小果,单果质量在0.94~1.2 kg,产量中等,果实形状接近圆形(0.94~1.09),果肉红色深(6~8 级),果表绿色深(6~8 级),其中编号为421 和309 的种质单株产量、果形、果肉颜色和果表绿色等综合性状表现较好,在品种选育和筛选工作中可作为优质种质资源。第Ⅲ类有2 份种质,这类种质为小果,单果质量在0.8 kg以下,果实形状接近圆形,果皮薄(1.13、1.35 cm),果肉红色浅(2、4级),果表偏黄色(1、4 级)。第Ⅳ类有21 份种质,这类种质果形为中大果,单果质量在1.2~1.4 kg 之间,单株产量在1.27~43.13 之间,果肉颜色深红(7~9级),果表浓绿(5~8),果皮厚度在1.21~2.36 cm 之间,果形近圆形(0.96~1.09),综合考虑单果质量、单株产量、果表绿色、果肉红色、果表厚度、果形等性状指标,在此类种质中编号为312、420、518、318、314、215、404和414这8个种质的综合性状表现较好,可作为高产、优质种质资源。第Ⅴ类有12 份种质,这类种质为大果,单果质量在1.5~1.7 kg,果形近圆形(0.93~1.06),肉深红(6~9 级),果表绿色较浅(1~5 级)。

图3 青皮红心柚果实性状的聚类分析
Fig.3 Cluster analysis of fruit characters of pomelo with green skin and red pulp

2.5 优异种质筛选

结合12个农艺性状主成分分析和聚类分析,初步从47 份供试的青皮红心柚种质中筛选出单果质量、单株产量、果表绿色、果肉红色表现较好的14个优异种质(表4),其中单株产量超过40 kg 的种质1个,单株产量20~30 kg 的种质有3 个,单株产量10~20 kg的种质有5个。综合考虑单果质量、产量与果表绿色、果肉红色和果皮厚度,312 综合表现最优,其次是518、420、421。

表4 筛选的青皮红心柚特异种质
Table 4 Specific germplasm of pomelo were selected

编号Number 421 309 312 420 518 318 314 215 404 414 408 516 513 406单果质量FW 1.14 1.17 1.44 1.41 1.25 1.40 1.25 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.61 1.57 1.73 1.57挂果数FC 22 8 30 15 18 11 13果肉红色RP果表绿色GS 7659983单株产量YPP 25.08 9.38 43.13 21.19 22.42 15.38 16.26 9.08 7.84 6.65 14.50 14.14 13.87 4.76纵径FL 141.97 155.71 162.78 158.46 148.30 159.35 144.87 154.17 155.23 148.72 167.39 163.52 169.41 174.93最宽处WP 74 92 90 90 82 85 72 85 77 85 95 82 95 100横径FD 136.95 145.92 152.64 150.00 141.15 148.68 150.21 150.57 149.58 152.84 165.60 152.25 163.00 164.57果形指数FSI 1.04 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.07 0.96 1.02 1.04 0.97 1.01 1.07 1.04 1.06果皮厚度PT 1.57 1.77 1.14 1.28 1.06 1.47 1.06 1.17 1.26 1.52 2.13 1.24 1.61 1.54囊瓣数SNPF 13 18 16 16 16 18 15 14 13 14 15 15 15 16种子数SNF 9 17 10 20 16 23 13 12 13 16 10 13 15 15 77988777789888 76887676788678

因果皮厚度影响柚果的贮运保鲜和商品性,对品种选育具有特殊意义,筛选出的种质中314、518果皮超薄,可作为优异种质材料;试验结果显示果肉红色由浅到深呈现粉红色、橙红色、红色3 种类型,各类红色之间亦有深浅差异,在选育“红肉”品种的同时,果肉粉红的215和橙红的420两个特异种质材料具有开发应用价值,以充分满足市场对“红肉”柚的多样性需求。

3 讨 论

对于果树生产来说,品种是发展的关键因素,科学、合理地评价果实农艺性状是全面评价果树品种的基础和前提,而表型性状是结构基因的功能表现,是长期自然与人工选择的结果,表型性状观察结果直观、经济实用,表型性状的遗传多样性分析已经在多种作物中得到应用[31-35]。笔者在本研究中选取的47 份青皮红心柚在栽培环境和管理措施上基本一致,因此,农艺性状取决于其遗传特性。通过农艺性状统计可知,供试品种各种质农艺性状差异较大,12个农艺性状变异系数为6.49%~74.32%,其中单株产量、挂果数、果皮厚度、果肉红色、果表绿色、种子数、单果质量和囊瓣数这8 个性状的变异系数均大于10%,说明这些参数有利于种质的比较和筛选。

相关性分析结果表明,单果质量与果实大小(纵径、最宽处和横径)、果形指数和纵径呈极显著相关(p<0.01),这与卢华琼等[26]和孙珍珠等[27]的研究结果一致。另外,试验还发现纵径与最宽处、横径、果形指数,最宽处与横径、果皮厚度、果表绿色呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。

本试验通过主成分分析,青皮红心柚12项指标可转化为4 个综合指标,累计贡献率达73.733%,反映果实农艺性状的大部分信息,符合分析要求。按主成分方差贡献率从大到小依次为青皮红心柚的果实大小性状特征、产量性状特征、果实外观性状特征和果形性状特征,在这12 个性状中单果质量、单株产量、果表绿色、果肉红色、果皮厚度等性状是评价青皮红心柚种质资源优异的主要指标,可作为品种选育中的主要依据。

在欧式距离为7.5 时,聚类分析将47 个种质分为5个类群,各类群之间在各性状上有明显差异,但每一类群内均有综合性状表现优异的种质和较差的种质,因此在进行种质综合评价时为保证结果的准确性应尽量采取多种分析方法进行分析[35]

4 结 论

果实大小、丰产性、果肉红色程度、果表绿色程度、果皮厚度和果形是影响青皮红心柚品种选育的主要因素,应作为品种评价的关键指标,可作为青皮红心柚优质品种选育的重要依据。结合主成分分析和聚类分析共选出14份优异种质,其中农艺性状综合表现较好的种质为312>518>420>421。同时,青皮红心柚红肉性状特征呈现粉红、橙红和红色3种类型,具有丰富的多样性,为红肉柚的新品种选育拓展方向。

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Comprehensive analysis of fruit agronomic traits of 47 pomelos with green skin and red pulp as well as screening of excellent germplasm

ZHAO Dongxing, YUE Jianwei, ZHAO Zhikun, YANG Yongzhi, CHEN Linyang, CHEN Hongjie, LI Chun*,ZHANG Rongqin,BI Guanglin

(Honghe Institute of Tropical Agriculture of Yunnan,Hekou 661399,Yunnan,China)

Abstract:【Objective】As the fruit characteristics of germplasm resources are diversified, the specific germplasm could be screened out through analyzing of and studying on the fruit traits, which can provide the practical and theoretical basis for evaluation,preservation,variety selection and innovative utilization of pomelos with green skin and red pulp.【Methods】In this study, genetic variability, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to analyze 12 agronomic traits, such as fruit weight, fruit number, yield of single plant, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter,fruit shape index,etc,of 47 pomelo germplasm resources.And the excellent germplasm was selected out according to the analysis.【Results】47 pomelo germplasms showed rich genetic diversity, the variation coefficients showed in a descending order: yield of single plant (74.32%), fruit number(73.24%), red flesh (37.49%), fruit surface green (33.43%), seed number (27.52%), thickness of pericarp (20.95%), fruit weight (19.97%), and number of capsule (10.74%).In correlation analysis, it was showed that there was no significant correlation between number of capsule and seed and other traits,but other traits had mutual influence.It meant that the number of capsule and seed was not representative in variety breeding of pomelo germplasm resources with green skin and red pulp, and the traits such as fruit weight, fruit number, yield of single plant and longitudinal diameter should be considered comprehensively.There were extremely significant correlations between the following traits, for example,fruit weight and longitudinal diameter,widest and transverse diameter;widest and transverse diameter,thickness of pericarp and fruit surface green;thickness of pericarp and fruit surface green color,red flesh and fruit surface green color (p<0.01).And the yield per single plant was negatively correlated with thickness of pericarp(p<0.05).12 characteristics were classified into 4 principal components with characteristic vector value being greater than 1.The cumulative contribution rate of the 4 principal components reached 73.733%,which reflected the fruit size,yield,fruit appearance and fruit shape,respectively.Among them,the contribution characteristic value of the first principal component was 30.146%,and the traits with higher load value were fruit weight (0.872), longitudinal diameter (0.872), widest part (0.888) and transverse diameter (0.905).The contribution rate of the second principal component was 18.845%, and the traits with higher load value were fruit number and yield per single plant.The contribution rate of the third principal component was 14.327%,and the higher loading values were red flesh and fruit surface green color.The contribution rate of the fourth principal component was 10.415%, and the traits with higher load value were longitudinal diameter and fruit shape index.In these traits,fruit weight,yield per single plant,fruit surface green color,red flesh and pericarp thickness were the main indexes to evaluate the excellent germplasm resources,which can be used as the main basis in breeding selection.47 germplasm resources were divided into five groups when the euclidean distance was set to 7.5 by cluster analysis.The first group contains 1 accession,which has very large fruit,pear shape,light red flesh(grade 2)and light green fruit surface(grade 5).The second class contains 11 accessions, which have medium size, with the weight in a range from 0.94 kg to 1.2 kg, medium yield,fruit shape was nearly round, fruit flesh was deep red and fruit surface was deep green.Among them,421 and 309 showed better comprehensive traits.There are two accessions in class Ⅲ,which have small fruit, thin skin, light red flesh and yellow fruit surface.In class Ⅳ, there are 21 accessions, whose fruit weight ranged from 1.2 kg to 1.4 kg,fruit flesh was dark red(7-9),fruit surface was dark green(5-8),and fruit shape was nearly round(0.96-1.09).In this group 312,420,518,318,314,215,404,and 414 showed good performance.There are 12 accessions in class Ⅴ, whose fruit weight ranged from 1.5 kg to 1.4 kg, nearly round (0.93-1.06), dark red flesh (6-9), and light green fruit surface (1-5).Based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis,14 accessions with good performance in fruit weight,yield,fruit surface green color and red flesh were screened out from 47 germplasms.Among them,312 has the best comprehensive performance,followed by 518,420 and 421.【Conclusion】In this study,12 agronomic traits of 47 pomelo germplasm resources with green skin and red pulp were analyzed based on diversity analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis.Four accessions with good performance were screened out,and the preferred order is 312>518>420>421.In the subsequent variety breeding and utilization,we should combine with the internal quality to choose the appropriate material.The results preliminarily determined the differences in agronomic traits among different varieties of‘green skin and red core pomelo’, which could provide reference for variety breeding, production and utilization.

Key words:Pomelo with green skin and red pulp;Fruit;Agronomic traits;Comprehensive analysis;Excellent germplasm screening

中图分类号:S666.3

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)09-1553-09

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210649

收稿日期2021-12-20

接受日期:2022-04-15

基金项目云南省科技计划项目(2016DC027)

作者简介赵东兴,男,助理研究员,主要研究方向:热作栽培与育种。Tel:13987372184,E-mail:dongxingzhao11@126.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:18760729220,E-mail:lichunhonghe@126.com