温州蜜柑宫川耐浮皮芽变系果实浮皮特性和耐贮性研究

顾雪娇1,王婷1,柯甫志2,张世怡1,徐建国2,刘辉3,李南羿1*,张岚岚1*

1浙江农林大学园艺科学学院·浙江省山区农业高效绿色生产协同创新中心,杭州 311300;2 浙江省柑橘研究所,浙江台州 318020;3杭州市农业科学研究院园艺研究所,杭州 310024)

摘 要:【目的】探究宫川温州蜜柑(Citrus unshiu Marc.‘Miyagawa wase’)耐浮皮芽变系的果实品质、浮皮特性和耐贮性能,为耐浮皮柑橘新品种的选育和推广提供参考。【方法】连续多年测定比较耐浮皮芽变系及其对照母树宫川的果实主要品质性状包括单果质量、果形指数、色泽、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C(Vc)含量和浮皮指数;观察测定宫川及其芽变系果皮特征和厚度,利用石蜡切片和透射电镜比较两者果皮细胞和亚细胞结构差异;通过常温贮藏试验,比较两者果实贮藏性能。【结果】芽变系成熟果实平均单果质量102.90 g,果形指数0.78,色调角h0值68.19,硬度0.96 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.88%,可滴定酸含量0.62%,Vc含量29.87 mg·100 g-1,其中硬度、可溶性固形物和Vc含量均显著高于宫川,浮皮指数显著低于宫川;芽变系果实果皮厚度显著低于宫川,白皮层细胞排列相对整齐且细胞结构较为完整,宫川白皮层细胞表现质壁分离,细胞器降解,趋于衰老;常温贮藏过程中,芽变系果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等指标均高于同时期宫川,浮皮程度始终较低,耐贮性优于宫川。【结论】宫川芽变系果实保持了宫川的优良果实品质,且较母树宫川更耐浮皮和贮藏,具有成为耐浮皮柑橘新品种的潜力,同时也是研究浮皮机制的好材料。

关键词:温州蜜柑;芽变;浮皮特性;果实品质;贮藏性

柑橘浮皮是宽皮柑橘果实成熟过程中和采后容易发生的一种生理性障碍,具体表现为果实白皮层崩溃,果皮与包裹果肉的囊瓣膜分离后浮起,果皮与果肉间产生空隙[1]。果实浮皮导致果皮物理性能变差,采收运输及货架期易受机械损伤,引起果实品质劣变,也会加剧果实枯水[2],严重时表现为果皮果肉完全分离、果肉汁胞皱缩粒化、营养物质大量减少、果实风味劣变、完全失去食用价值和商品价值[3]。应用完熟栽培可提高温州蜜柑果实品质,但同时也大大加重了果实浮皮率,据统计为30%~50%[4],严重制约了柑橘产业效益的提升。浮皮与柑橘品种、栽培管理、气候、采收时期和采后贮藏环境等因素均相关[5]。目前关于浮皮的研究,主要集中在生理生化变化、细胞形态学变化、栽培技术和防治措施等方面,但浮皮发生的调控机制尚未明确[1],需要从多角度进行深入研究。

不同柑橘种类与品种之间浮皮特性存在较大差异,柚、橙、柠檬等不易浮皮,而橘类宽皮柑橘(如椪柑)、柑类宽皮柑橘(如温州蜜柑大分)、杂柑类柑橘(如春见、不知火)等容易浮皮[6]。由于柑橘遗传背景复杂,尚缺乏遗传背景相似的浮皮研究材料。芽变选种是柑橘育种的重要手段之一,相较于传统果树育种方式,芽变选种可在不改变原始品种优良性状的前提下改良个别性状,是目前果树品种改良较为快速、有效的方法[7]。温州蜜柑是中国黄岩本地广橘传至日本后产生的实生变异[8],迄今为止通过芽变选种从中选育出190多个优良品种,如大分、上野、日南1号等特早熟和大津四号、山下红等普通温州蜜柑品种[9]

笔者前期在生产中获得了一个宫川温州蜜柑的芽变株系(简称芽变系),其果实完熟采收基本不浮皮,且保留了宫川果皮光滑、风味浓郁、化渣性好的优良性状。本试验以宫川及其耐浮皮芽变系为材料,比较果实主要品质指标,浮皮特性以及果皮组织、解剖和白皮层超微结构异同;通过常温贮藏试验比较两者耐贮性;较为全面地总结了该芽变系的优良性状,为柑橘耐浮皮新品种的选育和柑橘品种结构优化提供优良种质,同时也为柑橘浮皮机制研究提供适宜材料。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

供试材料为宫川温州蜜柑(Citrus unshiu Marc.‘Miyagawa wase’)及其芽变系成熟果实,采自浙江省宁海县剑民柑橘合作社。于2014、2015、2017、2019、2020 年10 月底至11 月初的果实成熟期,采集园中大小、成熟度基本一致,且无机械损伤和病虫害的果实,用于品质测定和浮皮指数统计;其中2020年的果实同时用于果皮组织解剖结构分析和常温贮藏试验。

1.2 试验方法

1.2.1 果实品质测定 利用电子天平测量果实单果质量;利用游标卡尺测量并读取果实的纵径、横径数据。使用色差计(CR-10,Konica Minolta,日本),选用Lab色空间显示,测量果实L*a*b*值。色调角h0值可表示实际感知的颜色,如红色(0°)、橙色(45°)、黄色(90°)、蓝绿色(180°),计算为h0=tan-1(b/a)。柑橘色泽指数CCI 可作为柑橘颜色深浅的判断指标,数值越大色泽越深,CCI=1000×a*/(L*×b*)。使用手持式硬度计(FHM-1,竹村,日本)选取果实赤道位置分别对称的4个点,测定果实硬度;使用数显折射仪(PAL-1,Atago,日本)测定果实可溶性固形物含量;采用NaOH 滴定法测定可滴定酸含量;采用2,6-二氯靛酚法测定维生素C含量。每个指标至少5次重复。

1.2.2 果实形状观察和浮皮指数测定 分别于2014、2015、2017、2019、2020 年选取宫川及其芽变系成熟果实,通过五面图观察比较果实形状特征,随机选取25 个果实统计浮皮指数。贮藏期间每时期选取12 个果实用于统计浮皮指数。浮皮指数统计按图1[4]所示方法进行,通过果实纵切面判断浮皮程度,分为浮皮无(0 级)、浮皮轻(1级,仅果柄端浮皮)、浮皮中等(2级,果柄端与两侧均浮皮)、浮皮重(3级,全果浮皮)4个等级,按以下公式计算:

图1 浮皮分级程度
Fig.1 Classification degree of puffiness

浮皮指数=Σ(浮皮级果数×代表级值)/(调查总果数×浮皮最重一级的代表值)×100

1.2.3 果皮结构观察 将果皮与果肉分离,利用游标卡尺测量赤道线处果皮厚度。利用体视显微镜(SMZ25,Nikon,日本)观察比较果皮的表皮和切面结构。以石蜡切片制片法[10]对果皮进行切片,利用显微镜(BH-2,OLYMPUS,日本)观察果皮细胞解剖结构并拍照。以树脂超薄切片制片法[10]对白皮层进行切片,利用透射电镜(H-7650,Hitachi,日本)观察白皮层细胞超微结构并拍照。

1.2.4 果实耐贮性试验 宫川及其芽变系成熟果实采收后置于温度为(20±1)℃、相对湿度75%的恒定环境中进行贮藏,为期100 d。每20 d 各取12 个果实样品进行品质测定,包括浮皮指数、果皮色差、果实失重率、果皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量等指标,方法同1.2.1,其中失重率/%=(初始质量-当次测量质量)/初始质量×100。

1.3 数据处理

数据采用Origin 2018(美国)作图,并用SPSS 22.0(IBM SPSS Statistics,美国)进行t检验分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 宫川及其芽变系果实品质比较

2014—2020 年连续采样分析,结果表明:宫川果实平均单果质量为100.87 g,芽变系为102.90 g。宫川纵径47.55 mm,横径60.99 mm,芽变系纵径48.79 mm,横径63.08 mm,两者果形差别不大。h0值分别为69.76°和68.19°,CCI 指数分别为6.20 和6.51,宫川及其芽变系成熟期果实均为橙黄色,且色彩深浅相近,无显著差异。宫川果实平均硬度为0.77 kg·cm-2,芽变系果实平均硬度为0.96 kg·cm-2;芽变系果实可溶性固形物含量达13.88%,高于宫川;宫川果实平均可滴定酸含量为0.60%,芽变系为0.62%;芽变系的Vc 含量显著高于宫川,达29.87 mg·100 g-1

综上所述,芽变系果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、Vc 含量与宫川果实存在显著差异(p <0.05);果实单果质量、果形指数、果皮颜色等与宫川无显著差异(表1,表2)。

表1 宫川及其芽变系果实成熟期外在品质比较
Table 1 Comparison of fruit appearance quality between Miyagawa and its mutant

注:表中数据为2014—2020 年的平均值。下同。
Note:The data in the table are the average values from 2014 to 2020.The same below.

表2 宫川及其芽变系果实成熟期内在品质比较
Table 2 Comparison of fruit intrinsic quality between Miyagawa and its mutant

注:*表示t 测验中差异显著(p <0.05)。
Note:*represents statistically significant differences by t-test(p <0.05).

2.2 宫川及其芽变系果实形状与浮皮性状比较

宫川及其芽变系果实均无果颈,宫川果基略凸,呈锥形;芽变系果基较平,无凸起,果心充实,中心柱较小,囊瓣数9~12瓣,整齐且不易分离,两者果形指数均小于1.0,果实为扁圆形(图2)。

图2 宫川及其芽变系果实形态对比
Fig.2 Comparison of morphology between Miyagawa and its mutant fruits

A.宫川果实;B.芽变系果实。
A.The fruit of Miyagawa;B.The fruit of bud mutant.

如表3 所示,连续多年在果实成熟期观察统计宫川及其芽变系果实浮皮性状,发现历年来宫川的浮皮指数始终明显高于芽变系,其中在2017年宫川浮皮指数达67.70,果实浮皮较为严重,而芽变系浮皮指数仅为14.8,耐浮皮表现良好。芽变系果实在成熟期采摘后浮皮很轻。

表3 宫川及其芽变系成熟果实浮皮指数比较
Table 3 Comparison of fruits puffing index between Miyagawa and its mutant

2.3 宫川及其芽变系果皮结构性状比较

宫川果皮厚度为2.32 mm,芽变系为1.65 mm,两者差异极显著(p <0.01)。观察宫川及其芽变系果面(图3),发现两者油胞密度分别为0.735个·mm-2和0.860个·mm-2,芽变系油胞排列较为紧密有序,细胞间隙小;宫川油胞大小为0.781 mm×0.664 mm(横径×纵径),芽变油胞大小为0.724 mm×0.595 mm(横径×纵径),两者差异不显著。

图3 宫川及其芽变系果皮表面及切面图
Fig.3 Comparison of peel structure between Miyagawa and its mutant fruits

A~C.宫川果皮;D~F.芽变系果皮。
A-C.The peel of Miyagawa;D-F.The peel of bud mutant.

果实成熟期果皮细胞解剖结构(图4-A~B)显示宫川油胞层分泌囊近圆形,芽变系则为椭圆形,宫川分泌囊的纵横经明显大于芽变系;两者白皮层薄壁细胞都有一定程度的细胞间隙存在,但宫川空隙面积更大且其薄壁细胞排列混乱,部分细胞甚至形状不完整,相对而言,芽变系薄壁细胞排列规整且细胞形状完整。进一步观察白皮层细胞超微结构(图4-C,D),结果显示成熟期宫川白皮层细胞质壁分离明显,细胞器挤压分布于中间细胞膜位置,部分初生壁出现瓦解,叶绿体逐渐降解,结构完整的线粒体数量减少,出现空泡化的囊泡,表现出细胞组织器官衰老降解;而芽变系细胞膜无明显质壁分离现象,细胞结构相对完整,能找到完整的叶绿体和线粒体,细胞衰老程度低于宫川。

图4 宫川及其芽变系果皮解剖结构和白皮层超微结构观察
Fig.4 Anatomical structure of the peel and ultrastructure of the mesocarp between Miyagawa and its bud mutant

A.宫川果皮解剖结构;B.芽变系果皮解剖结构;C.宫川白皮层细胞超微结构;D.芽变系白皮层细胞超微结构;SC.分泌囊;AL.白皮层;PW.初生壁;CM.细胞膜;M.线粒体;S.淀粉粒;ML.胞间层;CH.叶绿体。
A.Anatomical structure of the peel of Miyagawa;B.Anatomical structure of the peel of bud mutant;C.Ultrastructure of albedo in Miyagawa;D.Ultrastructure of albedo in bud mutant;SC.Secretory Cavities;AL.Albedo;PW.Primary wall;CM.Cell membrane;M.Mitochondria;S.Starch grain;ML.middle lamella;CH.Chloroplast.

2.4 宫川及其芽变系果实耐贮性比较

如图5所示,室温贮藏条件下,宫川及其芽变系果实在前60 d外观保持较高品质,果皮光滑无褶皱;贮藏80 d 后两者果皮均明显皱缩,宫川果实果蒂处开始出现发黑现象;贮藏100 d后,果实外观均出现明显劣变。结合图5和表4表现,贮藏起始,芽变系果实浮皮指数为3.33,几乎无浮皮症状,而宫川果实浮皮指数达10.0,浮皮症状较明显。随着贮藏进程,宫川果实浮皮程度逐渐加重,第40天,果柄处及两侧均浮皮,浮皮指数达23.33;第80天,宫川已出现全果浮皮现象,且伴随着果肉汁胞萎缩,浮皮指数达到了41.67。芽变系果实在贮藏过程中,浮皮程度始终较轻,未见严重浮皮。贮藏第100天,宫川浮皮指数达44.05,芽变系仅为19.61。

表4 宫川及其芽变系果实贮藏期间浮皮指数比较
Table 4 Comparison of fruits puffing index between Miyakawa and its mutant during storage

图5 宫川及其芽变系在贮藏过程中果实形态对比
Fig.5 Comparison of fruit morphology during storage of Miyagawa and its mutant fruits

Mi.宫川;Bm.芽变系。
Mi.Miyagawa;Bm.Bud mutant.

果实色泽是重要的外观品质指标,可作为果实衰老的标志之一。贮藏过程中,宫川和芽变系果实CCI指数呈上升趋势,贮藏前40 d,芽变系CCI值略高于宫川;而到贮藏第80天宫川果实CCI值显著高于芽变系(p <0.05);在贮藏末期,相较于宫川,芽变系CCI 值较低(图6-A)。随着贮藏进程,宫川和芽变系果实失重率呈现明显上升趋势。贮藏20~40 d之间,果实失重率上升幅度较大,宫川失重率由4.97%增长至10.83%,芽变系则由4.21%增长到了9.20%,后期失重率变化较为平缓。宫川果实的失重率在贮藏40 d 时极显著高于芽变系(p <0.01),在贮藏60 d、80 d、100 d,宫川的失重率均高于芽变系,两者差异达显著水平(p <0.05)(图6-B)。

图6 宫川及其芽变系果实贮藏期内在品质比较
Fig.6 Comparison of fruit intrinsic quality during storage of Miyagawa and its mutant

*表示t 测验中的差异显著(p<0.05);**表示差异极显著(p<0.01)。
*represents statistically significant differences in t-test(p<0.05);**represents very statistically significant differences(p<0.01).

硬度是果实采后耐贮性的重要指标。由图6-C可见,在贮藏过程中,宫川及其芽变系果实硬度在贮藏期间总体都呈下降趋势,芽变系果实硬度始终高于宫川,两者差异达极显著水平(p <0.01)。宫川果实硬度在贮藏40 d 出现较大幅度下降,随后趋于平缓;而芽变系果实硬度始终保持平缓下降。贮藏80 d,宫川果实硬度为0.72 kg·cm-2,较贮藏初始下降了30.77%;芽变系果实硬度为0.87 kg·cm-2,较初始值下降22.32%。

糖酸变化是影响果实品质的关键因素,宫川和芽变系果实可溶性固形物含量在贮藏过程中呈略微上升趋势,且芽变系可溶性固形物含量除第40 天外,始终极显著高于宫川(p <0.01)。宫川贮藏初始可溶性固形物含量为13.74%,贮藏第60天达到最高值为15.75%;芽变系初始为15.27%,贮藏第80天上升到最高值(18.09%)(图6-D)。在贮藏期间,酸通常都作为呼吸底物被首先消耗,宫川及其芽变系果实可滴定酸含量总体都呈现下降趋势。贮藏初始,宫川和芽变系果实可滴定酸含量分别为0.66%和0.69%;第40天,宫川可滴定酸含量降至0.36%,芽变系为0.41%,显著高于宫川;第80天,宫川可滴定酸含量降至0.30%,显著低于芽变系(p <0.05);第100天,宫川果实可滴定酸含量为0.24%,较初始下降了63.6%;芽变系含酸量为0.31%,降幅为55.1%(图6-E)。

维生素C(Vc)含量是柑橘果实内在品质的重要指标之一。如图6-F所示,宫川和芽变系果实Vc含量都呈现持续下降的趋势。芽变系Vc 含量始终高于宫川,除第80 天外,整个贮藏期间差异达极显著水平(p <0.01)。贮藏第10天,宫川Vc 含量较0 d下降84.71%,芽变系下降79.21%。

3 讨论

芽变是指芽分生组织细胞的遗传物质发生自然突变,当受到外界环境如冻害、干旱、机械损伤等刺激时,枝梢顶端分生组织细胞内的遗传物质有可能发生改变[11]。柑橘属于较易发生自然变异的果树,芽变既可为杂交育种提供新的种质资源,又可直接从中选出优良的新品种,芽变选种是柑橘品种改良极为重要的方法。芽变的变异性状通常存在多样性,有形态方面,如树型大小、分枝多少、果实大小、形状、色泽[12]、无核有核[13]等;或生理方面,如熟期早晚[14]、坐果率高低、抗病抗逆性强弱等。宫川是由温州蜜柑最原始在来系中的早生系芽变产生[15],之后又从宫川芽变系以及后代中选出了众多优秀品系,包括早熟的由良[16]、上野、协山、田口、山下红等。本研究材料属于宫川芽变系,突出性状为耐浮皮,通过连续多年观察性状稳定,且其果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C 含量均高于宫川,是一个适于完熟栽培的优良变异。目前利用转录组测序已筛选获得了可区分宫川及其芽变系的SNP 位点(数据未发表)。

柑橘果皮不仅决定了果实的外观性状,果皮的结构特征也直接影响果皮的光滑度、剥皮性、耐贮性,且与浮皮等生理性障碍密切相关[17]。难剥皮的柑橘品种通常具有不易浮皮、耐贮运的特点,如甜橙、柠檬、柚等,宽皮柑橘一般容易浮皮而较易剥皮,但不同品种间也有所差异[18]。Goldenberg 等[19]发现易剥皮的柑橘白皮层松散且与囊瓣膜间存在空隙即浮皮;而难剥皮的柑橘白皮层紧实,粘连在囊瓣膜上。张晓楠等[20]也发现易剥皮的向山成熟果实白皮层与囊瓣膜存在明显空隙。本研究材料耐浮皮芽变系成熟果实也表现出白皮层与囊瓣膜紧密粘连,果皮比宫川显著薄。细胞和亚细胞结构观察结果表明芽变系白皮层细胞较为完整,排列整齐,而宫川白皮层细胞排列分散,部分细胞甚至破裂皱缩,存在明显的质壁分离现象,细胞衰老程度较高,这与郝春梅[21]在柑橘枯水研究中的结果一致。浮皮果的呼吸强度高于正常果,且果皮高于果肉,果实中可溶性糖和有机酸含量明显减少[22]。代谢组学分析发现成熟浮皮果白皮层中肌醇半乳糖苷(galactinol)、棉子糖(raffinose)和葡萄糖-1-磷酸(glucose-1-phosphate)等28种代谢物含量高于正常果,而柠檬酸(citric acid)、丙氨酸(alanine)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid)等10种代谢物含量低于正常果,其中柠檬酸在浮皮果未成熟时就开始下降,可作为浮皮果早期鉴定的指标[23]

柑橘果实浮皮是一个复杂的生理生化过程,受多种因素调控。推测可能是细胞衰老降解引起细胞密度下降,组织出现空隙,从而导致浮皮发生。已有研究表明,采后温州蜜柑果实中果皮细胞壁代谢相关酶等活性增强,抗氧化酶活性下降,膜脂过氧化作用加剧,果皮衰老加速,最终诱发浮皮[24]。同时,浮皮果脱落酸含量始终高于正常果[25],而参与调控赤霉素和细胞分裂素信号转导的大部分基因都在浮皮果白皮层中下调,推断成熟早期参与初始代谢的基因表达丰度的改变使得果皮细胞生长的能力减弱[23]。此外,果皮中Ca2+含量与浮皮程度呈负相关,生产中经钙处理可抑制温州蜜柑浮皮的发生[26]。后续笔者将利用宫川及其耐浮皮芽变系材料,开展果皮解剖学和生理学、基于多组学联合的浮皮发生分子调控机制研究,挖掘柑橘浮皮相关关键基因,为耐浮皮柑橘品种的遗传改良和新种质创制奠定基础。

柑橘果实采后品质劣变速度决定了贮藏期的长短。宽皮柑橘浮皮与耐贮性关系密切,降低温州蜜柑果实采后浮皮发生,有利于提高果实耐贮性。硬度是判断果实贮藏品质的重要指标之一[27]。本研究中宫川和芽变系果实硬度在贮藏期间都呈现下降趋势,这与张群等[28]的研究结果一致。果胶对于细胞壁的机械强度和物理结构的稳定性起着关键性作用,随着贮藏时间的延长,果皮中的果胶含量也逐渐下降,细胞壁中原果胶酶促降解是果实软化的主要原因之一[29-30]。宫川果实硬度始终显著低于同时期芽变系,是否与果皮果胶代谢协同变化有待于今后进一步研究。在贮藏期间,芽变系果实内在品质优于宫川,表明耐浮皮芽变系具有优良的耐贮性能。

4 结论

宫川耐浮皮芽变系保留了母本宫川风味浓郁、口感良好的优良品质,且较母本具有耐浮皮和耐贮藏的优良性状。芽变系果皮从组织和解剖结构均表现为耐浮皮性状相符的特征,该株系具有成为耐浮皮新品种的潜力,也是研究浮皮机制的好材料。

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Studies on fruit puffing and storability characteristics of Miyagawa satsuma orange and its puffing-resistant bud mutant

GU Xuejiao1,WANG Ting1,KE Fuzhi2,ZHANG Shiyi1,XU Jianguo2,LIU Hui3,LI Nanyi1*,ZHANG Lanlan1*

(1College of Horticulture Science,Zhejiang A&F University/Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province,Hangzhou 311300,Zhejiang,China;2Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute,Taizhou 318020,Zhejiang,China;3Institute of Horticulture,Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310024,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract: 【Objective】Puffiness is a common physiological disorder occuring in the ripening and postharvest period in mandarin citrus fruits,which greatly affects the storage and transportation performance of citrus fruits.Normally oranges and pummelos are less prone to puffing disorder,while mandarin oranges are more prone to it.Miyagawa(Citrus unshiu Marc.)is the main satsuma orang cultivar in China,especially in Zhejiang province.In recent years,delayed cultivation techniques have improved the fruit quality of Miyagawa,but it greatly aggravated the occurrence of fruit puffiness.A bud mutant of Miyagawa was found to be resistant to puffiness in previous study.This study aimed to explore the difference of fruit quality,puffing characteristics and storage performance between Miyagawa and its bud mutant,and provide references for the selection of puffing-resistant citrus varieties.【Methods】The main fruit quality traits of Miyagawa and its mutant grown in the same orchard including single fruitweight,fruit shape index,color,hardness,soluble solid content,titratable acid content,vitamin C (Vc)content were measured in 2014,2015,2017,2019,2020 respectively.Also the puffiness index were investigated in each year.The characteristics of the peel of Miyagawa and its bud mutant were compared,such as the thickness and the density of oil gland.Using paraffin sections,the anatomical structures of fruit peel of Miyagawa and its mutant were observed with an optical microscope.Also,resin ultrathin sections of the albedo were made to observe the ultrastructure of albedo with a transmission electron microscope.The mature fruits of Miyagawa and its mutant in 2020 were selected and stored under (20±1) ℃with a constant relative humidity of 75% for 100 d.During the storage period the fruit shape,thepuffiness index,peel color,fruit weight loss rate,hardness,soluble solid,titratable acid,and Vc content were detected and analyzed every 20 days.【Results】There was no fruit neck in fruits of Miyagawa and its mutant.The fruit base of Miyagawa was slightly convex with a cone-shaped,while the bud mutant was relatively flat-shaped without protrusions.The mutant fruit core was more full and smaller than that of Miyagawa.According to fruit quality test,the fruit of the mutant was 48.79 mm long,63.08 in diameter,0.78 in shape index,weighing about 102.90 g.The fruit was orange-yellow with h0 68.19 and CCI index 6.51.The fruit hardness was 0.96 kg·cm-2,the soluble solid content was 13.88%,and the Vc content was 29.87 mg·100 g-1,which were all significantly higher than those of Miyagawa.The fruit titratable acid content was 0.62%,and the fruit puffiness index was significantly lower than that of Miyagawa.The peel thickness of the bud mutant fruit was 1.65 mm,which was extremely significantly lower than that of Miyagawa.There was no significant difference in thickness of the peel and the density of the oil gland between Miyagawa and its mutant.Cell structure observation results showed that the albedo cells of the bud mutant were relatively neatly arranged,and the cell structure was relatively complete.Some subcellular organelles could be observed obviously,including chloroplasts,mitochondria,while the albedo cells wall of Miyagawa separated from cytoplasm,and the subcellular organelles were degraded,which tended to age.During storage at room temperature,the CCI of both Miyagawa and its mutant fruits increased,the weight loss rate continued to rise,the hardness gradually went lower,and the soluble solid content increased.The titratable acid content decreased rapidly in the first 20 days,then slowly declined,and the Vc content gradually went down.The hardness,soluble solids and titratable acid content of the mutant fruits were higher than those of Miyagawa in the same period.The fruit quality and storability of the mutant were better than those of Miyagawa,especially the puffing-resistant performance.【Conclusion】The fruits of the bud mutant not only maintain the excellent fruit quality of Miyagawa,but also have better puffing-resistance and storage performance.It has the potential to become a new puffing-resistant satsuma mandarin orange variety in the future,and also can be a perfect material for the study of puffiness mechanism.

Key words: Satsuma Mandarin;Bud mutant;Puffiness characteristics;Fruit quality;Storage ability

中图分类号:S666.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)03-0464-10

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210508

收稿日期:2021-10-09

接受日期:2021-12-08

基金项目:“十四五”浙江省果品新品种选育重大专项柑橘子课题(2021C02066-1);浙江省自然科学基金面上项目(LY16C150005)

作者简介:顾雪娇,女,在读硕士研究生,主要从事柑橘育种与品质调控研究。E-mail:491321413@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:18757168847,13968 188535;E-mail:nanyili163@163.com,zlanapple@zafu.edu.cn