外源硒对核桃硒含量和果实品质的影响及生理作用机制

龚天芝1,2,张德健1,2*

1长江大学西藏高原核桃产业研究所,湖北荆州 434025;2长江大学园艺园林学院,湖北荆州 434025)

摘 要:【目的】探究不同外源硒对核桃硒含量、果实品质、矿质元素含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响,明确核桃最优喷硒种类,以期为富硒核桃的生产提供理论依据。【方法】以6年生的核桃品种中核1号为试材,选取硒酸钠、亚硒酸钠、酵母硒溶液为外源硒源,于果实膨大期每周对幼苗叶片均匀喷施400 mg·L-1的外源硒溶液,共计喷施8次。【结果】喷施3种外源硒增加了核桃叶片、果皮、果仁中的硒含量,其中酵母硒的作用最显著。3种硒处理均显著增加核桃果实和果仁质量及果仁亚油酸含量,但显著降低了果仁粗脂肪和饱和脂肪酸含量。对于矿质元素含量,喷硒处理促进了核桃果仁中钾、锌的吸收,但抑制钙的吸收,对铁和镁的吸收没有显著影响。在核桃果实膨大期喷施3种外源硒源,均显著提高核桃果仁中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,其中酵母硒处理效果最显著。除硒酸钠处理显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量外,其他2种硒源处理对MDA含量无显著影响。【结论】在核桃果实膨大期,叶面喷施外源硒可提高核桃果实硒含量,影响矿质养分吸收,提高抗氧化能力,降低过氧化物程度,进而提高果实品质,其中酵母硒综合效果最好。

关键词:核桃;硒;矿质元素;果实品质;抗氧化系统

硒作为人类日常生活中的微量元素,影响了人身体的成长发育各个阶段[1]。适量水平的硒摄入能够提高人体的抗氧化能力和预防某些疾病,包括肝病、肿瘤、心血管病和大骨节病等[2-3]。硒也是重金属的解毒剂,在人体内能够与砷、铅、镉、汞等重金属形成化合物并排除体外[4]。另外,硒还可以预防和治疗肿瘤,调节人体免疫力,抑制肿瘤和心血管疾病的发生[2]。它对人体也有多种生物学功能,比如延缓衰老等[3]。硒被誉为生命的保护剂[5],因为硒是人体不能产生的矿质元素,只能从食物中摄取。因此,如何安全有效地补充硒成为亟待解决的问题。自然界中主要有无机硒和有机硒两种形式。其中无机硒毒性较大,而有机硒可被人体安全吸收[6]。因此,将无机硒转化成有机硒并供人体吸收利用已经成为人体安全补充硒的重要途径。在硒转化方面,植物具有较高的硒转化率和丰富的有机硒含量,具有明显的优势。农作物作为人类食物的来源,其可作为一种简单、有效的人体安全硒补充载体[7]

近几年,随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,富硒产业受到各行各业的广泛关注。澳大利亚、丹麦、美国、瑞典、德国等国家先后开发出多种含硒保健品和富硒农产品[8]。在中国,富硒茶油、富硒大米、富硒土豆、富硒小麦、富硒茶、富硒食用菌等产品也已推向市场,并受到广大消费者的喜爱[9]。然而,在水果领域的富硒产品和相关研究仍然较少。因此,研究富硒果树的栽培技术和调控,阐明果树富硒的机制,加工果树富硒产品,研发高价值富硒功能水果显得尤为迫切。

核桃是一种重要的干果,是胡桃科最重要的经济成员[10]。随着人们消费水平的提高,健康的核桃越来越受到市场的重视。富硒核桃栽培不仅能提高果实中硒含量,而且能提高果实品质[11]。因此笔者在本研究中采用6年生的中核1号核桃为试验对象,研究在果实膨大期于叶片喷施3 种不同外源硒,观察其对核桃叶片、果实、果仁中硒含量的影响,并分析其对果实品质、矿质元素含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响。旨在探究外源硒对核桃硒含量和果实品质的生理作用,为今后富硒核桃生产中硒肥的应用提供新的视角和坚实的理论基础。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料和处理

5 年生核桃(中核1 号,砧木是普通核桃)栽种于湖北省宜昌市兴山县水月寺镇郑家埫村简道章核桃果园。该果园于2017 年建成,面积3 hm2,株行距为6 m×6 m。该区域属亚热带大陆性季风气候,年平均气温12.2~15.2℃,年均降雨量约为900.0 mm,年均无霜期250 d。试验区土壤类型以黄棕壤为主,其土壤的pH为5.21,有机质含量(w,后同)为43.2 g·kg-1,氮314.6 mg·kg-1,磷523.5 mg·kg-1,钾273.2 mg·kg-1,钙2.26 mg·kg-1,镁0.55 mg·kg-1,无机硒0.34 mg·kg-1

于2021年4月30日,在核桃叶表面分别喷施纯水、硒酸钠(Na2SeO4)、酵母硒(Se yeast)、亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3),所有硒源购自Sigma有限公司。试验设纯水、400 mg·L-1 Na2SeO4、400 mg·L-1 Na2SeO3、400 mg·L-1酵母硒4 个处理,采用完全随机设计,8 次重复,共32株核桃树,自2021年4月30日始,每周喷施1次,共8次,每次每株核桃喷施2 L相应的处理溶液。

1.2 相关指标测定分析

于核桃果实成熟期2021 年9 月10 日采集核桃叶片和果实,果实分为果皮和果仁。叶片样本选取树冠周边中部果枝上至下4 枚叶片,果实样本选取树冠中部发育正常、无病虫害的果实。采集的样品立即置于干冰中,8 h 内带回实验室,用去离子水冲洗,超低温冰箱贮存备用。

采集的核桃叶片、果皮和果仁样本采用HNO3-H2O2(4∶1,体积比)微波消解,消解液在6 mol·L-1 HNO3介质中还原,冷却后,加入2.5 mL铁氰化钾溶液(100 g·L-1)去离子水定容至25 mL,后采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法(AFS8510,北京海光仪器有限公司)测定硒含量[1]

4 个处理的核桃果仁(0.2 g)用0.1 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.8,5.0 mL)匀浆,4 ℃4000 ×g 离心10 min。取上清液测定丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性[12]

采用电子秤称果实和果仁的质量,采用气相色谱质谱联用法测定核桃仁中粗脂肪酸、亚油酸、不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的含量[13],采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定核桃仁中锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)的含量[14]

1.3 数据分析

采用SAS 软件(9.1.3)分析数据,其中显著性差异运用Duncan’s 新复极差法进行多重比较(p ≤0.05)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同外源硒对核桃硒含量的影响

从表1可知,3种外源硒不同程度地提高了核桃叶片、果皮和果仁中的硒含量。与对照组相比,酵母硒处理使核桃叶片、果皮和果仁硒含量分别显著提高了192、36和68倍;硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠处理也分别使核桃叶片、果皮、果仁中的硒含量提高了101倍和96倍、23倍和24倍、63倍和61倍。

表1 不同硒源处理下核桃叶、果皮和果仁的硒含量
Table 1 Selenium content in walnut leaves,pericarp and kernel under different selenium source treatments

注:不同小写字母表示在p<0.05 差异显著。下同。
Note:Different small letters indicate significant difference at p<0.05.The same below.

2.2 不同外源硒对核桃果实品质的影响

果实和果仁质量,果仁中粗脂肪酸、亚油酸、不饱和脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸含量如表2 所示。与对照组相比,Na2SeO4、酵母硒和Na2SeO33种外源硒处理的果实和果仁质量分别显著增加了14.2%、25.2%、9.3%和18.1%、36.2%、20.6%,果仁粗脂肪和果仁饱和脂肪酸含量,分别显著降低了9.2%、18.5%、8.1%和7.6%、13.7%、6.4%(表2)。然而,3种外源硒显著提高了果仁亚油酸含量,且各处理果仁不饱和脂肪酸含量差异不显著。

表2 不同硒源处理对核桃果实品质的影响
Table 2 Walnut fruit quality under different selenium sources treated

2.3 不同外源硒对核桃果仁中矿质元素含量的影响

由表3中可知,3种硒源处理均不同程度地提高了核桃仁中Zn和K的含量,显著降低了Ca的含量,对Fe 和Mg 的含量无显著影响。与对照组相比,Zn和K 的含量在Na2SeO4、酵母硒和Na2SeO3处理下分别增加了13.2%、22.5%和12.1%、30.2%、50.9%和30.4%。而核桃仁中Ca 的含量分别降低了17.1%、17.4%和17.3%。

表3 不同硒源处理对核桃果仁矿质养分含量的影响
Table 3 Mineral nutrient contents of kernel treated with different selenium sources

2.4 不同硒源对核桃果仁MDA 含量及SOD、POD、APX活性的影响

3种硒源处理后核桃果仁过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性与对照相比,Na2SeO4、酵母硒和Na2SeO3显著提高了SOD、POD和APX 的活性,分别提高了28.2%、76.5%、28.3%和60.2%、129.5%、86.2%和9.9%、24.4%、17.3%。但酵母硒和Na2SeO3对MDA含量无显著影响,而Na2SeO4处理组的MDA含量降低了26.8%(表4)。

表4 不同硒源处理的核桃果仁的SOD、POD、APX 活性及MDA 含量
Table 4 SOD,POD and APX activities and MDA content in walnut kernel treated with different selenium sources

3 讨论

与土壤施硒相比,叶面喷施硒不仅能减少硒的损失,并且有效增加了植物有机硒含量,是园艺作物栽培中增加果实或叶片有机硒含量的常用方法[15]。叶片喷硒的适宜时期和喷洒硒的种类在不同园艺作物中不同。例如果实膨大初期是葡萄和草莓施硒肥最佳时期[16-17]。前期研究表明,在蓝莓果实膨大期中喷洒硒酸盐或亚硒酸盐可有效提高蓝莓果实中硒含量和花青素浓度[18]。因此,本研究在核桃果实膨大期对叶片喷施3 种硒源,研究不同硒源对核桃硒含量及果实品质的影响。

喷洒硒酸钠溶液可增加生菜叶片硒含量,同时也提高了叶片的蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度,提高了光合作用效率和抗氧化能力,并促进生菜生长[19]。棉花施硒的研究表明,硒矿物肥能提前棉铃开放期,提高棉花营养水平,促进棉铃生长发育[20]。在番茄栽培过程中施用生物有机硒能显著提高番茄果实中有机硒含量,并且显著改善番茄果实品质[21]。在西兰花中也发现类似的结果[22-23],添加硒酵母可诱导其提高硒含量。本试验结果表明,在核桃果实膨大期喷施硒酸钠、酵母硒和亚硒酸钠均能提高核桃叶片、果皮和果仁中硒的含量,其中施用酵母硒的效果最好,可广泛应用于富硒核桃果实的生产栽培实践。

外源硒肥不仅提高了植株的硒含量,而且影响植株的生长发育,进而影响果实的品质。研究表明,叶片喷施亚硒酸钠可显著提高葡萄果实品质(单粒质量、粒长、Vc含量、硒含量等),且延缓果实和叶片衰老[24]。石榴叶面喷施富硒液肥显著提高了果实可溶性固形物含量、果实质量,其果实表面皮伤少、光泽好,果期也能够提前7 d,还有助于果实保鲜,如延长其货架期[25-26]。本文研究结果与前人研究结果一致,3 种硒源对核桃果实品质均有不同程度的改善。在本研究中,果实和果仁质量及果仁亚油酸率升高,果仁粗脂肪率和果仁饱和脂肪酸率降低。目前的饮食建议为:亚油酸可以降低心血管疾病的风险,而饱和脂肪酸则影响胆固醇代谢[27-28]。因此,外源硒可以提高核桃果实的健康价值。但3种硒处理降低了果仁粗脂肪含量,而粗脂肪是维持正常代谢所必需的。相关机制有待进一步研究。

已有研究表明,硒能促进植物的光合作用[29-30],从而促进糖的积累,并对可溶性固形物含量的增加有显著的影响,可以进一步提高果实的品质,本研究结果与之一致。此外本研究表明,酵母硒处理对核桃果实品质的改善效果最好,可作为核桃生产栽培实践中提高果实品质的参考。

关于硒对植物矿质养分吸收的影响,本研究结果表明叶面喷施硒促进了核桃果仁对锌、钾的吸收,抑制了对钙的吸收,但对铁、镁的含量影响不显著。西瓜施硒的研究结果表明,低浓度喷施硒能促进西瓜对钙、镁的吸收,而高浓度喷施硒能抑制其对钙、镁的吸收[31]。硒与矿物质营养吸收的相关机制有待进一步研究和讨论。

SOD、POD和APX是植物体内活性氧(ROS)的清除剂,可清除植物细胞在胁迫或衰老过程中过量的ROS[32]。它们能维持细胞代谢平衡,提高植物的抗旱性,与植物的抗氧化能力有关[33]。MDA是膜脂过氧化的重要产物之一,含量越高,过氧化程度越强[34]。本研究中喷硒处理的核桃果仁中SOD、POD和APX 活性显著高于对照组。同时,MDA 含量也不同程度地低于对照组。表明外源硒可以通过清除膜脂过氧化产生的MDA,提高植物的抗氧化能力,保护细胞膜的完整性。这与草莓硒能保护细胞膜的完整性、降低重金属离子含量、有效抑制叶片和果实对重金属镉、铅的吸收的结果是一致的[35-36]。此外,在本研究的3 种硒源处理中,酵母硒对核桃SOD、POD和APX活性的提高作用最强,可以应用酵母硒提高核桃的抗氧化能力。

4 结论

在核桃果实膨大期,于叶片喷施3种硒肥(硒酸钠、酵母硒和亚硒酸钠)可提高叶片和果实硒含量。3 种硒肥喷施能影响核桃对矿质养分的吸收,提高果实的抗氧化能力,降低过氧化物程度,进而提高核桃果实品质。叶面喷施酵母硒的综合效果最好,可在核桃富硒生产栽培中广泛应用。

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Effect of exogenous selenium application on selenium content and fruit quality as well as its physiological mechanism in walnut

GONG Tianzhi1,2,ZHANG Dejian1,2*

(1Tibet Plateau Walnut Industry Research Institute,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434025,Hubei,China;2College of Horticulture and Gardening,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434025,Hubei,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】In order to clarify the physiological responses of exogenous selenium application to enhancing selenium content and nut quality,the 6-year-old walnut(Zhonghe 1)trees were selected to study the effects of spraying three different selenium sources on the selenium content in leaves,husk and kernel during the fruit swell period.The effects of 3 selenium sources on fruit quality,mineral nutrient content and antioxidant enzyme activity were analyzed.Thus,it may set a perspective and provide a firm theoretical basis for future Se fertilizer application in Se-rich walnut production.【Methods】In the fruit swell stage,400 mg·L-1 of sodium selenate,selenium yeast and sodium selenite solution were applied on the leaf surface of seedlings for 8 times.Selenium contents in leaves,husk and kernel were determined by hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) (AFS8510;Beijing Haiguang Instrument Co.,Beijing,China).Fruit and kernel weights were weighed with an electronic balance.The rate of crude,linoleic,unsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in the kernel were determined by LC-MS and GC-MS.The concentrations of zinc(Zn),iron(Fe),potassium(K),calcium(Ca)and magnesium(Mg)in the kernel were measured by the inductively complied plasma-atomic emission spectrometry.Kernel samples(0.2 g)from 4 treatments were homogenized in 5 mL of 0.1 mol·L-1 phos-phate buffer (pH 7.8) and centrifuged at 4000 × g for 10 min at 4 ℃.And the supernatant was used to assay the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by ELISA kit.The effects of different selenium sources on fruit quality,mineral nutrient content and antioxidant enzyme activity were analyzed.【Results】Compared with the water control,Se yeast treatment significantly increased selenium content by 192,36 and 68 times in leaves,husk and kernel,respectively.Na2SeO4 and Na2SeO3 treatments also dramatically increased Se levels by 101 and 96 times in leaves,23 and 24 times in husk,63 and 61 times in kernel,respectively.Na2SeO4,Se yeast and Na2SeO3 notably increased the weight of fruit and kernel by 14.2%,25.2% and 9.3%,and 18.1%,36.2% and 20.6%,respectively,compared to the water control.With regards to the kernel quality,Na2SeO4,Se yeast and Na2SeO3 dramatically decreased the contents of kernel crude fat and kernel saturated fatty acid by 9.2%,18.5% and 8.1%,and 7.6%,13.7% and 6.4%,respectively,compared to the water control.However,3 types of exogenous selenium markedly increased the rate of kernel linoleic acid content at the same level.It was worth noting that there were no significant differences in the rate of kernel unsaturated fatty acid contents among all treatments.The three selenium treatments increased the contents of Zn and K in the kernel to varying degrees,but significantly reduced the level of Ca,while there was no significant effect on Fe and Mg contents.Compared with water control,Na2SeO4,selenium yeast and Na2SeO3 treatments increased Zn and K contents by 13.2%,22.5%and 12.1%,and 30.2%,50.9% and 30.4%,respectively.However,the Ca content in the kernel was reduced to 17.1%,17.4% and 17.3%,respectively.Compared to the appropriate control,Na2SeO4,Se yeast and Na2SeO3 notably increased the activity of SOD,POD and APX by 28.2%,76.5% and 28.3%,60.2%,129.5% and 86.2%,and 9.9%,24.4% and 17.3%,respectively.However,Se yeast and Na2SeO3 had no significant effects on MDA content,while Na2SeO4 decreased it by 26.8%,compared to the water control.【Conclusion】The exogenous selenium treatments could increase the selenium levels in leaves,husk and kernel,and the selenium yeast treatment had the most significant effect.The 3 selenium treatments significantly increased fruit and kernel weights and kernel linoleic acid content,but significantly decreased kernel crude fat and saturated fatty acid contents.Selenium spraying promoted the absorption of mineral nutrients like potassium and zinc,but inhibited the absorption of calcium.However,there was no significant effect on the absorption of iron and magnesium in the kernel.Spraying sodium selenate,selenium yeast and sodium selenite solution during walnut fruit swell stage significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the kernel,among which selenium yeast treatment had the most significant effect.Except sodium selenate treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the kernel,the other 2 selenium treatments had no significant effect on MDA content level.In a word,in the walnut fruit enlargement period,spraying 3 kinds of selenium fertilizer on the leaves(sodium selenate,yeast selenium and sodium selenite) can increase the selenium contents in leaf and fruit,thus affecting the absorption of mineral nutrients,improve the antioxidant capacity of the fruit,reduce the degree of peroxide,and then improve the quality of walnut fruit.Among them,foliar spraying with selenium yeast had the best comprehensive efficacy,so that it could be widely used in the seleniumrich cultivation of walnut.

Key words: Walnut;Selenium;Mineral nutrient;Fruit quality;Antioxidant system

中图分类号:S664.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)08-1443-07

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20220373

收稿日期:2022-07-07

接受日期:2022-07-22

基金项目:湖北省“十四五”重大科技援藏项目(SCXX-XZCG-22016);西藏山南市科技局本级科技计划项目(2021Z21008)

作者简介:龚天芝,女,中级实验师,研究方向为核桃栽培生理。Tel:15872159238,E-mail:283583209@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13085119883,E-mail:zhangdejian0553@126.com