早熟杏新品种金辉的选育

武晓红1,王 端1,陈雪峰1,刘志琨1,赵习平1,季文章1,袁立勇2,张宪成3,唐焕英2,景晨娟1*

1河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所,石家庄 050061;2巨鹿县林业局,河北 巨鹿 055250;3顺平县林业局,河北 顺平 072250)

摘 要:金辉是2003年以鲜食加工兼用杏品种串枝红为母本,以丰产性极强的金太阳为父本进行杂交获得的早熟杏新品种。果实近圆形,果面底色橙黄,阳面着1/4~1/2片状红色,果面光亮洁净,果面有茸毛;果肉橙黄色,肉质细腻,纤维细少,有韧性,汁液较多,酸甜可口;平均单果质量82.6 g,大果质量125 g。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.2%,总糖含量11.3%,总酸含量0.77%,维生素C含量6.39 mg·100 g-1;品质上;离核,苦仁;果实可食率96.40%,果实带皮硬度9.5 kg﹒cm-2。果实发育期68 d左右,在石家庄地区,6月上旬成熟。完全花率78.56%,完全花自然坐果率61.86%,萌芽率64.86%,成枝率15.21%。金辉杏生长势强,耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄能力强;生长季节无明显的枝干、叶、果病害,基本无早期落叶现象。金辉杏耐贮运,常温下可存放5~7 d。适宜在华北、西北和东北杏适生区进行露地栽培,大树高接后第2年开始结果,盛果期平均每666.7 m2产鲜杏225 3.0 kg,丰产性好。

关键词:杏;新品种;金辉;早熟

杏属蔷薇科(Rosaceae)杏属(Armeniaca Mill.),原产我国,现已成为世界性水果之一[1]。2017 年我国鲜杏产量为265.63 万t,河北省鲜食杏产量为40.20 万t,占全国的15.13%,仅次于新疆,位居全国第二位[2]。占有世界杏品种2/3以上的中国,虽然杏资源丰富,但与国外相比,杏育种方面的研究相对落后。我国从20 世纪80 年代才开始进行有目的的杏杂交育种工作,通过国内多家育种单位的努力,“十一五”期间我国共审定杏品种40余个[3]。杏成熟早,外观美,风味佳,是调节市场的重要时令水果,为抢占初夏市场,早熟杏品种选育是重要的育种目标之一。近年来,多家育种单位选育出了一批早熟杏品种,如玫硕[4]、京香红、京脆红[5]、鲁杏4号[6]等,但是由于我国地域广阔,育成的品种一般在选育区或生态条件相似的地区有较好的适应性和生产表现。引种到生态条件差异较大的地区,有些品种会出现适应性不强的问题,如果个小、产量低、裂果、近核处褐变等。为此,河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所以培育广适性强、丰产稳产的早熟杏新品种为目标,通过多年努力,选育出了具有果实品质优良、极丰产、耐贮运等特点的早熟杏新品种金辉。

1 选育经过

2003 年在河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所李杏资源圃内,以河北省地方晚熟良种串枝红为母本,丰产稳产性好的早熟杏品种金太阳为父本,采用连被去雄不套袋整株授粉方法进行杂交。在果实充分成熟时采集杂交种子,清洗干净后于阴凉处风干,当年得到杂交种子300粒,采用冬季常规沙藏法处理杂交种子。2004 年春季采用常规播种法进行育苗,到2005年共获得杂交实生苗200株,采用宽窄行定植,株行距为1 m×1 m×2 m。2006 年杂交实生苗首次开花、结果,初选优株编号2003-13W7,并在河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所李杏资源圃内进行大树高接。经过在杂交实生苗和高接大树上连续3 a(年)的观察鉴定,2003-13W7 果实成熟早,丰产性好,将其定为优系。2010 年,在石家庄市北郊壤土地、保定市顺平县山地和邢台市巨鹿县沙土地通过大树高接建立区域试验园,高接树于2011年开始结果,2012 年开始大量结果,通过2012—2014 年连续3 a 的观察鉴定,2003-13W7 表现出果实成熟早,果实主要经济性状优良且稳定,耐贮运,结果早,丰产性强,抗寒,抗旱,耐瘠薄,树体无明显病害等特点。2014年12月通过河北省林木品种审定委员会审定(良种编号:冀S-SV-PA-007-2014),定名为金辉(图1)。

图1 早熟杏新品种金辉
Fig.1 Anew early ripening apricot cultivar Jinhui

2 主要特性

2.1 果实经济性状

果实近圆形,平均单果质量82.6 g,大果质量125 g,果实大小一致;果实纵径5.05 cm,横径5.28 cm,侧径5.16 cm。果顶圆凸;果实缝合线浅,片肉不对称;梗洼中。果皮底色橙黄,阳面着1/4~1/2片状红色,外观美丽,果面光亮洁净。果肉橙黄色;肉质细腻,有韧性,纤维细少,汁液较多,酸甜可口,无涩味;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.2%,总糖含量11.3%,总酸含量0.77%,维生素C 含量6.39 mg·100 g-1。品质上。离核,近核处果肉无软化和褐变现象。核卵圆形,核面较平滑,平均纵径2.63 cm,横径2.09 cm,侧径1.40 cm,鲜核平均质量2.09 g;仁苦,饱满。果实可食率96.40%。果实带皮硬度9.5 kg·cm-2。金辉杏较耐贮运。金辉杏果实的部分经济性状见表1。

表1 金辉与对照品种果实主要经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparisons of main characters between Jinhui and the control cultivar

注:产量为大树高接后第4 年,第5 年和第6 年的3 年平均产量。
Note:The yield is the 3-year average yield of the tree in its fourth,fifth and sixth year.

品种Cultivar金辉Jinhui金太阳Golden-sun产量Yield/(kg·666.7 m-2)2 253.0 2 089.5底色Ground color橙黄Orange橙黄Orange盖色Cover colour 1/4-1/2红1/4-1/2 Red无No平均单果质量Average fruit mass/g 82.6 58.5 w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solid content/%13.2 12.3带皮硬度Fruit with skin hardness/(kg·cm-2)9.5 11.8可食率Edible rate/%96.40 95.30

2.2 植物学特征

树冠圆头形,树姿开张。主干灰褐色,多年生枝灰褐色。1 年生枝斜生或下垂,节间长1.59 cm,紫褐色,光滑,中等大小,皮孔多。花瓣浅粉色,多数5 瓣,花萼紫红色。叶片卵圆形,先端短突尖,基部圆形,叶缘整齐,锯齿粗,叶片波状;叶长宽为9.37 cm×7.16 cm,蜜腺圆形,叶片较厚,叶色深绿,有光泽;叶柄长4.3 cm,紫红色。

2.3 物候期

金辉在河北省中南部地区,2月下旬至3月上旬花芽萌动,3 月中下旬开花,花期4~6 d;6 月上旬果实成熟,果实发育期68 d左右;3月下旬叶芽萌动,4月上旬展叶,10 月下旬至11 月上旬落叶,树体营养生长期220 d左右。

2.4 生长结果习性

金辉树体生长势强,早果性强。在立地条件较好的杏园,成苗栽植后第2 年就可结果,高接树第2年大量结果,高接后4 年生树(砧木11 年生,株行距3 m×5 m),株产鲜杏35 kg,每666.7 m2 产鲜杏1 556.3 kg;高接5年生树株产鲜杏55 kg,每666.7 m2产鲜杏2 445.7 kg;高接6 年生树株产鲜杏62 kg,每666.7 m2 产鲜杏2 756.9 kg。成龄树完全花率为78.56%,完全花的自然坐果率为61.86%,连续结果能力强。萌芽率64.86%,成枝率15.21%。该品种自花授粉不结实,应配置授粉树。以短果枝和花束状果枝结果为主,随着树龄增长,花束状果枝有增加的趋势。一般年份不裂果。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 栽植密度

根据气候、土壤、水利条件等综合考虑栽植密度。在条件较好的壤土地建园,树体生长量大,应适当稀植,株行距一般以(3~4)m×(5~6)m 为宜。在土壤干旱瘠薄的沙荒地、山坡地及丘陵干旱地建园,树体生长量小,可适当密植,株行距一般以(2~3)m×(3~4)m为宜。树形一般采用疏散分层形或自然圆头形。

3.2 整形修剪

金辉树体喜光,生长快,结果早,应及时修剪,避免树冠郁闭。幼树以培养树形为主,应轻剪,以提早结果。盛果期树注意调节营养枝和结果枝的比例,保持适当的主枝角度,打开光路。夏剪主要是剪(抹)去徒长枝(芽)、竞争枝(芽)、过密枝(芽)等;对长势旺的枝条要及时摘心,改造成结果枝组,或用于提早形成树形。冬剪宜晚不宜早,最好在早春进行,以短截、疏枝和回缩为主,调节树体结构,改善通风透光条件。

3.3 花果管理

金辉杏自花授粉不结实,不能用母本串枝红和父本金太阳做授粉树,可选用骆驼黄、凯特、新特1号和子荷等杏品种做授粉树,主栽品种与授粉品种比例为3~4∶1。金辉坐果率较高,为提高果实品质,盛花后20 d 应及时进行疏果,并严格按标准要求疏果。适宜的留果标准为每5~8 cm 留1 个果,或根据果枝类型留果,花束状结果枝和短果枝留1 个果或不留果,中果枝留1~2个果,长果枝留2~4个果。

3.4 肥水管理

秋季落叶前施基肥,基肥多以含有机质丰富的厩肥、堆肥、作物秸秆、绿肥、人粪尿等迟效性肥料为主。由于金辉杏树从萌芽到果实采收的时间较短,因而前期对养分的需求较多。新梢生长期以氮肥为主,花芽分化期和开花期以磷肥为主,果实成熟期以钾肥为主。果实采收前15~20 d 以及果实采收后,控制氮肥的施入,避免影响果实品质及造成树体枝条徒长。每次施肥后要及时灌水,果实采收前15 d不宜灌水。

3.5 病虫害防治

萌芽前至芽萌动初期,喷布3~5 波美度石硫合剂,铲除越冬病虫源。果实发育期注意防治蚜虫、卷叶蛾和红蜘蛛,当病虫发生数量和杏树遭受危害程度达到防治指标时,可选择性使用高效、低毒、低残留的化学农药进行防治。

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Jinhui,a new early ripening apricot cultivar

WU Xiaohong1, WANG Duan1, CHEN Xuefeng1, LIU Zhikun1, ZHAO Xiping1, JI Wenzhang1, YUAN Liyong2,ZHANG Xiancheng3,TANG Huanying2,JING Chenjuan1*
(1Shijiazhuang Pomology Institute,Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science,Shijiazhuang 050061,Hebei,China;2Forestry-Administration of Julu County,Julu 055250,Hebei,China;3Forestry Administration of Shunping County,Shunping 072250,Hebei,China)

Abstract: Jinhui is an early ripening, fresh apricot cultivar.The seeding was derived from the cross of Chuanzhihong and Golden-sun at experimental field in 2003,300 hybrid seeds were initially harvested.Of these,200 seedlings germinated successfully and survived transplantation in 2005.The seedlings began to bear fruit in 2006, the primary selection of the superior plant number 2003-13W7.The evaluation of hybrid 2003-13W7 was conducted using top-grafting tests from 2008 to 2010,its fruit ripens early and has good fertility.The hybrid was selected as the most advanced accessions in 2010.Regional pilot parks were established in northern suburbs of Shijiazhuang, Shunping County of Baoding city and Julu County of Xingtai City, through the continuous identification of many years of observation, the fruit of 2003-13w7 is early ripening,and the main economic characters are good and stable.2003-13w7 have the characteristics of early fruit, high yield, cold resistance, drought resistance, barren resistance,and without obvious disease.In December 2014, it was approved by the Approval Committee for Improved Varieties of Forest Tree of Hebei Province (nos.Hebei S-SV-PA-007-2014).Accession 2003-13w7 named as Jinhui.The fruit of Jinhui is round, with an average weight of 82.6 g and a maximum weight of 125.0 g.The average vertical, horizontal, and lateral diameters of Jinhui fruit are 5.05, 5.28,and 5.16 cm, respectively.The fruit has a round bulge top, shallow suture, and no-symmetry flesh.The ground color of the fruit skin is orange,overlaid with 1/4-1/2 red blush on the sunny side.Fruit flesh is orange, with fine texture.The flesh contains little fiber and is juicy.The flavor is a pleasant mix of sweetness and sourness.The fruit has a soluble solids content of 13.2%, total sugar 11.3%, total acid 0.77%,vitamin C 6.39 mg·100 g-1,and flesh with skin hardness of 9.5 kg·cm-2.There is no flesh browning or softening near the stone.The stone is smooth,ovoid,and average weight 2.09 g.The flesh is freestone.The kernel has a bitter taste.In the central and southern part of Hebei Province, the fruit ripened in early June,with a growth period of 68 d and a vegetative growth period of 220 d.The average perfect flowering rate was 78.56%, the average natural fruit setting rate was 61.86%, germination rate was 64.86% and branching rate was 15.21%.The fruits of the cultivar are primarily produced on bouquets purs and short fruiting branches.In general,the fruit does not crack,and there is no browning inside the fruit.Self-pollination does not bear fruit.Jinhui has good tolerance to cold, drought and barren, and strong adaptability.In the growing season, there are no obvious diseases on branches, leaves and fruits.Jinhui is more resistant to bacterial shot hole disease and leaf scorch disease,basically no early defoliation phenomenon, production management generally can not spray preventive drugs.Fruits can be stored at room temperature for about 5-7 days,resistant to storage and transportation.Jinhui can be cultivated in the central and southern part of Hebei province and the similar ecological conditions in north and northwest China.Self-pollination by Jinhui produces no fruit,so it is necessary to paired pollinated trees.The ratio of main cultivars to pollinated cultivars is 3-4∶1.The complete flowering rate and fruit setting rate of Jinhui are high,so fruit thinning work should be carried out as early as possible.

Key words:Apricot;New cultivar;Jinhui;Early ripening

中图分类号:S662.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)01-0144-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210401

收稿日期:2021-09-01

接受日期:2021-10-13

基金项目:河北省重点研发计划项目(21326310D);河北省农林科学院创新工程项目(2019-3-5-1-03);河北省农业科技成果转化资金项目(21626806D);河北省农林科学院创新团队项目(F21E06-3)

作者简介:武晓红,女,副研究员,主要从事李杏种质资源和遗传育种研究。Tel:0311-87659937,E-mail:hebeiapricot@126.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0311-87659937,E-mail:jingchenjuan@163.com