高抗枯萎病香蕉新品种佳丽的选育

杨兴玉1,肖维强1,许林兵1*,李华平2,黄秉智1

1广东省农业科学院果树研究所·农业农村部南亚热带果树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室·广东省热带亚热带果树研究重点实验室,广州 510640;2华南农业大学植物保护学院,广州 510642)

摘 要:佳丽(Musa acuminata,AA)香蕉是从泰美人蕉(M.acuminata,AA)不定芽通过60Co-γ 辐射诱变选育的出香蕉新品种。假茎高2.39~3.31 m,叶姿直立,叶形比为3.23,大叶芽和组培苗的叶子细长,且有紫斑叶,果穗生长位置呈45°。幼果及果轴多茸毛,果形弯,果顶长尖。熟果皮为黄色,果肉为象牙白,肉质结实,风味浓甜,香味浓香。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)26.6%,可滴定酸含量3.24 g·kg-1,总糖含量20.3 g·100 g-1,维生素C含量10.8 mg·100 g-1,粗纤维含量0.1%。生长周期较贡蕉短,从种植至收获220~270 d,佳丽蕉的挂果期1.5~2.7个月,可宿根栽培,一年可收多造。相较贡蕉,佳丽蕉货架期长,广州夏天可保存3~5 d,冬春可保存5~7 d。相较香芽蕉,佳丽有更好的抗风性。每666.7 m2种植220~280株,单株产6~16 kg。高抗枯萎病1号和4号生理小种,可在香蕉枯萎病区试种推广。

关键词:香蕉;新品种;佳丽;60Co-γ辐射;高抗枯萎病

香蕉枯萎病是由一种土传真菌尖孢镰刀菌古巴转化型[Fusarium oxysporum Schlect.F.sp. cubense(E.F.Smith)Snyder and Hansen,Foc]侵染香蕉根部引起的病害[1],其中香蕉枯萎病的4 号生理小种(race 4,Foc 4)的致病力超越其他生理小种菌株,是香蕉产业的“最大杀手”[2]。针对枯萎病的抗病育种是香蕉产业对抗枯萎病的一个重要方向,自4 号生理小种爆发并在亚洲开始流行以来,针对该生理小种的抗性育种取得了一定的进展,有抗病品种被选出(如南天黄、南天红、粉杂1 号、海贡等)并投入生产栽培[3-7]。贡蕉(Musa acuminata,AA)因其果实小巧香甜深受市场喜欢且价格高于巴西蕉、威廉斯等香芽蕉品种[3]。进口菲律宾、泰国的贡蕉市场价格攀高,但其为感病品种。2005年笔者引进的海贡蕉是贡蕉类(AA)抗病品种,但因海贡蕉的口感差,可溶性固形物含量偏低,香味不足而不能大面积推广[4]。对高品质且抗枯萎病贡蕉类香蕉品种的选育是香蕉育种一个重要目标。

1 选育经过

佳丽是以泰美人蕉不定芽为材料,2009 年经60Co-γ 辐射,2010选出株系10株进行抗病压力筛选。2011年在广州南沙东涌镇西樵村种植,后采单株组培快繁。2013 年在广州南沙种植500 株;2014年在海南临高、东方种植10 000 株,广州种植1000株、广东湛江、汕头、茂名种植1000株;至2019年,多年、多造(调查点最多6造)、多地(广东、海南、广西、云南等省区)数万株无枯萎病发病植株;依据黄秉智[8]性状描述标准对其进行调查,结果显示其生物学和农艺性状稳定,特异性明显,遗传性稳定,命名为佳丽(图1)。2019年12月获得农业农村部植物新品种保护(CNA20180144.3)。

图1 田间种植的佳丽香蕉植株(A)及果实(B)特征
Fig.1 The plants(A)and fruit(B)of Jiali banana in the plantation field

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

佳丽假茎高2.39~3.31 m,吸芽少,呈黄绿色。披少许白蜡粉,带褐色小斑块,色泽较贡蕉淡,无光泽与海贡蕉接近,区别于贡蕉。叶姿稍直立。大叶芽和组培苗的叶片细长且有紫斑叶,叶片较海贡蕉厚。叶柄沟槽开张,长细,叶翼较窄(<4 mm),叶片边缘线、叶翼带紫红色线。叶柄基部带深褐色斑块,但较巴西蕉小、少。组培苗全生育期35~39 枚叶片。叶距较海贡蕉疏、贡蕉密。果指长(12~18)cm,周长(8~11)cm,果形弯月形,果顶长尖。幼果及果轴多茸毛,成熟果指茸毛脱落。单株产6~16 kg,平均单果质量69 g。每666.7 m2种植220~280株(表1)。

表1 佳丽蕉与对照品种主要性状比较
Table 1 The Comparison of main characteristics between Jiali and the control cultivar

品种Cultivar佳丽Jiali海贡蕉Haigong贡蕉Gongjiao假茎高度Pseudostem height/cm 267 258 287总叶数Total leaves number 38.6 37.4 44.1果指长度Finger length/cm 12.1 11.9 12.0单果质量Fruit weight/g 69.1 59.0 73.1株产Bunch weigh/kg 7.6 6.9 10.9生育期Plant crop cycle/d 219 210 287

2.2 经济学性状

果穗不垂直地面(与地面约呈45°角),果穗、果梳形状常不整齐。果指饱满后易裂果。果实外观皮色与巴西蕉类似,果指两端转黄较慢,常呈现两头青中间黄而吸引消费者。果皮较贡蕉厚,容易剥离,货架期长于贡蕉。果肉颜色为象牙白,果肉结实,肉质较贡蕉硬、品质更好,全黄后硬度可达1.2~1.5 kg·cm-2。口感较海贡蕉甜度增多明显,较贡蕉甜度差异不大但香味不同;夏季可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)超过24%(比海贡蕉高4~7 个百分点,比贡蕉高1~2 个百分点),风味浓甜,香味浓香。品质测试结果如表2所示,可溶性固形物含量26.6%,可滴定酸含量3.24 g·kg-1,总糖含量20.3 g·100 g-1,维生素C 含量10.8 mg·100 g-1,粗纤维含量0.1%。佳丽蕉货架期相较贡蕉时间长,如广州夏天3~5 d,冬春5~7 d。如以每666.7 m2产量1900 kg、单价4.4 元·kg-1计算,新植蕉每666.7 m2产值为8360 元,纯利润约2360 元;第2年以后按1.5造·年-1,纯利润约8720元。年均温度高、栽培管理水平高的农场,每年可收获2.5造,如无自然灾害,经济效益每666.7 m2可达10 900元,经济效益可观。

表2 佳丽蕉与对照品种果实营养品质比较
Table 2 The comparison of fruit nutrient characters between Jiali and the control cultivars

品种Cultivar佳丽Jiali海贡蕉Haigong贡蕉Gongjiao w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%26.6 19.3 23.4 w(可滴定酸)Titratable acid content/(g·kg-1)3.24 2.39 2.17 w(总糖)Total sugar content/(g·100 g-1)20.3 16.9 20.3 w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)10.8 6.61 10.7 w(粗纤维)Crude fiber content/%0.1 0.1 0.2

2.3 生物学性状

在华南地区常规种植条件下,春植(3 月上中旬)佳丽7 叶龄组培苗,至约7 月中旬抽蕾,11 月上旬开始可陆续收获,若留芽且安全过冬的情况下,次年约3 月宿根开始收获,佳丽新植蕉生长周期较贡蕉短,佳丽的挂果期1.5~2.7 个月,宿根留芽根据习性留芽,一年可多造。生长叶片总数为30~33枚。

2.4 抗性和适应性

2.4.1 抗病性田间调查 2013—2017 年在广东省广州市、中山市、湛江市徐闻县,海南省临高县、澄迈县的香蕉枯萎病1 号小种和4 号热带小种的感染地块,累计调查3万余株,整个生育期未发现感病植株。

2.4.2 抗病性室内鉴定 植物材料:佳丽、对照品种(巴西蕉、农科1号)。4~5叶龄健康组培苗伤根浸菌接种法测定其对Foc TR4 的抗性水平。结果表明,巴西蕉在2个病菌浓度(每mL 104个孢子和105个孢子)接种条件下,都表现高度感病。而农科1号在病菌浓度为每mL 105个孢子表现感病,而病菌浓度为每mL 104个孢子表现中抗;而佳丽在病菌浓度为每mL 105个孢子表现高抗,而病菌浓度为每mL 104个孢子表现免疫。

2.4.3 抗风耐寒性 佳丽蕉叶姿较直立,受风阻力小,抗风性较巴西蕉好。佳丽蕉与对照品种海贡蕉相似不耐寒,霜冻地区应避免冬植和冬季抽蕾。因其生长周期短,在我国南方香蕉主产区可周年种植和留芽,建议选择春种,夏、秋季种植应避免冬季抽蕾。在气温较低的区域春植,可采用大苗(12~14叶龄)移栽或小拱棚栽培,缩短收获周期。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 建园和定植

可选择土层深厚、土质疏松、肥沃壤土、排灌良好的香蕉旧园种植。种植前调整土壤pH 值为弱碱性或中性,混施有机肥和生物肥为底肥。选择6~8枚叶片的健壮组培蕉苗定植,淋足量定根水。在管理条件较好的情况下,在母株抽蕾后可留健康吸芽1 次,每隔3~4个月再留芽1 次。

3.2 施肥灌溉

佳丽品种要求高肥水条件,否则果穗发育略差。施肥时期和次数需结合香蕉生长发育过程,建议使用水肥一体化技术进行科学肥水管理,以喷带灌或双管滴灌施肥为主,雨季注意排水。每株施有机肥5~10 kg 做基肥,抽蕾前施磷钾肥、微量元素肥、补施有机肥5 kg。坚持“前足、中促、后补足”的原则,前期以氮磷为主,10~15 d施肥1次,约施8次,花芽分化期至抽蕾10~15 d 开始重施肥,结合中微量元素补给,抽蕾、挂果期需增施钾肥。

3.3 病虫害防治

佳丽高抗香蕉枯萎病1 号和4 号小种。香蕉枯萎病地可以直接套种,但对叶斑病、黑星病、束顶病、花叶心腐病、炭疽病、线虫病、果蝇等多种病虫害较为敏感,香蕉弄蝶危害较轻,要注意防杀线虫及地下害虫。

3.4 其他管理措施

佳丽果穗生长不垂直于地面,果指位置易向上弯曲及梳形不整齐,进而影响其商品价值和销售。所以佳丽果穗生长发育过程中,需对其生长方向进行人为校正,使其生长垂直于地面。母株1.5 m高时开始留芽,每2~5 个月留1 株芽,断蕾时再留第3 代芽。抽蕾后根据树体大小、叶片多少、季节留梳,及时校蕾,除花套袋。夏秋季断蕾35~45 d可以收获,冬春季节略长。适时采收,以免果实生长过大而裂果。

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Breeding report of a new banana cultivar Jiali with high resistance to Fusarium wilt

YANG Xingyu1,XIAO Weiqiang1,XU Linbing1*,LI Huaping2,HUANG Bingzhi1
(1Institute of Fruit Tree Research,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit, Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research,Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China;2College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642,Guangdong,China)

Abstract:The Jiali(M.acuminata,AA)is a new banana cultivar selected from the adventitious buds of Kluai Lap Mu Nang (M.acuminata,AA) through60Co-γ radiation induced mutation.The adventitious buds were mutated by60Co-γ radiation, and then the nursery trees were produced by tissue culture in 2009.Ten strains were screened out under the exposure to Fusarium wilt in the field in 2010.Biological characteristics and fruit quality of the plants were investigated in the field.The superior plant with comprehensive characters of stable genetic traits and high resistance to Fusarium wilt was screened out in 2011.The single plant was then selected for tissue culture and rapid propagation.The field surveys were invested from 2013 to 2017.More than 30 000 plants were investigated and no plant susceptible to Fusarium wilt was found.In the lab identification, the resistance to Fusarium wilt of Jiali were higher than that of Baxijiao and Nongke No.1.It was immune to Fusarium wilt pathogen with the bacterial concentration of 104 spores per mL.The multiple regional tests and production tests were conducted in Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan and Yunnan from 2014 to 2019.The plant variety protection right of Jiali was obtained form the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in Dec.2019.The pseudostem height is 2.39-3.31 m.The leaf habit is erect and the leaf shape ratio is 3.23.The leaves of water sucker and tis-sue culture nursery trees are slender, while some leaves have purple pigmentation.The bunch position hangs at angle 45°.The young fingers and pedicel surface have fine hairs.The fruit shape is curved and its apex is lengthily pointed.The mature fruit peel is yellow.The pulp of the maturity fruit is ivorywhite in color,sugary predominent in taste and with firm flesh texture and aromatic flavor.On average,the flesh of the fruit contains 26.6% of soluble solid content, 3.24 g·kg-1 of titratable acidity content,20.3 g·100 g-1 of total sugars,10.8 mg·100 g-1 of Vitamin C and 0.1%of crude fiber.The life cycle of Jiali is relatively shorter than that of Gongjiao.It usually takes 220-270 days from planting to harvest.The period from flowing to harvest lasts 45-80 d.The ratoon cropping and multiple cropping could be used in its annual planting shcedule.The bunch weight is 6-16 kg.The average finger weight is 69 g.The shelf life of Jiali is longer than that of Gongjiao.In Guangzhou,the shelf life of the fruit is 5-7 days in the winter and spring and 3-5 days in the summer and autumn.The wind resistance of Jiali is higher than that of Cavendish.The waterlogging tolerance of Jiali is higher than that of Cavendish and Haigongjiao.With high resistance to Fusarium wilt pathogen of race 1 and race 4,Jiali could be grown in the area exposed to Fusarium wilt.It would be recommended that Jiali could be planted in neutral soil with good water conditions and high fertilization,and the planting density would be 220-280 plants per 666.7 m2.Potassium fertilizer was highly needed for the flower differentiation.Fruiting in winter should be avoided in frost area.

Key words:Banana;New cultivar;Jiali;60Co-γ radiation;High resistantance to Fusarium wilt

中图分类号:S668.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)04-0696-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210506

收稿日期:2021-10-19

接受日期:2022-01-08

基金项目:科技部国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0202105);广东省农业科学院果树研究所所长基金(201908);农业农村部南亚热带果树生物学与遗传资源利用重点实验室开放课题(2017B030314113);科技部、财政部国家科技资源共享服务平台(NHGRC2020-NH17)

作者简介:杨兴玉,女,助理研究员,从事香蕉种质资源鉴定及创新利用研究工作。Tel:020-38694296,E-mail:yangxingyu@gdaas.cn

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:13802903327,E-mail:270791965@qq.com