软枣猕猴桃新品种绿佳人的选育

赵凤军,王东来,潘 奥,周文杰,张艳红,姚 平,鞠方成,孙书伟,罗 璇,黄国辉*

(辽东学院·辽宁省蓝莓新品种育种与采后处理重点实验室·辽东学院现代特色农业研究院·辽东地区蓝莓产业协同创新中心,辽宁丹东 118003)

摘 要:绿佳人来源于野生软枣猕猴桃资源,属于中熟品种。果实倒卵形,果皮深绿色,光滑无棱,果皮呈深绿色,果肉为黄绿色,硬溶性质,果实外观和品质都属上乘;平均单果质量17.6 g,最大单果质量25.6 g,果形指数在1.37左右,每个果实内含有种子数量100~140粒。平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.1%,最高可达22%,总酸含量1.07%,糖酸比为16.9,每kg 鲜果含维生素C 1100 mg。从坐果到果实成熟约100 d,丹东地区(E 124°23′,N 40°07′)成熟期为9 月10日前后;每个果序有1~3 个果。萌芽率为60%~80%,结果枝比率为50%~70%。该品种对蝇粪病和煤污病的抗性较强。常温条件下,其货架期较长,最多可达10 d,而在温度1~3 ℃条件下,至少可贮藏8周。适合无霜期在120 d以上、生长季没有晚霜和强风危害、年平均降水量450~1200 mm、休眠期最低气温不低于-30 ℃、有效积温超过2500 ℃的地区栽培;土壤要求排水良好、pH植6.5~7.0的壤土或沙壤土。

关键词:软枣猕猴桃;新品种;绿佳人

软枣猕猴桃(Actinidia arguta Planch.)是猕猴桃科猕猴桃属藤本植物,是我国珍贵的抗寒果树资源,果实表面光滑无毛,整果可食[1]。软枣猕猴桃是开发功能保健食品的优质原料,因其含有20多种氨基酸和多种维生素,尤其是维生素C含量较高,营养丰富,具有较强的保健功能[2]。软枣猕猴桃主要分布在中国东北、华北及长江流域等地[3],种质资源极为丰富,但开发利用还很少。我国至今公开报道的软枣猕猴桃品种有佳绿、馨绿、猕枣2 号、丹阳、红宝石星、桓优一号等15 个,国内选育的软枣猕猴桃品种相对国外来说还比较少,难以达到软枣猕猴桃产业对早、中、晚熟鲜食和加工品种的需要。因此加强各类型软枣猕猴桃品种的选育,筛选出外形美观、酸甜适中、耐贮性好、货架期长的优良品种,应用高效、优质、丰产栽培技术生产优质果实,以满足市场对软枣猕猴桃优质果品的需求,对促进我国软枣猕猴桃产业健康、稳定、可持续发展具有重要意义。

1 选育过程

辽东学院小浆果研究所于2010 年8 月,在辽宁省丹东市东港市十字街镇赤榆村山上发现一株野生软枣猕猴桃(代号LD241),果实深绿色、表面无棱,果实倒卵状椭圆形,外观品质佳,采集半木质化枝条进行扦插繁殖与离体培养。扦插200 株,成活120株,组培苗于2011 年定植,定植2 a 后开花结果,2014年在辽宁省的多个地区进行试验性栽培,表现出良好的稳定性和一致性(图1)。

图1 软枣猕猴桃新品种绿佳人
Fig.1 New kiwiberry cultivar Lüjiaren

2017年,经由农业部果品及苗木质量监督检验测试中心对该品种的果实进行果实品质检测,获得权威的果实品质基础数据。以ACAR92 为引物的SSR 分子标记表明,绿佳人(LD241)与其他软枣猕猴桃品种相比,表现出明显的特异性(图2 第21 泳道[4])。2019年4月申请中华人民共和国农业农村部植物新品种保护,经过2019年和2020年2轮DUS测试,于2021年6月18日获得品种权证书,品种权号:CNA20191001495,定名为绿佳人。该品种是在收集大量野生资源的基础上,对资源进行鉴定评价,经过多年努力,选育出的口感佳、外形美观、耐贮性好、货架期长的软枣猕猴桃新资源。

图2 软枣猕猴桃品种绿佳人SSR 分子鉴定
Fig.2 SSR molecular identification of new kiwiberry cultivar Lüjiaren

M.DNA marker;21 泳道为绿佳人扩增产物;引物为ACAR92。
M.DNA marker;The 21 lanes is amplification products of Lüjiaren.The primer was ACAR92.

2 主要性状

2.1 生物学特性

该品种为雌性品种,树势中等偏弱,一般其萌芽率为60%~80%,结果枝比率为50%~70%。新梢花青苷显色明显,1年生枝灰白色,白色皮孔长梭形明显,成熟叶片颜色为深绿,叶柄红色上延,叶卵圆形,由1~3 朵花组成伞形花序,萼片紫红色,花瓣白色,坐果率95%以上,结果枝坐果从第3~5节开始,每节坐果1~3个,坐果节数可达10节。

通过在辽宁省多地试验栽培,适合绿佳人栽培地区的气候和土壤条件为:无霜期在120 d以上,生长季没有晚霜和强风危害,年均降水量450~1200 mm,休眠期最低气温在-30 ℃,有效积温超过2500 ℃,年均气温5.4~10 ℃,土壤要求排水良好、pH 植6.5~7.0的壤土或沙壤土。

栽培第3 年进入初果期,第5 年进入盛果期,每hm2产量可超过15 000 kg。该品种较抗蝇粪病和煤污病,在丹东地区(E 124°23′,N 40°07′)成熟期在9月10日前后。

2.2 果实特性

果实倒卵形,果皮呈深绿色,表皮光滑无棱,果肉为黄绿色,硬溶性质,果实外观和品质均属上乘;平均单果质量17.6 g,最大单果质量超过25.6 g,果形指数在1.37 左右,每个果实内种子数量100~140粒。平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.1%,最高可达22%,总酸含量1.07%,糖酸比为16.9,每kg 鲜果含维生素C 1100 mg;从坐果到果实成熟约100 d。可溶性固形物含量达7%时采收,常温条件下,其货架期较长,最多可达10 d,而在1~3 ℃条件下,贮藏期可超过8周。绿佳人与桓优一号DUS测试主要差异性状对比见表1。

表1 绿佳人与对照桓优一号主要性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of main characters between Lüjiaren and Huanyou 1

品种Cultivar绿佳人Lüjiaren中庸偏弱Weakness of the mean旺Strong果实横截面形状Cross-sectional shape椭圆形Ellipse灰白色Off-white红褐色Mahogany无Nil心形Heart shape卵圆形Ovoid form深绿色Dark green桓优一号Huanyou 1品种Cultivar绿色Green果实喙端形状Fruit beak shape果实纵径Vertical diameter/cm 3.55灰白色Off-white果心颜色Fruit core color黄白色Yellowish white黄白色Yellowish white波皱明显Apparent果肩形状Fruit shoulder shape方Squareness心形Heart shape果实横径Horizontal diameter/cm 2.58卵圆形Ovoid form果实侧径Lateral diameter/cm 2.01绿色Green采收期Detachable time绿佳人Lüjiaren钝凸Blunt convex 9月上旬Early September桓优一号Huanyou 1不规则长椭圆形Irregular long ellipse微尖凸Microconvex圆3.56 3.16 2.67 Roundness 9月下旬Late September 1年生枝颜色1 year branch color树势Tree vigor萼片颜色Sepal color叶片波皱程度Leaf wrinkle degree叶基形状Leaf base shape叶片形状Leaf shape果皮颜色Peel color

2.3 物候期

在丹东地区,萌芽展叶期为4月上旬至中旬,现蕾期为5 月初,开花坐果期为5 月末至6 月初,果实成熟期为9月10日左右,落叶休眠期为10月下旬至翌年3月。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 定植

定植前,全园撒施牛粪15 m3·666.7 m-2,深翻40 cm后按行距做高床:床高30~40 cm,床面宽1.2 m,按2 m 的株距将苗木定植于床面中心线上,栽植深度不要超过原根颈部。

最好定植一、二年生苗木。株行距2 m×4 m,棚架式栽植,一般每666.7 m2需要定植70株绿佳人和14株花期与其配套的雄株,雌雄株栽植比例推荐为5∶1[10]

定植时期以春季最为适宜,秋季亦可定植,春季定植应于晚霜过后进行,秋季定植最好在10月上旬之前进行。

3.2 整形修剪

绿佳人适合中长梢鱼刺状整形修剪,每株选留8 个侧蔓均匀分布于沿行向延伸的主蔓两侧,同向间距50 cm,鱼刺状排列,培养侧蔓向行间生长到2 m长,侧蔓上均匀选留15~20个结果母枝。结果母枝采用中长梢修剪方法进行冬季修剪。绿佳人结果梢一般能自然封顶,营养梢可留50 cm 摘心。栽培第5年以后进入丰产期,单株产量15 kg以上,666.7 m2产量超过1000 kg。

3.3 病虫害防治

绿佳人抗病性较强,尤其是抗茎基腐病、蝇粪病和煤污病。果园偶发蓟马危害降低果实品质,应在谢花80%至幼果期喷施70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂4000倍液(或20%啶虫脒可溶粉剂1500倍液)防治。喷施时注意喷头不可距果面过近,以免压力过大伤害果面[5]

3.4 采收与贮藏

在每年的9月5日开始(丹东地区),每天随机测量10株树上硬果(每株树1个果)的可溶性固形物含量,当可溶性固形物含量达到7%时可以采收。采收过早,果实后熟后,软枣猕猴桃的可溶性固形物含量不超过16%,口感差,不适合食用;采收过晚,果实在树上软熟较快,贮藏期缩短。采收时要戴手套,用剪刀剪断果柄,并且使果柄尽量短一些,防止果柄戳伤果面,采下的果要轻轻放入保温箱,运输入库或短途运输期间可暂时封闭箱盖,在贮藏期间注意果实的通风,避免果实出现CO2中毒现象而使果实腐烂变质。绿佳人果实的贮藏温度范围在1~3 ℃,可贮藏60 d以上。其果实在贮藏期间果皮不变色,果实后熟变软后为硬溶性质,即果肉变软后不易出水,因此绿佳人果实软后亦可长途运输;在常温非密闭条件下可贮藏7~10 d,在所有软枣猕猴桃品种中货架期较长。

参考文献

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Breeding of a new Actinidia arguta Planch.cultivar Lüjiaren

ZHAO Fengjun, WANG Donglai, PAN Ao, ZHOU Wenjie, ZHANG Yanhong, YAO Ping, JU Fangcheng,SUN Shuwei,LUO Xuan,HUANG Guohui*
(Eastern Liaoning University/Key Laboratory of Blueberry Breeding and Postharvest Handling,Liaoning Province/Institute of Advanced Characteristic Agriculture Studies, Liaodong University/Innovation Cooperation Center of Blueberry Industry of Liaodong, Dandong 118003,Liaoning,China)

Abstract:Lüjiaren is a mid-maturing variety selected from a plant of wild Actinidia arguta in 2010.After the regional adaptability test in four locations in Liaoning province over ten years from 2011 to 2021, it was finally selected in 2021. The tree vigoris moderately weak. The new vine shows obvious anthocyanin coloration. The leaves are dark green and ovate in shape. Petiole is red and the flower is umbel with 1-3 flowers per inflorescence. The corolla is green and white and sepals are purplish red.Fruiting canes begin to bear fruit from the 3rd to 5th nodes,the canes set 1 to 3 fruits in each node,and the maximum number of fruit nodes is 10.The fruit is obovate with dark green peel, smooth, glabrous,non-waxy,green flesh,juicy texture and sweet flavor.The average weight of a single fruit is 17.6 g and fruit shape index is 1.37. Seed numbers per fruit are from 100 to 140.The total acid content is 1.07%.The average soluble solid content is 18.1% and the highest content is 22%. The vitamin C content per kilogram of fresh fruit is 1100 mg.It takes about 100 d from fruit setting to fruit ripening,and the ripening period is around September 10th at 124°23′east longitude and 40°07′north latitude.Bud break rate is 60%-80%and fruit cane rate is 50%-70%.The plant blooms in the third year,and enters into a high yield in the fifth year.The yield per hectare is over 15 000 kg.This cultivar is more resistant to speckly and sooty mould diseases.At room temperature, its shelf life is long, which can reach 10 days. When the fruit is refrigerated at 1-3 ℃,its storage life can reach more than 8 weeks.In areas suitable for cultivation, the climatic conditions are that the frost-free period lasts for more than 120 d, there is no harm of late frost and strong wind in the growing season, the average annual precipitation is 450-1200 mm,the lowest temperature in dormant period should be above-30 ℃, and the effective accumulated temperature should be above 2500 ℃.The loam or sandy loam with good soil drainage and pH 6.5-7.0 is required.Orchards should be established near water sources or with irrigation conditions.And it should be well drained with no frost and wind damage in later period,sufficient light and convenient transportation. The 2-year seedlings should be selected for starting a new orchard. The row spacing between plants and rows is 2 m×4 m.The female and male plants should be in a ratio of 5∶1.Lüjiaren is usually cultivated by supporting.Pruning measures in summer include bud picking,cane thinning,pinching and tip twisting, aiming at controlling the density of canes and the growth direction of new canes to ensure ventilation and light transmission on the trellis. Middle and long cane pruning are used in winter with fishbone pruning system. This cultivar is not suitable for heavy cut back in winter pruning.At present,the main pest control is thrips.

Key words:Actinidia arguta Planch.;New cultivar;Lüjiaren

中图分类号:S663.4

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)06-1125-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210655

收稿日期:2021-12-17

接受日期:2022-01-19

基金项目:沈阳市科学技术计划项目(21-110-3-13);辽宁省科技特派计划项目(2020JH5/10400073);辽宁省教育厅科学研究项目(LNSJYT201916);辽宁省科技厅自然科学基金指导计划(20180550462)

作者简介:赵凤军,男,副教授,硕士,研究方向为软枣猕猴桃栽培。Tel:15941559545,E-mail:mmbbzfj@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13942552109,E-mail:hgh0123@163.com