中熟鲜食葡萄新品种天工蜜的选育

程建徽,魏灵珠,向 江,吴 江*

(浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所,杭州 310021)

摘 要:天工蜜是由早甜×巨玫瑰杂交选育出的中熟欧美杂交种葡萄新品种。果穗呈圆锥形,具有较好的紧密度,全穗果粒成熟一致,果粒蓝黑色、椭圆形,果粉厚;平均果穗质量452.5 g,平均单粒质量8.7 g,最大粒质量12.5 g,果形指数1.1;每果粒含种子1~2粒;果皮较易剥,果肉汁液多,质地适中,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为20.2%,可滴定酸含量为4.35 g·kg-1,维生素C含量87.0 mg·kg-1,草莓香型。果实生育期102 d,在浙江海宁大棚设施种植,果实成熟期8月上旬,该品种生长势较强,花芽分化优良,易结二次果,萌芽率78.2%,结果枝率达99.7%。抗病性较强,适宜在南方湿热气候长三角地区栽培。

关键词:鲜食葡萄;新品种;天工蜜;中熟

葡萄良种是近30年我国葡萄产业可持续发展的重要保障,欧美杂交种葡萄因其汁多香甜、抗病能力强在南方葡萄产区发展迅速,其新品种的选育是葡萄育种的重要组成部分。近几年来我国相继培养出了一批具有自主知识产权的葡萄欧美杂交种新品种,如华葡黑峰[1]、华葡玫瑰[2]、中葡萄12 号[3]、瑞峰[4]、天工翠玉[5]、春光[6]等,并登记推广应用。葡萄也是浙江省面积最大的落叶果树,现有面积3.23万hm2。巨峰作为第一大葡萄栽培品种,在浙江高温高湿气候下着色不易,多呈紫红色,少量优质果达到紫黑色。因此,针对浙江葡萄生产和消费目标,确定了选育外观紫黑色、汁多香甜、抗病的欧美杂交种葡萄育种目标,经12 a(年)的选育,育成了中熟鲜食葡萄新品种天工蜜。

1 选育过程

2009 年,配置了早甜×巨玫瑰的杂交组合,8 月份果实成熟后采果取出种子,得到杂交种子430粒,2010年春进行播种,培育的杂种苗在2011年春定植于育种圃中,种植株行距1 m×2.5 m。杂交树2013年陆续开始结果,编号09-47杂种因其果皮蓝黑色、汁液多、草莓香型、剥皮易等特性入选为优株。2014—2016年进一步观察后复选为优系,繁殖扩大种植群体,2018—2019 年进行了新品种的DUS 测试,定名为天工蜜(图1)。2017—2020 年开展了区域性品种比较试验。2021 年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记[GPD葡萄(2021)330011]。

图1 葡萄新品种天工蜜
Fig.1 A new grape cultivar Tiangong Mi

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

嫩梢形态轻度闭合,梢尖匍匐茸毛极密、花青苷显色强度中等。幼叶上表面颜色黄绿,幼叶背面主脉间有匍匐茸毛、茸毛极密。成龄叶片绿色、近圆形,叶长14.5 cm,叶宽18.8 cm,叶面平展,5裂,上裂刻浅、重叠,下裂刻V 形开张,叶片正面叶脉着花青素弱,叶片背面主脉间有匍匐茸毛、茸毛密,主脉上无直立茸毛,叶片锯齿形状为两侧直。叶柄洼闭合。新梢生长半直立,节间背侧无直立茸毛,颜色为绿色带红条纹。两性花。

2.2 果实经济性状

天工蜜果穗呈圆锥形,平均穗质量452.5 g,紧密度适中,果粒间成熟一致,穗梗长度短;果粒大、椭圆形、蓝黑色、果粉厚,整齐一致,平均单粒质量8.7 g,最大粒质量12.5 g,果形指数1.1,横切面呈圆形;果皮厚稍有涩味、剥皮易;果肉质地适中、汁液多、草莓香型,经检验测试:可溶性固形物含量为20.2%(表1),可滴定酸含量为4.35 g·kg-1,维生素C 含量87.0 mg·kg-1,每果粒含种子1~2粒。

表1 天工蜜、父母本和巨峰果实性状比较
Table 1 Main characteristics of Tiangong Mi,its parent and Kyoho

品种Cultivar果粒形状Berry shape香型Flavor汁液Juice天工蜜Tiangong Mi早甜Zao Tian巨玫瑰Ju Meigui巨峰Kyoho穗形Cluster shape圆锥形Cone圆锥形Cone圆锥形Cone圆锥形Cone穗质量Bunch mass/g 452.5果穗紧密度Bunch density中Medium粒质量Average berry mass/g 8.7 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%20.2多590.7 361.9 416.9中Medium松Loose松Loose 10.4 10.8 9.9椭圆形Elliptic近圆形Subcircular椭圆形Elliptic椭圆形Elliptic果皮颜色Color of skin蓝黑色Blue-black紫红Red-violet紫红Red-violet紫红Red-violet果肉质地Flesh texture中Medium脆Crispy软Soft中Medium草莓香Slight foxy草莓香Slight foxy玫瑰香Muscat草莓香Slight foxy 17.6 17.6 18.5 Much中Medium多Much多Much

2.3 生长结果习性

枝梢生长较强,花芽分化好,始果期早,萌芽率78.2%,结果枝率99.7%,从结果母枝第3 节开始着生葡萄花序,每果枝花穗数1.2个,易二次开花结果,遇不良天气和树势强旺会产生单性果,需初花前摘心和采取控梢措施,平衡树势。

2.4 物候期

天工蜜属中熟葡萄品种。在大棚设施栽培条件下,浙江海宁3月中下旬萌芽,4月底开花,6月中下旬着色,8月上旬浆果成熟,果实发育期102 d左右。

2.5 抗逆性与栽培适应性

适宜飞鸟形、平棚形等架式整形栽培,扦插苗在海盐、余姚、海宁地区设施栽培均表现优良、产量稳定,三地二年平均666.7 m2产量1 402.5 kg。田间霜霉病与灰霉病的抗性能力较强,虫害主要是叶蝉、吸果夜蛾与鸟害。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 架式与整形

天工蜜生长势较强,先前期密植后期间伐稀植大树冠,采用T 字形、一字形飞鸟架栽培易省工控产。避雨小环棚栽培下,株行距1 m×3 m,每666.7 m2栽植222株,2 a后隔株间伐,每666.7 m2栽植111株;大棚平棚架栽培下,株行距1.5 m×3.0 m,每666.7 m2栽148 株,2 a 后隔株间伐,每666.7 m2栽植74 株。为促进坐果,平衡树势,新梢15~20 cm(4叶)和初花前用甲哌嗡喷梢尖2 次进行控梢,花前摘心抑制营养生长,使养分集中于花穗,顶副梢萌发后留4叶反复摘心,其余的侧副梢全部抹除,不留副梢。果实硬核期全园放梢,转熟期后应用电动打梢机全园打梢。冬季2~3芽短梢或中短梢修剪。

3.2 花果管理

该品种花芽分化好,结果枝率高,花前可修整花序,除副穗和穗肩,花后果穗坐果后定穗,每根结果枝选留葡萄1穗,高品质栽培每666.7 m2控制产量在1250 kg左右。

3.3 肥水管理

10 月份施基肥,每666.7 m2 沟施商品有机肥500~1000 kg,混合钙镁磷肥75 kg、硼肥2 kg、锌肥2 kg、硫酸镁肥5 kg以及微生物菌肥2 kg;不施萌芽肥和壮蔓肥;花后15 d 喷滴灌施第一次膨果肥,每666.7 m2施N∶P2O5∶K2O配比为13∶5∶28的水溶性复合肥10 kg、钙镁水溶肥3 kg,间隔10 d 重复施肥1次;果实开始着色期每666.7 m2施硫酸钾20 kg、高钾型水溶肥3~6 kg;采果后每666.7 m2施氮磷钾三元复合肥5 kg。施肥配合灌水进行,萌芽前全园灌透水使土壤湿润,成熟采前控水。全年叶面喷施氨基酸等叶面肥5~6次。

3.4 病虫害防治

田间主要预防炭疽病、灰霉病等病害以及叶蝉、吸果夜蛾等虫害。重点是冬季清园,修剪后彻底将残枝落叶清除出园外,在休眠期、芽绒球末期喷施3~5波美度石硫合剂,灭杀越冬病原菌虫;初花前与花后重点防治花序发生灰霉病;幼果期重点预防白粉病、炭疽病、叶蝉和吸果夜蛾等;采果后用波尔多液、喹啉铜等预防发生葡萄叶片霜霉病。

4 综合评价

天工蜜为中熟欧美杂交种葡萄,其蓝黑色、果粉厚、汁液多、剥皮易、口感香甜、品质优;其易成花、易结二次果,稳产易栽培;在浙江湿热气候条件下种植,其抗病性和适应性表现优良。因此,该品种具有较好的市场发展前景。

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A new mid-ripening table grape cultivar Tiangong Mi

CHENG Jianhui,WEI Lingzhu,XIANG Jiang,WU Jiang*
(Institute of Horticulture,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310021,Zhejiang,China)

Abstract:Tiangong Mi belongs to Euro-American hybrids and is a new mid-ripening,table grape with excellent appearance.The seeding was derived from a cross between Zao Tian and Ju Meigui in 2009 at experimental field.Through artificial hybridization pollination,430 hybrid seeds were got.It was initially selected for blue-black, peelable, much juice, and slight foxy flavor in 2013. From 2014, it was secondary selected.After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Haining,Yuyao and Haiyan county) over four years from 2017 to 2020, it was finally named Tiangong Mi. The shoot tip of Tiangong Mi is closed and tip anthocyanin color intensity is medium with very dense hair. The upper surface of a young leaf is green color and creeping hairs between main veins of reverse side are very dense.The shape of the mature leaves is subcircular,green and flat.The average length of leaves is 14.5 cm and the width of leaves is 18.8 cm. The petiole sinus is closed. The shape of teeth is both sides straight. Number of leaf lobes is 5. Upper lateral sinus of leaf is overlapped, while lower lobed open.Anthocyanins of main veins on leaf surface are weak. The color of dorsal side of shoot internodes is green with red strips.Its flowers are bisexual and inflorescence usually is born in third node.Its clusters are cone, medium compact with the average weight of 452.5 g. The average berry weight with blueblack in color is 8.7 g, maximum fruit weight is 12.5 g, and fruit shape index is 1.1.The flesh is medium and much juice with slight foxy flavor.The content of soluble solid in berry is 20.2%, acid content is 4.35 g·kg-1 and vitamin C content is 87.0 mg·kg-1.Berry quality is excellent.The fruit ripens at early of August in northern Zhejiang area.The number of inflorescence is 1.2,germination rate is 78.2%and proportion of fruit branches is 99.7%. It has vigorous growth and strong disease resistance and is suitable for cultivation in the Yangtze River Delta region with hot and humid climate in south China.

Key words:Table grape;New cultivar;Tiangong Mi;Mid-ripening

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)02-0318-03

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210429

收稿日期:2021-09-07

接受日期:2021-11-09

基金项目:浙江省“十四五”果品新品种选育专项(2021C02066-6);浙江省农业重大技术协同推广项目(2020XTTGGP04);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-29-13)

作者简介:程建徽,男,副研究员,博士,主要从事葡萄育种与栽培生理研究。Tel:0571-86417309,E-mail:jianhuicheng@126.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.E-mail:1451592500@qq.com