不同类型土壤栽培香榧种仁品质综合评价和分析

曹永庆,任华东,王开良,姚小华*

(中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所,杭州 311400)

摘 要:【目的】对不同母岩发育土壤栽培的香榧种仁品质进行综合评价和分析,为高品质香榧的栽培和生产提供借鉴和参考。【方法】以火山灰土、花岗岩风化土、砂土、黄泥土和石灰岩土5种不同类型土壤栽培的香榧林为对象,分析土壤养分与香榧品质性状的相关关系,基于灰色系统关联度分析法对种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸、淀粉、可溶性糖、矿质元素和维生素E含量等品质性状以及炒制加工风味进行综合评价。【结果】不同类型土壤pH值、有机质和矿质元素含量的变异系数在19.02%~177.20%之间;土壤pH值与镁元素呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01),与钙、锌元素呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05);有机质与水解性氮、钙与镁元素、镁与锌元素、锰与锌元素含量分别呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05);不同类型土壤香榧种仁含油率、蛋白质和水解氨基酸含量变异系数在3.42%~4.85%之间,淀粉、可溶性糖、矿质元素和维生素E含量的变异系数在7.11%~38.09%之间;土壤有机质与种仁淀粉、可溶性糖含量间的相关系数分别为0.902、0.893(p<0.05),土壤水解性氮含量与种仁淀粉含量间的相关系数为0.965(p<0.01),而且土壤矿质元素和种仁矿质元素含量间也存在显著相关关系;砂土栽培香榧种仁风味指标、内在营养指标和加工感官品质的灰色关联度综合评价排名分别为第1、第2和第1,香榧种仁风味指标和加工感官品质灰色关联度值的相关系数达0.958(p<0.01)。【结论】不同母岩发育土壤的香榧种仁品质特征差异较大,其中,砂土种植的香榧综合品质最佳;种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸、淀粉和可溶性糖含量可作为灰色关联度分析的量化指标用于评判香榧的加工感官品质。

关键词:香榧;土壤类型;品质性状;加工感官风味;灰色关联度分析

榧树(Torreya grandis)是裸子植物红豆杉科(Taxaceae)榧属(Torreya Arn.)常绿乔木,在我国有1300多年的栽培历史。榧树种仁含油率为42.67%~61.47%,不饱和脂肪酸含量可达80%,蛋白质含量10%左右,含有7种人体必需氨基酸,富含钾、镁、钙和锌等矿质元素[1-6],不仅营养价值高,而且还有抗菌、镇咳以及抗肿瘤的作用[7-10],具有较大的经济价值和开发潜力。香榧(T.grandis‘Merrillii’)是目前主栽的、经人工选育及嫁接繁育栽培得到的优良榧树品种[11]

近年来,我国香榧产业发展规模不断扩大,香榧产量不断提升,栽培立地类型趋向多样化,人们对高品质香榧的栽培和生产需求越来越高。果实内含物营养成分是果实高品质形成的基础[12]。长期以来,研究者从营养管理、土壤条件和产量调控等方面对高品质香榧的培育和生产开展了大量研究。李瑞芳[13]和黄其颖等[14]研究了微量元素肥对香榧种仁品质的影响;戴文圣等[15]研究发现土壤中的钙元素含量与香榧中的钙、铁、氮元素含量呈显著相关,是影响香榧品质的重要因素;孙小红等[16]基于坚果大小、油脂含量和组成、蛋白质含量等指标对绍兴地区香榧坚果的品质进行了综合评价,结果表明不同产地香榧的综合品质差异较大;此外,也有研究认为,黄泥土最利于香榧的生长[17]。可见,营养管理、产区生态和土壤条件是影响其品质形成的重要因素。然而,香榧分布区的栽培立地土壤类型多样,大面积的香榧栽植于火山灰土、花岗岩风化土、砂土、黄泥土和石灰岩土等不同类型的土壤中,不同母岩发育土壤对香榧种仁品质的影响仍不清楚。基于此,笔者在本研究中以浙江省典型的香榧栽培林地为对象,分析了5种母岩发育土壤的养分特征及其与香榧品质性状的关系,基于灰色系统关联度分析法对香榧种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸、淀粉、可溶性糖、矿质元素和维生素E含量等品质性状以及炒制加工风味进行综合评价,以期为高品质香榧的栽培和生产提供借鉴和参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验时间和地点

试验在浙江省杭州市临安区和富阳区、金华东阳市和绍兴诸暨市的香榧种植基地进行(表1),室内试验在中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所进行。

表1 不同土壤类型香榧林的分布情况
Table 1 Soil types in the T.grandis plantations

土壤类型Soil type火山灰土Volcanic ash soil花岗岩风化土Granite weathered soil砂土Sandy soil黄泥土Yellow loam石灰岩土Calcareous soil地点Location绍兴诸暨市Zhuji,Shaoxing金华东阳市Dongyang,Jinhua绍兴诸暨市Zhuji,Shaoxing杭州富阳区Fuyang District,Hangzhou杭州临安区Lin’an District,Hangzhou海拔Altitude/m 450 500 500 100 450年均降雨量Mean annual precipitation/mm 1 373.6 1 527.2 1 373.6 1 760.1 1 628.6

1.2 试验材料

各土壤类型种植的香榧(T.grandis‘Merrillii’)树龄为15~20 a,正常管理,选取生长良好、无病虫害、生长势相对一致的代表性植株为样株。

1.3 试验方法

1.3.1 种仁品质指标的测定 2020 年9 月,于果实充分成熟时取样,在树冠不同方位随机采30个果,3次重复。参照GB 5009.6—2016 索氏抽提法[18]测定种仁含油率;参照GB 5009.82—2016 正相高效液相色谱法[19]测定种仁维生素E 含量;参照GB 5009.124—2016用氨基酸自动分析仪测定种仁水解氨基酸含量[20];参照GB 5009.5—2016凯氏定氮法[21]测定种仁蛋白质含量;采用蒽酮比色法测定淀粉和可溶性糖的含量;参照GB 5009.268—2016 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)[22]测定种仁中锰、铁、锌元素含量,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定种仁中钾、钙、镁元素含量。

1.3.2 香榧加工风味品质的评价 从典型植株上取25 kg充分成熟的种子,进行统一后熟、炒制和加工,遴选15 名专业人员对香榧种仁的风味感官进行评价,各指标及标准分值如下:咬感(35 分)、香味(20分)、甜味(20分)、肉质细腻程度(25分)。各加工风味指标的得分以平均值表示。

1.3.3 土壤养分的测定 采用随机定点法进行土壤取样,以树冠外沿为取样区域,去除表土,用环刀采集土壤表层(0~20 cm)样品,每个样品由3~5个取样点混合而成。参照LY/T 1239—1999 电位法[23]测定土壤的pH值;参照LY/T 1228—2015碱解-扩散法[24]测定土壤水解性氮含量;参照LY/T 1232—2015碳酸氢钠浸提法[25]测定土壤有效磷含量;参照LY/T 1234—2015 火焰光度法[26]测定土壤速效钾含量;参照LY/T 1237—1999 重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法[27]测定土壤有机质含量;参照NY/T 296—1995原子吸收分光光度法[28]测定土壤镁、钙元素含量;采用重铬酸钾法测定土壤铁元素含量;参照HJ491—2019火焰原子吸收分光光度法[29]测定土壤锌元素含量。

1.4 统计分析

采用灰色关联度分析法[30]对种仁品质进行综合评价;数据采用Microsoft Excel 2003 软件和SPSS 19.0进行统计分析并作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同土壤类型的差异分析

香榧产区各土壤类型的营养水平明显不同。如表2 所示,5 个土壤类型的pH 值在5.05~7.62 之间,变异系数为19.02%;花岗岩风化土、黄泥土和砂土偏酸性,pH 值较低;石灰岩土呈弱碱性,pH 值较高。土壤有机质以及水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、锌、钙、镁、锰和铁元素的平均含量(w)分别为31.60 g·kg-1、180.14 mg·kg-1、233.67 mg·kg-1、214.84 mg·kg-1、12.31 g·kg-1、9.46 g·kg-1、0.74 g·kg-1、40.98 g·kg-1和115.40 mg·kg-1,变异系数在39.68%~177.20%之间。主成分分析结果如图1 所示,各土壤类型的养分特征差异较大,说明香榧对土壤的适应性较强。进一步分析了土壤各特征指标间的相关性,结果如表3所示,土壤pH值与镁元素含量呈极显著正相关(p <0.01),与钙、锌元素含量呈显著正相关(p <0.05);有机质含量与水解性氮含量、钙含量与镁元素含量、镁含量与锌元素含量、锰含量与锌元素含量分别呈显著正相关(p <0.05)。

图1 不同土壤类型主成分分析
Fig.1 Principal component analysis of different soil types

表2 不同类型土壤的营养特征
Table 2 Nutrients status of different types of soil

土壤类型Soil type火山灰土Volcanic ash soil花岗岩风化土Granite weathered soil砂土Sandy soil黄泥土Yellow loam石灰岩土Calcareous soil平均值Mean变异系数CV/%pH 6.29 5.05 5.44 4.93 7.62 5.87 19.02 w(有机质)Organic matter content/(g·kg-1)26.30 34.20 15.40 32.30 49.80 31.60 39.68 w(水解性氮)Hydrolytic nitrogen content/(mg·kg-1)136.00 135.00 66.70 253.00 310.00 180.14 54.83 w(有效磷)Available phosphorus content/(mg·kg-1)553.00 13.50 3.85 398.00 200.00 233.67 102.93 w(速效钾)Available potassium content/(mg·kg-1)190.00 47.20 144.00 289.00 404.00 214.84 63.74 w(钙)Calcium content/(g·kg-1)10.60 0.13 0.01 0.33 50.50 12.31 177.20 w(镁)Magnesium content/(g·kg-1)16.00 1.40 1.66 0.74 27.50 9.46 126.19 w(锰)Manganese content/(g·kg-1)1.64 0.50 0.44 0.20 0.91 0.74 76.59 w(铁)Ferrum content/(g·kg-1)85.20 22.00 28.70 35.20 33.80 40.98 61.63 w(锌)Zinc content/(mg·kg-1)183.00 71.00 75.00 70.00 178.00 115.40 51.55

表3 不同土壤类型各养分指标间的相关性分析
Table 3 Correlation analysis between nutrients indicators of different soil types

注:*表示显著相关,**表示极显著相关。下同。
Note:*indicates significant correlation,**indicates extremely significant correlation.The same below.

指标Index pH有机质Organic matter水解性氮Hydrolytic nitrogen有效磷Available phosphorus速效钾Available potassium钙Calcium镁Magnesium锰Manganese铁Ferrum锌Zinc pH 1.000有机质Organic matter 0.604 1.000水解性氮Hydrolytic nitrogen 0.513 0.882*1.000有效磷Available phosphorus 0.186 0.080 0.311 1.000速效钾Available potassium 0.685 0.631 0.862 0.388 1.000钙Calcium 0.951*0.789 0.708 0.081 0.777 1.000镁Magnesium 0.985**0.656 0.566 0.315 0.689 0.937*1.000锰Manganese 0.596 0.073-0.058 0.578 0.099 0.363 0.662 1.000铁Ferrum 0.286-0.173-0.106 0.840 0.084 0.046 0.380 0.875 1.000锌Zinc 0.883*0.432 0.358 0.543 0.525 0.743 0.930*0.882*0.689 1.000

2.2 不同土壤类型栽培的香榧种仁品质性状差异分析

种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸、淀粉和可溶性糖含量是形成香榧风味的重要性状。如表4 所示,不同土壤类型的香榧种仁含油率和蛋白质和水解氨基酸平均含量(w)分别为59.56%、12.20 g·100 g-1和11.96 g·100 g-1,变异系数在3.42%~5.44%之间,其中黄泥土栽培的香榧种仁含油率最高,石灰岩土栽培的香榧种仁蛋白质和氨基酸含量最高;淀粉和可溶性糖平均含量分别为4.97、3.36 g·100 g-1,变异系数分别为13.91%和13.38%,其中石灰岩土栽培的香榧种仁淀粉和可溶性糖含量最高,砂土最低。

表4 不同土壤类型香榧种仁的品质性状
Table 4 Kernel quality traits of T.grandis from different soil types

种仁品质性状Quality traits风味指标Flavor indicators内在营养指标Inner nutritional traits种仁含油率Oil content in kernel/%w(蛋白质)Protein content/(g·100 g-1)w(水解氨基酸)Hydrolyzed amino acid content/(g·100 g-1)w(淀粉)Starch content/(g·100 g-1)w(可溶性糖)Soluble sugar content/(g·100 g-1)w(钾)Potassium content/(g·kg-1)w(钙)Calcium content/(g·kg-1)w(镁)Magnesium content/(g·kg-1)w(锰)Manganese content/(mg·kg-1)w(铁)Ferrum content/(mg·kg-1)w(锌)Zinc content/(mg·kg-1)w(维生素E)Vitamin E content/(g·kg-1)土壤类型Soil type火山灰土Volcanic ash soil 60.60±1.28 11.40±0.65 11.29±0.12 4.64±0.98 3.07±0.26 5.52±0.33 0.75±0.05 2.51±0.06 8.99±0.89 37.80±3.20 15.10±0.92 1.13±0.06花岗岩风化土Granite weathered soil 56.70±1.07 12.40±0.83 12.08±0.68 4.94±0.79 3.75±0.82 6.50±0.54 0.44±0.03 2.14±0.08 23.90±1.19 46.80±2.56 17.50±1.03 1.49±0.09砂土Sandy soil 60.70±0.98 12.00±0.75 11.89±1.01 4.02±0.66 2.73±0.24 5.77±0.52 0.42±0.04 2.30±0.25 21.40±0.84 48.40±3.83 19.60±1.67 1.26±0.11黄泥土Yellow loam 61.60±1.01 12.00±0.80 11.70±0.96 5.54±0.47 3.48±0.15 4.40±0.65 0.51±0.03 2.35±0.18 18.90±1.02 42.20±3.22 22.30±2.12 1.12±0.08石灰岩土Calcareous soil 58.20±1.3559.56 13.20±0.66 12.86±0.38 5.73±0.36 3.76±0.18 5.17±0.23 0.61±0.02 2.56±0.23 11.40±1.73 49.90±4.74 18.20±2.88 1.29±0.07平均值Mean 12.20 11.96 4.97 3.36 5.47 0.55 2.37 16.92 45.02 18.54 1.26变异系数CV/%3.42 5.44 4.85 13.91 13.38 14.12 24.93 7.11 38.09 11.02 14.34 11.94差异显著性Significance of difference***************

香榧种仁富含矿质元素和维生素E,是形成香榧内在营养品质的重要因子。从表4 可以看出,香榧种仁钾、镁、钙元素含量较高,平均含量分别达到了5.47、2.37、0.55 g·kg-1;锰、铁、锌元素的平均含量相对较低,分别为16.92、45.02、18.54 mg·kg-1。不同类型土壤栽培的香榧种仁矿质元素含量差异较大,如花岗岩风化土栽培的香榧种仁钾元素含量达到了6.50 g·kg-1,是黄泥土的1.48倍,但其钙、镁元素含量较低,分别为火山灰土的58.67%和85.26%。此外,不同矿质元素含量的变异系数差异也较大,钙、锰元素含量的变异系数较高,镁、铁元素含量的变异系数较低,各矿质元素含量的变异系数平均达18.27%。在活性成分方面,不同类型土壤栽培的香榧种仁维生素E 的平均含量为1.26 g·kg- 1,变异系数为11.94%,其中花岗岩风化土的香榧种仁维生素E 含量最高。

2.3 土壤养分特征与种仁品质性状指标的相关性分析

土壤养分特征指标与种仁品质性状指标的相关性如表5 所示。香榧种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸和维生素E含量与土壤各养分指标间无显著相关性;种仁淀粉、可溶性糖含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.902和0.893;种仁淀粉含量还与土壤水解性氮含量呈显著正相关,相关系数达0.965。此外,种仁矿质元素含量受土壤矿质元素含量的影响较大。如,种仁钙元素含量和土壤有效磷、锰、铁、锌元素含量,以及种仁镁元素含量和土壤速效钾、镁和锌元素含量之间均呈显著正相关;种仁锰元素含量则与土壤镁、锰和锌元素含量呈显著负相关。

表5 土壤养分特征指标与种仁品质性状指标间的相关性分析
Table 5 Correlation analysis between soil nutritional traits and kernel quality traits

指标Index种仁Kernel种仁含油率Oil content in kernel蛋白质Protein水解氨基hydrolyzed amino acid淀粉Starch可溶性糖Soluble sugar钾Potassium钙Calcium镁Magnesium锰Manganese铁Ferrum锌Zinc维生素E Vitamin E土壤Soil pH-0.221 0.515 0.568 0.353 0.208-0.137 0.613 0.835*-0.782 0.237-0.436-0.088有机质Organic matter-0.536 0.783 0.728 0.902*0.893*-0.223 0.267 0.383-0.345 0.301-0.039 0.230水解性氮Hydrolytic nitrogen-0.092 0.627 0.567 0.965**0.717-0.654 0.293 0.530-0.411 0.144 0.293-0.184有效磷Available phosphorus 0.552-0.502-0.533 0.282 0.063-0.599 0.835*0.627-0.740-0.859*-0.189-0.804速效钾Available potassium 0.239 0.481 0.480 0.703 0.289-0.783 0.417 0.806*-0.620 0.131 0.274-0.486钙Calcium-0.323 0.725 0.751 0.576 0.442-0.222 0.452 0.741-0.642 0.391-0.226 0.019镁Magnesium-0.220 0.458 0.495 0.431 0.282-0.173 0.714 0.859*-0.845*0.104-0.483-0.131锰Manganese-0.009-0.290-0.245-0.121-0.164 0.135 0.900*0.642-0.834*-0.499-0.874*-0.271铁Ferrum 0.410-0.638-0.614-0.159-0.354-0.162 0.897*0.596-0.783-0.824*-0.613-0.627锌Zinc-0.055 0.106 0.147 0.238 0.076-0.134 0.902*0.879*-0.954**-0.229-0.666-0.301

2.4 香榧种仁品质的灰色关联度分析

以各性状指标的最优值设定参考样,根据关联分析原则,分别计算风味指标(种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸、淀粉、可溶性糖含量)和营养品质指标(矿质元素和维生素E 含量)的等权关联度,关联度越大则表示综合品质越优良。如表6 所示,从风味品质指标来看,砂土栽培的香榧种仁品质最佳(等权关联度值0.839 3),花岗岩风化土栽培的最差(等权关联度值0.574 7);从内在营养品质指标来看,花岗岩栽培最好(等权关联度值0.787 3),火山灰土和黄泥土栽培则相对较差。

表6 不同土壤类型香榧种仁的风味和内在营养品质的灰色关联度分析
Table 6 Grey relation analysis of flavor and inner nutritional quality of T.grandis kernel from different soil types

土壤类型Soil type火山灰土Volcanic ash soil花岗岩风化土Granite weathered soil砂土Sandy soil黄泥土Yellow loam石灰岩土Calcareous soil风味指标Flavor indicators等权关联度Equal weight correlation degree 0.615 2 0.574 7 0.839 3 0.601 2 0.683 2排序Rank 3 5 1 4 2内在营养指标Inner nutritional indicators等权关联度Equal weight correlation degree 0.652 3 0.787 3 0.707 8 0.657 3 0.704 5排序Rank 5 1 2 4 3

进一步对炒制加工后的不同土壤类型栽培香榧籽进行感官评测,结果如表7 所示。灰色关联度分析表明,不同土壤类型栽培的香榧籽在加工后感官风味上明显不同,其中,砂土栽培的香榧籽综合评价最好(加权关联度值0.921 7),花岗岩风化土的综合评价最差(加权关联度值0.799 2),石灰岩土、黄泥土和火山灰土居中。

表7 香榧加工感官品质的灰色关联度分析
Table 7 Grey relation analysis of processing sensory quality of T.grandis

注:各感官风味指标的权重系数为:咬感0.35、香味0.20、甜味0.20、肉质细腻程度0.25。
Note: The weight coefficients of sensory indicators were as follows:biting sense 0.35,Fragrance 0.20,Sweet taste 0.20,Fine texture 0.25.

土壤类型Soil type火山灰土Volcanic ash soil花岗岩风化土Granite weathered soil砂土Sandy soil黄泥土Yellow loam石灰岩土Calcareous soil感官品质Sensory quality咬感Biting sense 27.85 27.16 28.83 28.00 27.58香味Fragrance 15.53 15.00 15.94 15.00 14.97甜味Sweet taste 14.20 14.2117.68 14.5620.00 15.0018.00 15.8218.79肉质细腻程度Fine texture 18.50加权关联度Weighted correlation degree 0.842 5 0.799 2 0.921 7 0.843 8 0.862 9排序Rank 4 5 1 3 2

对风味指标、内在营养指标和加工感官品质的关联度取值进行相关性分析,发现香榧种仁风味指标和加工感官品质呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.957 5(p <0.01),内在营养指标和加工感官品质间存在负相关关系,相关系数为-0.335 0(p <0.05),而种仁风味指标和内在营养指标(相关系数-0.057)无显著相关性(图2)。

图2 香榧种仁风味指标、内在营养指标和加工感官品质的关系
Fig.2 Relations among kernel flavor indicators,inner nutritional indicators and processing sensory quality of T.grandis

3 讨 论

本研究结果表明,浙江省香榧栽培立地土壤类型丰富且养分特征差异较大,不同类型土壤pH 值、有机质和矿质元素含量的变异系数在19.02%~177.20%之间,土壤水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量普遍较高,如除花岗岩风化土外,各土壤的速效钾含量普遍超过140 mg·kg-1,这与前期对香榧林地土壤养分的总体调查结果类似[31-32]。此外,从土壤养分特征指标间的相关性分析可以看出,土壤pH 值与钙、镁、锌元素以及有机质和水解性氮含量均呈显著正相关(p <0.05),表明土壤酸碱度是影响钙、镁、锌等矿质元素供给能力的重要因素,增加香榧林地有机质对提高土壤水解性氮含量具有积极的作用[33]

在香榧种仁品质性状方面,种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸含量的变异系数较低,而种仁淀粉、可溶性糖、矿质元素含量和维生素E 含量的变异系数较高,表明土壤养分特征对种仁淀粉、可溶性糖、矿质元素和维生素E含量的影响较大。本研究中的相关性分析也表明,土壤有机质含量与种仁淀粉、可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.902和0.893),这可能与有机质能改善土壤结构和微生物环境、促进营养吸收有关[34-35]。此外,土壤矿质元素和种仁矿质元素含量间也存在显著相关关系,如土壤有效磷含量与香榧种仁钙、铁元素含量呈显著正相关,这可能与土壤有效磷通常以钙-磷、铁-磷结合态存在和植物协同吸收有关[36-38]

不同类型土壤香榧种仁品质的灰色关联度评价结果表明,砂土上种植的香榧在风味指标(排名第1)、内在营养指标(排名第2)和加工感官品质(排名第1)3个方面综合表现较好。韩宁林等[39]前期的调查也认为,石砾含量低于30%的砂质土壤最适宜香榧种植,这可能与砂土质地疏松、通气性好、适于香榧肉质根系的生长有关。但是,砂土容易存在有机质、氮和有效磷不足的情况,应注意加强施肥管理。相较砂土,黄泥土养分含量丰富[17],虽然有利于香榧的树体生长和丰产性,但其上栽培的香榧种仁品质和风味并不突出,这可能与土壤黏性、养分含量构成以及区域气候等有关。

此外,果实品质形成成分通常会影响其风味[40-42]。虽然香榧种仁淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量、含油率及各脂肪酸组分在采后后熟过程中会发生变化和转化[43],但种仁风味指标和加工感官品质仍呈显著正相关关系,从得分排序上来看二者也基本一致。因此,香榧种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸、淀粉、可溶性糖含量可作为灰色系统关联度分析的量化指标用于评判香榧的加工感官品质。

笔者在本研究中调查的不同土壤类型分布于不同地区,海拔和降雨量等生态因子存在差异,这也可能会对香榧的品质性状产生影响,但生态因子和土壤条件对香榧品质性状的交互作用影响仍不清楚,需要进一步研究。在土壤研究养分特征方面,本研究结果基本上反映了不同母岩发育土壤的差异,但土壤经营管理措施也会一定程度上影响土壤养分含量。因此,今后的研究还需进一步明确各类型土壤养分特征对不同经营管理水平的响应规律,从而为指导香榧林地高效养分管理提供借鉴和指导。

4 结 论

不同母岩发育土壤上栽培的香榧种仁品质特征差异较大,其中种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸含量相对稳定,而淀粉、可溶性糖、矿质元素和维生素E 含量的变异系数相对较高;土壤有机质与种仁淀粉、可溶性糖含量,土壤矿质元素和种仁矿质元素含量间均存在显著相关关系;砂土上种植的香榧综合品质最佳;种仁含油率和蛋白质、水解氨基酸、淀粉、可溶性糖含量可作为灰色关联度分析的量化指标用于评判香榧的加工感官品质。

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Comprehensive evaluation and analysis of kernel quality of Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’from different soil types

CAO Yongqing,REN Huadong,WANG Kailiang,YAO Xiaohua*
(Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Hangzhou 311400,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract:【Objective】Torreya grandis is a large, evergreen and economic plant belonging to Taxaceae family and Torreya genus.As the representative and commonly cultivated T. grandis variety in China,Merrillii is well known for its edibility and its seed is one of the world’s rare dry fruits with distinctive texture,charming flavor and physiological function.Previous studies suggest that the nut quality is obviously influenced by nutrition management and ecological condition. With the increasing of the plantation area of T. grandis, many trees have been planted in variable types of soil, while the effect of soil types on nuts quality is still unclear.To provide a reference for high quality T. grandis cultivation,The kernel quality traits of Merrillii from different soil types were evaluated and the correlations between soil nutrients and kernel quality traits were analyzed in this study.【Methods】The 15-20 years old Merrillii plantations with five soil types including volcanic ash soil,granite weathered soil,sandy soil,yellow loam and calcareous soil in Zhejiang province were selected to analyze soil nutrients and kernel quality traits.The pH value,organic matter,hydrolytic nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,calcium, magnesium, manganese, ferrum and zinc contents in different soil types, and the contents of oil,protein,hydrolytic amino acids,starch,soluble sugars,potassium,calcium,magnesium,manganese,ferrum, zinc and vitamin E in fully ripe kernel were determined by standard chemical processes.The processing sensory quality of kernel including biting sense, fragrance, sweet taste and texture were measured using expert marking method. The relations between soil nutrients and kernel quality traits were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. The processing sensory flavor and kernel quality traits were evaluated based on grey relation analysis.【Results】The nutrient contents in different types of soil varied greatly and the coefficient of variation of pH value, organic matter and mineral elements content was in the range of 19.02%-177.20%.A significant positive correlation was found between soil pH value and the content of calcium,magnesium and zinc.There was also a significant positive correlation between the content of organic matter and hydrolytic nitrogen.And the content of zinc was significantly related with magnesium and manganese in the soil as well.The average contents of oil,protein and hydrolytic amino acids in kernel of Merrillii from different types of soil were 59.56%,12.20 g·100 g-1 and 11.96 g·100 g-1,respectively,and their coefficient of variation was between 3.42%and 4.85%.The average contents of starch,soluble sugars and vitamin E were 4.97 g·100 g-1,3.36 g·100 g-1 and 1.26 g·kg-1,respectively, with a coefficient of variation of 13.91%, 13.38% and 11.94%, respectively. The kernel was also rich in mineral elements and vitamin E. The average contents of potassium, magnesium and calcium reached 5.47, 2.37 and 0.55 g·kg-1, respectively. The average contents of microelements e.g.manganese,ferrum and zinc were 16.92,45.02 and 18.54 mg·kg-1,respectively.The average coefficient of variation of mineral elements was 18.27%. Unlike those of the oil, protein and hydrolytic amino acids, the coefficients of variation of starch, soluble sugar, mineral elements and vitamin E were higher and ranged from 7.11% to 38.09%.The correlation coefficient between soil organic matter content and starch,soluble sugar content in kernel was 0.902 and 0.893(p<0.05),respectively.And the correlation coefficient between soil hydrolytic nitrogen content and starch in kernel was 0.965(p<0.01).The mineral elements in the soil were also significantly correlated with those the in kernel.For instance,a significant positive correlation was found between the calcium content in kernel and the content of available phosphorus, manganese, ferrum and zinc in the soil, and between the magnesium content in kernel and the content of available potassium, magnesium and zinc in the soil as well.The results of grey relation analysis showed that the flavor traits, inner nutritional traits and processing sensory flavor of nuts from sandy soil ranked first, second and first, respectively.And the nuts from granite weathered soil showed the best inner nutritional quality, but the flavor quality was poor relatively. The correlation coefficient of flavor traits and processing sensory flavor reached 0.958 (p<0.01), while no significant correlation was found between inner nutritional traits and processing sensory flavor as well as between flavor traits and inner nutritional traits of the kernel.【Conclusion】The soil nutrients and kernel quality traits of Merrillii from different types of soil varied greatly. Compared with the contents of starch, soluble sugars, mineral elements and vitamin E, the contents of oil, protein and hydrolytic amino acids in kernel were relatively stable under different soil conditions. The starch, soluble sugar, and mineral element content in the kernel had a significant correlation with organic matter and mineral elements content in soil. Overall, the kernel from the sandy soil showed the best comprehensive quality in terms of flavor and inner nutritional traits.And the kernel quality traits including oil, protein, hydrolytic amino acids,starch,and soluble sugars could be used as quantitative indicators to evaluate the nut processing sensory quality based on grey relation analysis.

Key words:Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’;Soil type;Quality traits;Processing sensory flavor;Grey relation analysis

中图分类号:S664.5

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)05-0836-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210466

收稿日期2021-09-23

接受日期:2022-02-01

基金项目科技部科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY100801)

作者简介曹永庆,男,副研究员,博士,主要从事经济林培育研究。Tel:0571-63320229,E-mail:caoyq1981@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0571-63310094,E-mail:yaoxh168@163.com