雌、雄先型核桃品种花芽分化过程比较研究

于 栋1,2,3,4,赵 钰2,3,4,韩立群2,3,4,郭彩华1,亢 超1,马 凯2,3,4*,牛建新1*

1石河子大学农学院园艺系·特色果蔬栽培生理与种质资源利用兵团重点实验室,新疆石河子 832003;2新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091;3农业农村部新疆地区果树科学观测试验站,乌鲁木齐 830091;4新疆园艺作物基因组与遗传改良重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091)

摘 要:【目的】比较新疆主栽核桃品种温185与新新2号雌、雄花芽在不同时期外部形态和内部结构变化的差异以及二者的相关性。了解花芽分化机制,为新疆核桃栽培管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用石蜡切片法对雌、雄花芽进行切片观察。用解剖针解剖雌雄花芽,并观察其外部结构特点。【结果】(1)温185、新新2号雌花芽分化过程划分为:形态分化临界期、雌花分化初期、花原基分化期、花柄和雌蕊分化期、雌花形成期共5个时期。(2)温185、新新2号雄花芽形态分化过程包括雄花原基分化期、花萼和雄蕊分化期、花药分化期、雄花形成期4个时期。(3)温185、新新2号雌雄花芽外部形态大小与内部解剖结构具有相关性。【结论】温185、新新2号雌雄花芽分化时期特征基本一致,时期分化时间存在差异。从雌雄花芽外部形态特点推测内部分化时期具有可行性,可方便快速判断雌雄花芽分化状态。

关键词:核桃;花芽分化;内部解剖结构;外部形态

核桃(Juglans regia L.)是中国重要的经济树种之一,在中国具有丰富的种质资源和悠久的栽培历史[1]。核桃营养丰富,经济价植较高,富含多种营养物质以及矿质元素,是一种老少皆宜的坚果[2]。新疆作为我国核桃主产区之一,核桃的栽培种植已成为当地农户一项重要的经济来源[3]。其中,喀什叶城以核桃为主的特色林果业已成为农民增收的支柱产业。

花芽分化是植物生殖生长的开始,对植物的生长发育意义重大[4]。花芽分化的质量与果实品质的好坏和结实率高低有着直接关系。前人在核桃花芽分化时期的划分、外部形态特征、内部解剖结构展开了大量研究。黄琼[5]和韩明慧等[6]以薄壳山核桃为材料,对雌花芽分化过程划分了不同的时期。前者共划分了形态分化初期、花序形成期、雌花总苞形成期、雌蕊形成期和发育期5 个时期。后者则划分得更加详细,有雌花序分化期、花柄和雌花原基分化期、花被原基分化期分化期、苞片原基出现期、花萼原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期及胚珠分化期7 个时期。可见,不同学者在花芽分化时期划分上所采取的划分方法有所不同。影响花芽分化进程的因素很多,其中温度、光照起主要作用[7-9],特别是春季气温回升的快慢会影响花芽开始分化的时间。施亚晨[10]和刘雨等[11]分别对江苏南京和浙江建德种植的山核桃品种Mahan 雌花芽展开了研究,对比发现Mahan雌花芽分化初期,在江苏南京比浙江德州要晚10~15 d。因此,以时间判断花芽分化时期不具有科学性,但有研究表明,在花芽分化过程中外部形态和内部结构之间具有稳定的相关性[12-13]。田小琴等[14]研究发现串核桃雌花芽外部形态与内部解剖结构之间具有稳定关系。依据二者之间的相关性,可为花芽分化时期的推测提供一个新的途径。

笔者在本研究中所选取的试材温185、新新2号是新疆核桃的主栽品种,生产上常将二者互相作为授粉树,从而提高核桃产量。前人对单个品种雌雄花芽的分化过程进行了大量研究,但对两个品种之间不同时期雌雄花芽分化过程及其特性差异以及外部形态和内部结构关系的研究较少。笔者以新疆核桃雌先型品种温185,雄先型品种新新2 号为试材,探究两个核桃品种间雌雄花芽分化的特点和差异,以及核桃雌雄花芽分化过程中内部解剖结构和外部形态特征之间是否具有相关性。进一步细化雌雄花芽分化过程,为指导生产实践奠定基础,对新疆核桃高效生产具有重要意义。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

试验地点位于新疆喀什地区叶城县,新疆农科院园艺所叶城试验站内。地处新疆西南部,海拔2200 m,年平均降水量54 mm,无霜期228 d。选取新疆主栽雌先型品种温185 和雄先型品种新新2 号为试验材料,树龄均为8 a。

1.2 采样方法

从2021 年3—10 月,每个品种选取3 株长势良好、无病害的植株标记取样观察。自春季休眠芽开始萌发膨大,到新生芽休眠为止,采样日期详见表1。雌雄花芽每次选取树冠中外围发育较好的短果枝形态学上端第2~3个标准芽,每株树采5个,共计15个(15个生物学重复)。每次采取两份样品,每份15 个雌雄花芽。一份用于外部形态观察,一份用FAA(70%)固定液固定用作石蜡切片观察。

表1 雌雄花芽采样时间
Table 1 Sampling time of male and female flower buds

花性别Gendr雌花芽Female flower bud雄花芽Male flower bud采样日期Sampling date 04-15 Apr.15 05-15 May.15 05-15 May.15 05-30 May.30 05-30 May.30 06-15 Jun.15 06-15 Jun.15 07-15 Jul.15 07-15 Jul.15 08-15 Aug.15 08-15 Aug.15 10-15 Oct.15 10-15 Oct.15 03-30 Mar.30 03-30 Mar.30

1.3 试验方法

采集的30 个花芽样品用石蜡切片法[13]处理。先使用FAA(70%)固定液固定24 h 后,剥去花芽外部鳞片,甘油浸泡软化,经70%、85%、95%、100%不同浓度的乙醇和无水乙醇与二甲苯等体积的混合溶液中依次脱水透明,然后在60 ℃的液体石蜡中浸蜡36 h,最后经包埋,切片(切片机:LEACA CM1950、切片厚度:8µm),展片,烤片,染色,封片,镜检,拍照记录。(显微镜:Nikon Eclipse Ts2、图片处理软件:NISElements D 4.60.00 64-bit、Adobe Photoshop CS6)。用作解剖观察的样品用解剖针做外部形态解剖观察,详细记录不同采样时间下的外部形态特征。

2 结果与分析

2.1 雌花芽解剖学观察

根据核桃雌花芽切片观察结果,可将雌先型温185、雄先型新新2 号雌花芽分化过程分为:形态分化临界期、雌花分化初期、花原基分化期、花柄和雌蕊分化期、雌花形成期共5个时期。

形态分化临界期:在喀什地区,核桃品种温185、新新2号于春季3月中下旬休眠芽开始萌发膨大。3月底开始展叶,新梢也随之开始生长,着生于新梢各节位处的腋芽逐渐开始从生理分化向形态分化发生转变。4月中旬,温185与新新2号雌花芽进入形态分化临界期,此时花芽生长点形成一个平面,细胞排列较为紧密,同时形成幼叶原基(图1-A、图1-a)。

图1 新疆喀什地区叶城县核桃雌花芽不同时期花芽分化的石蜡切片观察
Fig.1 Paraffin section observation on flower bud differentiation of walnut female flower buds at different stages in Yecheng County,Kashgar,Xinjiang

从上到下依次为核桃品种温185(A~H)、新新2 号(a~h);从左到右依次为不同时期花芽分化状态(A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H 和a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h 分别代表不同采样日期04-15、05-15、05-30、06-15、07-15、08-15、10-15、03-30 的分化状态);gp.生长点;lp.叶原基;sam.顶端分生组织;fip.雌花花序原基;fp.花原基;fst.花柄;pp.花瓣原基;cp.花萼原基;pip.雌蕊原基;op.胚珠原基;bp.花被原基。
Walnut varieties Wen 185(A-H)and Xin Xin 2(a-h)are in turn from top to bottom,and flower bud differentiation states in different periods are in turn from left to right(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H and a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h represent differentiation states of 04-15,05-15,05-30,06-15,07-15,08-15,09-15 and 03-30 on different sampling dates respectively);gp.Growth point;lp.leaf Primordium;sam.Apical meristem;fip.Primordium of female flower inflorescence;fp.Flower primordium;fst.Flower stalk;pp.Petal primordium;cp.Calyx primordium;pip.Pistil primordium;op.Ovule primordium;bp.perianth primordium.

雌花分化初期:5月中旬,雌花芽生长点顶部向上突起,呈馒头状,温185、新新2号雌花芽处于雌花分化初期(图1-B、图1-b)。

花原基分化期:雌花分化初期完成后,生长点继续向上生长,顶部逐渐分化形成花原基。温185 花原基分化期从5月中旬开始持续到6月中旬结束(图1-C)。而新新2 号花原基分化期较长,分化速度较慢,从5月中旬开始分化一直到7月中下旬结束(图1-c、图1-d、图1-e)。

花柄、雌蕊分化期:花原基分化结束后,在花原基顶部两侧逐渐形成突起状,为花被原基雏形,花原基下部则分化形成花柄。花被原基在随后的分化过程中,逐渐分化出花萼原基、花瓣原基、雌蕊原基和羽状柱头。并且花柄、雌蕊分化期在雌花芽分化过程中所占时间较长,温185雌花芽于6月中旬进入花柄、雌蕊分化期后一直持续至落叶休眠(图1-D、图1-E、图1-F、图1-G)。10月中旬温185雌花基本结构以分化完成,花柄、雌蕊分化期结束。而新新2号在翌年3 月30 日雌花芽花切片中只能观察到花萼原基、雌蕊原基,未观察到花瓣原基、胚珠原基。可以推测出新新2号花柄、雌蕊分化期从8月中上旬开始持续到到翌年4月上旬(图1-f、图1-g、图1-h)。

雌花形成期:翌年3月中旬,温185、新新2号雌花芽先后萌动。温185雌花芽花萼原基、花瓣原基、雌蕊原基继续分化,胚珠原基后分裂为2个,分化为二裂羽状柱头。生长点下部分化为子房,将来发育为果实。新新2号(图1-h)较温185(图1-H)分化速度要慢,雌花形成期在翌年4月中旬前后。

2.2 雄花芽解剖学观察

核桃雄花芽分化初期,叶芽与雄花芽难以分辨。本研究自5 月中旬开始采样,此时雄花芽外部基本形态已分化完成。雄花芽的生长为离基生长,即雄花芽形态学上端与形态学下端分化速度不一致。具体表现为花芽形态学下端分化速度较形态学上端分化速度要快。故选择雄花芽形态学上端第1~2节位点的雄蕊原基为观察标准。雌先型温185、雄先型新新2号雄花芽分化过程主要分为4个时期,分别为:雄花原基分化期、花萼和雄蕊分化期、花药分化期、雄花形成期。

雄花原基分化期:5 月中旬雄花芽外部基本形态已分化完成,叶芽与雄花芽肉眼可明显辨别,雄花芽外部形态呈“宝塔型”。此时,花芽内部花被原基内测形成一个突起,随花被原基的分化逐渐加宽,最终分化为雄花原基。5 月中旬雄花芽切片观察到,温185雄花芽(图2-A)此时雄花原基还未分化完成,而新新2号(图2-a)已完成雄花原基分化,并且逐渐形成花萼原基。

图2 新疆喀什地区叶城县核桃雄花芽不同时期花芽分化的石蜡切片观察
Fig.2 Paraffin section observation of male flower bud differentiation of Walnut in Yecheng County,Kashgar,Xinjiang

从上到下依次为核桃品种温185(A~G)、新新2 号(a~g);从左到右依次为不同时期花芽分化状态(A、B、C、D、E、F、G 和a、b、c、d、e、f、g 分别代表不同采样日期05-15、05-30、06-15、07-15、08-15、10-15、03-30 的分化状态);sam.顶端分生组织;fp.花原基;bp.花被原基;fpe.雄花萼片;sp.雄蕊原基;st.雄蕊;ant.花药;ps.花粉囊;pg.花粉粒;ep.表皮;ed.药室内壁;pmc.花粉母细胞。
Walnut varieties wen185(A-G)and Xinxin 2(a-g)from top to bottom,and flower bud differentiation at different stages from left to right(A,B,C,D,E,F,G and a,b,c,d,e,f,g represent differentiation at different sampling dates of 05-15,05-30,06-15,07-15,08-15,09-15 and 03-30,respectively); sam.Apical meristem; fp. Flower primordium; bp. Perianth primordium; fpe. Male flower sepals; sp. Stamen primordium; st. Stamen; ant.Anther;ps.Pollen sac;pg.Pollen grain;ep.Epidermis;ed.The inner wall of the chamber;pmc.Pollen mother cell.

花萼、雄蕊分化期:雄花原基分化形成后,其两侧细胞分化逐渐加快,在雄花原基中部形成凹陷,两侧突起,突起部分分化形成花萼原基。花萼原基继续伸长,逐渐向内测弯曲,雄花原基凹陷部位形成雄蕊原基。随后,雄蕊原基形成2~5个突起,并排排列于花被内测后分化为雄蕊。在5月下旬切片中可以观察到,新新2 号(图2-b)雄花芽花萼、雄蕊分化已完成,其分化速度快于温185(图2-B)。

花药分化期:雄蕊进一步分化形成花药。起初雄蕊呈椭圆形整齐排列于花被内测,并被花萼包裹。随后,雄蕊继续分化并逐渐伸长,上部窄小下部宽大,花萼也随之打开。最终分化形成花药,花药内细胞排列紧密,呈不规则的长条形。花药分化期在雄花芽分化过程中持续时间最长,温185雄花芽于6月上旬进入花药分化期至10 月中旬落叶休眠结束(图2-C、图2-D、图2-E、图2-F)。而新新2号雄花芽比温185分化速度要快,于5月下旬开始至落叶休眠结束(图2-c、图2-d、图2-e、图2-f)。

雄花形成期:翌年3 月下旬,新新2 号雄花芽先萌发。由图2-g观察到,花粉分化完成呈圆饼状,随机分布于花粉囊内,花粉囊表皮、药室内壁均已分化完成。而温185 雄花芽萌发较晚,在图2-G 中可观察到温185 花药内细胞逐渐分裂散开,正在逐渐分化形成花粉母细胞。

2.3 雌、雄花芽外部形态变化与内部解剖结构的相关性

随着核桃花芽的分化,其内部分化状态和外部形态均发生变化。通过观察内部解剖结构和外部形态变化发现,雌先型温185 和雄先型新新2 号雌、雄花芽在不同分化时期内雌雄花芽外部的形态变化和内部花芽分化状态之间具有稳定的关系。由图3、表2 可知,雌花芽在雌花分化初期之前,花芽呈“心形”,外部鳞片质软。在花原基分化期,花芽由“心形”转变为“盾形”,外部鳞片也逐渐半木质化,幼叶和鳞片层数均持续增加。在花柄和雌蕊分化期,外部鳞片由半木质化逐渐向木质化转变,并且鳞片层数不再增加。雌花形成期,外部鳞片已木质化,花芽开始膨大,幼叶层数不再有所增加。雄花芽外部解剖结构的变化表现为花芽形态、花芽包裹紧密程度以及小苞片与花序中轴的夹角上。在雄花原基分化期和雄蕊、花萼分化期以及花药分化期之间,外部形态差异主要在于小苞片与花序中轴的夹角的变化,这三个时期夹角依次为30°、45°、90°。雄花形成期花芽膨大,花序逐渐松散是该时期特有的表现。

图3 新新2 号、温185 核桃雌雄花芽不同时期外部形态变化
Fig.3 External morphological changes of male and female flower buds of Xinxin 2 and wen185 Walnut at different stages

表2 雌、雄花芽不同分化时期花芽外部形态的变化
Table 2 Changes of external morphology of female and male flower buds at different differentiation stages

花性别Gender雌花芽Female flower bud分化时期Differentiation period形态分化临界期Critical stage of morphological differentiation雌花分化初期Initial stage of female flower differentiation花原基分化期Flower primordium differentiation stage花柄、雌蕊分化期Petiole and pistil differentiation stage雌花形成期Female flower formation stage雄花芽Male flower bud雄花原基分化期Male flower primordium雄蕊、花萼分化期Stamen and calyx花药分化期Anther differentiation stage雄花形成期Male flower formation stage外部形态External form花芽呈心形,外部鳞片质软,鳞片3~6层,幼叶1~3层。The flower buds are heart-shaped, soft, with 3-6 layers of scales and 1-3 layers of young leaves.花芽呈心形,外部鳞片质软,鳞片7~9层,幼叶3~6层。The flower buds are heart-shaped, soft, with 7-9 layers of scales and 3-6 layers of young leaves.花芽呈盾形,外部鳞片逐渐半木质化,鳞片8~11层,幼叶5~8层。The flower buds are shield shaped, the external scales are gradually semi lignified,with 8-11 layers of scales and 5-8 layers of young leaves.花芽呈盾形,外部鳞片逐渐木质化,鳞片层数不再增加,幼叶6~10层。The flower buds are shield shaped, the external scales are gradually lignified, the number of scale layers is no longer increased,and the young leaves have 6-10 layers.花芽逐渐膨大,呈盾形,外部鳞片木质化,幼叶层数不再增加。The flower buds gradually expanded in shield shape, the external scales were lignified,and the number of young leaf layers was no longer increased.花芽呈三角形,花序包裹紧密,小苞片与花序中轴呈30°夹角。The flower buds are triangular, the inflorescence is tightly wrapped, and the bracteoles are at an angle of 30°with the central axis of the inflorescence.花芽呈三角形,花序包裹紧密,小苞片与花序中轴呈45°夹角。The flower buds are triangular, the inflorescence is tightly wrapped, and the bracteoles are at an angle of 45°with the central axis of the inflorescence.花芽呈圆柱形,花序包裹紧密,小苞片与花序中轴呈90°夹角。The flower buds are cylindrical, the inflorescence is tightly wrapped, and the bracteoles are at an angle of 90°with the central axis of the inflorescence.雄花膨大,花序逐渐松散,小苞片与花序中轴呈90°夹角。The male flower is expanded, the inflorescence is gradually loose, and the bracteoles are at an angle of 90°with the central axis of the inflorescence.

3 讨 论

核桃花芽分化是一个连续的过程,分化周期达一年以上。本研究中将雌先型品种温185和雄先型品种新新2号雌花芽分化过程划分为形态分化临界期、雌花分化初期、花原基分化期、花柄和雌蕊分化期、雌花形成期5 个时期。将雄花芽分化过程划分为雄花原基分化期、花萼和雄蕊分化期、花药分化期、雄花形成期共4 个时期。由于在花芽分化的过程中,各个时期无明显界限,并且不同的学者在对花芽分化时期的划分时,所采取的方法有所不同[15]。因此在时期的划分上不同的学者有不同的观点,但是都以花芽各部位分化原基出现的节点为划分依据。高英等[16]将河北易县雄先型早实品种辽宁一号核桃雌花芽以花柄、苞片、花被和雌蕊的出现为节点划分了5个时期。而李永涛等[17]将山东省泰安市早实品种香玲雌花芽则以花序、雌花和花柄原基、花被原基、胚珠为节点共划分了7 个时期。由于各个分化原基并不是依次出现,就导致相邻时期之间存在交叉重叠现象。在本研究中,雌花芽花柄和雌蕊原基分化期就在很大一部分时间段内同时分化,因此将花柄和雌蕊划分为同一个时期。在雄花芽中,雄蕊和花萼分化期同样存在交叉重叠现象。这与张强等[18]、魏海林等[19]、常君等[20]的研究结果相符。

核桃具有雌雄异熟性,在花芽分化过程中,雌先型品种雌花分化速度快于雄先型,雄先型雄花分化快于雌先型[21]。对比供试的雌先型温185和雄先型新新2 号雌花芽分化过程后发现,两个品种在雌花芽形态分化临界期、雌花分化初期分化速度无明显差异。随后温185 雌花芽分化速度逐渐快于新新2号。温185花原基分化期周期较短,于5月中旬开始分化至6月中旬结束,新新2号则从5月中旬持续到7月中下旬。在秋季落叶休眠前,温185雌蕊基本结构已分化完成,新新2号则在翌年4月上旬完成雌蕊基本结构的分化。新新2 号雄花芽在各个时期上,分化速度始终快于温185。特别在翌年3 月中下旬新新2 号雄花芽花粉囊、花药已分化完成,温185 此时正在分化形成花粉母细胞。5 月中下旬至7 月上旬和翌年3月中上旬至4月中下旬是核桃雌蕊和花药分化的重要时间段,此期间核桃果实的迅速生长、花芽的萌动膨大以及新梢的抽生展叶均需消耗大量养分。为了保证花芽分化的质量应当更加注重该时间段核桃的肥水管理和春季、夏季修剪工作,提高养分有效利用率,对当年坚果产量的提高及翌年开花结实具有重要作用[22]。同时雌、雄花芽分化速度上的差异,为雌先型雌花、雄先型雄花优先绽放奠定了基础。雌先型雌花的优先绽放,是雌先型品种果实较雄先型优先坐果的前提。通过对温185和新新2号开花坐果物候期观测,发现温185雌花盛开期较新新2 号提前10 天左右,坐果期比新新2 号提前一周,这与张志华等[23]和赵书岗等[24]的研究结果相同。

核桃雌、雄花芽分化时期并不是一成不变的。栽培地的气候条件,特别是春季气温回升的快慢会提前或推迟雌雄花芽开始分化的时间。同时,在花芽分化过程中,栽培地的气候条件也会影响花芽分化各时期周期的长短[14]。因此,以时间来判断花芽分化时期往往会存在误差。但前人对海南蒲桃、山茱萸、金花茶等植物花芽分化过程中外部形态和内部结构之间的关系展开了研究,认为二者之间具有一定的相关性[25-27]。高英等[16]对辽宁一号核桃雌花芽研究结果表明二者相关性主要体现为鳞片木质化程度、幼叶层数以及花芽大小与形状。田小琴等[14]研究表明通过串核桃花芽分化外部形态和内部解剖结构的关系,对生产中花期的调控以及控制坐果率具有重要意义。本研究发现,雌花芽形态和大小的变化,鳞片、幼叶层数的增加,以及木质化程度的改变都随着内部分化进程而发生变化。这与高英[16]的研究结果相吻合。而雄花芽小苞片与花序中轴二者之间的夹角,以及外部形态大小与雄花芽的分化状态具有相关性。因此,以雌雄花芽外部形态指标推测花芽内部分化状态具有可行性。

4 结 论

新新2 号和温185 雌花芽分化过程均划分为形态分化临界期、雌花分化初期、花原基分化期、花柄、雌蕊分化期、雌花形成期共5 个时期。雄花芽分化过程可划分为雄花原基分化期、花萼和雄蕊分化期、花药分化期、雄花形成期共4 个时期。雌雄花芽在外部形态特征与内部解剖结构之间具有稳定关系,这为判断花芽分化程度提供一种新的依据,对生产中调控花芽数量、质量以及科研适时采样具有重要意义。

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Comparative study on flower bud differentiation of female and male early blooming type walnut varieties

YU Dong1,2,3,4,ZHAO Yu2,3,4,HAN Liqun2,3,4,GUO Caihua1,KANG Chao1,MA Kai2,3,4*,NIU Jianxin1*
(1Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University/Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit and Vegetable Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization Corps, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China;2Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China;3Xinjiang Fruit Tree Scientific Observation and Test Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Urumqi 830091,Xinjiang,China;4Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Genome and Genetic Improvement,Urumqi 830091,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Wen185 and Xinxin 2 are the main varieties of Walnut cultivated in Xinjiang.They are often used as pollination trees each other in production to ensure the yield of walnut.Researchers have done a lot on the differentiation process of male and female flower buds of a single variety,but there have been few studies on the differentiation process and characteristics of the male and female flower buds at different stages of two varieties simultaneously. We compared the changes of external morphology and internal structure of the male and female flower buds of Wen185 and Xinxin 2 at different stages,and detected the correlation between them as well.Furthermore,we elaborated the processes of the male and female flower bud differentiation to provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and management of Xinjiang walnut.【Methods】The male and female flowers were observed by paraffin section.The internal structural characteristics of the male and female flower bud differentiation were observed by the microscope(Nikon eclipse TS2)(the image processing software is nis elements D 4.60.00 64 bit,Adobe Photoshop CS6). The male and female flower buds were dissected with anatomical needles, and their external structural characteristics were observed. The data were analyzed to explore the correlation between the internal and external structural characteristics during flower bud differentiation of Wen185 and Xinxin 2.【Results】The results showed that: (1)The female flower bud of female early blooming type variety Wen 185 and the male early blooming type variety Xinxin 2 turned into the critical stage of the female flower morphological differentiation in mid-April,and then experienced six stages: flower primordium differentiation stage, flower primordium differentiation stage, pedicel primordium differentiation stage,and perianth primordium maturation stage.There was no significant difference in the rate of the male and female primary morphological differentiation between Wen 185 and Xinxin 2.Then the female flower bud differentiation rate of Wen 185 was gradually higher than that of Xinxin 2. There was overlap between adjacent cycles. In this study, the differentiation stage of the flower bud and stem primordium and the differentiation stage of flower primordium were carried out at the same time to a great extent.(2)In mid-May,the male flower buds of female early blooming type variety Wen 185 and the male early blooming type variety Xinxin 2 turned into five stages:Stamen primordium differentiation,sepal primordium differentiation,stamen primordium differentiation,and stamen differentiation,maturation.In each stage,the differentiation rate of the male flower buds of Xinxin 2 was always prior to Wen 185.Among the male flower buds,there was also cross overlap between the flower primordium differentiation stage and the differentiation stage of sepal primordium.(3)The external shape and the size of male and female flower buds of Wen 185 and Xinxin 2 were related to the internal anatomical structure.(4)From mid late May to early July,and from mid early March to mid late April of the following year were two important time periods for pistil and anther differentiation of the walnut.At this time,the rapid growth of the walnut fruits,the germination and expansion of flower buds and the sprouting and leaf expansion of new shoots all need consuming a lot of nutrients.In order to ensure the quality of the flower bud differentiation, we should pay more attention to the fertilizer and water management and the pruning in the spring and summer, so as to improve the effective utilization rate of nutrients, which would play an important role in improving the yield of nuts in the current year and flowering and fruiting in the next year.At the same time,the difference in the differentiation speed of the male and female flower buds would lay a foundation for the preferential blooming of the female and male flowers. The preferential blooming of female flowers is the premise for the priority of fruit setting of the female antecedent varieties compared with male antecedent varieties. Through the observation of flowering and fruit setting phenological period of Wen 185 and Xinxin 2, it was found that the female flower blooming period of Wen 185 is about 10 days earlier than that of Xinxin 2, and the fruit setting period is one week earlier than that of Xinxin 2.【Conclusion】It is feasible to infer the internal differentiation stage from the external morphological characteristics of the male and female flower buds,and the differentiation state of the male and female flower buds can be judged conveniently and quickly.

Key words:Walnut;Flower bud differentiation;Internal anatomical structure;External form

中图分类号:S664.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)06-1054-09

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210609

收稿日期:2021-11-24

接受日期:2022-02-26

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(31960584,32060668)

作者简介:于栋,男,在读硕士研究生,研究方向为果树学。Tel:15349052536,E-mail:1060549098@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13999533176,E-mail:njx105@163.com;Tel:13999153232,E-mail:sunshine002mk@163.com