鲜食葡萄新品种岳秀无核的选育

马 丽1,孙凌俊1*,高圣华1,朱绍坤1,乔 军2

1辽宁省果树科学研究所,辽宁 熊岳 115009;2辽宁农业职业技术学院,辽宁 熊岳 115009)

摘 要:岳秀无核是由红地球×无核白鸡心杂交选育出的中早熟葡萄新品种。果穗圆锥形,整齐,平均单穗质量484.1 g,最大穗质量697.8 g,果粒长椭圆形,平均粒质量4.7 g,最大粒质量7.3 g,果皮紫红色,中等厚,无涩味,果肉硬脆,果汁呈黄绿色,味甜,无核。成熟时可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.1%,可溶性糖含量17.36%,总酸含量为0.44%,糖酸比为39∶1,维生素C含量4.33 mg·100 g-1,综合品质上。果实生育期115~125 d,在熊岳地区8月中下旬成熟;该品种萌芽率为62.5%,结果枝率为72.7%,结果系数为1.51,定植第2年开花结果,早期丰产性好。抗病性和适应性均较强。适合在熊岳及近似环境地区推广栽培。

关键词:鲜食葡萄;新品种;岳秀无核;无核

鲜食葡萄生产是我国葡萄产业的主体[1],而无核葡萄因其无核、食用方便,深受消费者青睐,也一直是鲜食葡萄生产的主要发展方向[2]。2010年以来,我国鲜食葡萄新品种选育成效显著,无论在数量上还是质量上都有了很大提升,也进一步推动了我国葡萄产业的健康发展[3-6]。但市面上红色系无核品种为数不多,为丰富消费者选择,辽宁省果树科学研究所经过多年选育,培育出一个红色、无核、脆肉的鲜食葡萄新品种岳秀无核。

1 选育过程

辽宁省果树科学研究所葡萄研究室于2001 年做了红地球×无核白鸡心的杂交组合,当年秋天共收获1558 粒杂交种子,2002 年春天先温室催芽,然后采用营养块播种,露地育苗,秋天收获杂种实生苗520 株,2003 年春将获得杂种苗全部定植于实生苗圃,株行距设置为4.0 m×0.5 m,小棚架,田间常规管理。2006 年单株第1 次开花见果,果实品质表现优异,又经过连续3年的评价与筛选,2009年以贝达做砧木嫁接入选优系圃,代号01-3-74。2010年被确定为决选优系并开展生产试栽,经过系统调查研究后,认为该品种具有外形美观、无核、丰产、优质、抗病、适应性强等特点。2021年8月通过农业农村部品种保护办公室审查和登记,定名为岳秀无核[GPD葡萄(2021)210008](图1)。

图1 无核葡萄新品种岳秀无核
Fig.1 A new seedless grape cultivar Yuexiu Seedless

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

岳秀无核属于欧亚种,二倍体品种。该品种生长势偏中庸,嫩梢颜色为绿色,上面可见白色稀疏茸毛。幼叶绿色略带黄斑,上、下表面均着生有少量白色茸毛。成龄叶片呈五角形,5 裂,中等厚,裂刻较深;平均长度18.42 cm,成龄叶平均宽度18.27 cm,叶面较为平展,上表面和下表面均光滑无毛。叶柄洼半开张,叶缘锯齿锐,叶柄中等长,紫红色,无茸毛。成熟枝条黄褐色,平均节间长度10.3 cm,平均成熟节数大于7节。卷须为间歇式,两性花。

2.2 果实经济性状

岳秀无核果穗呈圆锥形,整齐,果粒着生松紧适中,果穗平均长22.6 cm,宽14.5 cm,平均单穗质量484.1 g,大穗质量697.8 g。果粒呈长椭圆形,横径1.9 cm,纵径2.9 cm,平均粒质量4.7 g,最大粒质量7.3 g。果皮紫红色,中等厚,无涩味,果肉质地硬脆,果汁中等多,呈黄绿色,味甜,爽口,品质上等,无核。可溶性糖含量17.36%,总酸含量0.44%,可溶性固形物含量18.1%,维生素C 含量4.33 mg·100 g-1(表1)。

表1 岳秀无核与其亲本性状比较
Table 1 Main characteristics between Yuexiu Seedless and main varieties in Xiongyue area

性状Trait成熟期Muturity无核白鸡心Centennial Seedless 8月下旬Late August果穗形状Cluster shape平均穗质量Average cluster mass/g果粒形状Berry shape平均单粒质量Average berry mass/g果皮颜色Skin color果肉质地Flesh texture w(可溶性固形物)Soluble solids content/%w(可滴定酸)Tiratable acid content/%w(维生素C)Vitamin C content/(mg·100 g-1)有无核Seedless or not岳秀无核Yuexiu Seedless 8月中下旬Mid-to-late August圆锥形Conical 484.1圆锥形Conical 610.0红地球Red Globe 9月中下旬Mid-to-late September圆锥形Conical 860.0长椭圆形Long elliptic 4.7鸡心形Ovate 5.1卵圆形Obovate 11.8紫红色Red-violet硬脆Crisp 18.1黄绿色Green-yellow硬脆Crisp 14.8紫红色Red-violet硬脆Crisp 14.9 0.44 0.5 0.51 4.33 7.03 8.76无核Seedless无核Seedless有核Seed

2.3 生物学特性

2.3.1 物候期 在辽宁熊岳地区,4月末萌芽,6月3日左右开花,7月12日左右果实进入转色期,8月中下旬浆果充分成熟。该品种比父本无核白鸡心早10 d 左右成熟,萌芽至果实充分成熟需115~125 d,为中早熟品种。

2.3.2 生长结果习性 岳秀无核树势中庸,冬芽平均萌芽率为62.5%,平均结果枝率为72.7%,结果系数为1.51;夏芽副梢结实力强。一般定植第2 年即可结果,早期丰产性好,盛果期666.7 m2产量需控制在1700 kg,产量过高,果实着色不好。

2.3.3 抗病性 岳秀无核对白粉病、霜霉病具有较强抗性,对白腐病抗病力中等。露地栽培条件下正常防治,无明显病害发生。该品种对土质要求不高,适应性较强,在辽宁阜新、北镇,内蒙古等地均表现早果、丰产、品质优良等特点。

2.4 栽培技术要点

2.4.1 栽植密度 在北方埋土防寒区建议选用贝达砧木苗,株行距设置为(0.8~2.0)m×(4~5)m。

2.4.2 整形修剪 岳秀无核一般可采用小棚架,龙干整枝。幼树期注意扩蔓整形,定植后选出1~2 个新梢作为主蔓进行延长生长,每长30~40 cm引缚一次,一般长到1.8~2 m 时可进行摘心。冬季修剪一般在11 月初进行,1 年生树可剪留成熟部分的2/3,约1.5 m,结果母枝采用中、短梢修剪,一般留2~4个芽,剪口距离芽眼保持3 cm左右,防止枝条抽干。

2.4.3 花果管理 岳秀无核新梢伸展后,及时摘除多余花序,一般一个结果枝只保留1个花序,有的强壮枝可保留2个。及时整花序,去除3~5个副穗,因其无核所以果粒偏小,果农在生产上可根据市场需要进行花果膨大管理,一般建议在花后1 周左右用50 mg·L-1赤霉素蘸果穗,待到果实花生粒大小时可进行疏果,每穗可保留100个果粒,成熟时穗质量750 g左右。

2.4.4 肥水管理 岳秀无核是中早熟品种,可在9月中旬以后施用基肥,一般以有机肥及生物菌肥为主,全年再补充复合肥2~3 次,前期以氮肥为主,转色期施入磷钾肥,促进着色和提高果实品质,采收后施入平衡肥恢复树势。一般需要根据土壤墒情适时灌水,在春季萌芽前灌1次透水,花前灌1次水,幼果膨大期到着色前1周左右灌1次水,着色后要控制灌水次数,落叶前半个月灌1次水,防寒前灌1次封冻水。

2.4.5 病虫害防治 病虫害要以预防为主,综合防治。春季出土后整树喷布3~5 波美度石硫合剂;萌芽期需要重点进行绿盲蝽和蓟马的虫害防治;雨季来临前,加紧霜霉病的防治,可全园喷施1 遍铜制剂,然后每隔10~15 d喷施1次光谱性杀菌剂。药剂交替使用。采收前停止用药。

3 综合评价

岳秀无核是一个红色系中早熟无核葡萄新品种。具有花芽分化好、结果稳定、穗形整齐、果形美观、颜色艳丽、果肉质地硬脆、甜酸适口、栽培适应性强、抗病性强等特点,综合表现优良,具有良好的推广应用前景。

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Breeding report of a new table grape cultivar Yuexiu Seedlless

MA Li1,SUN Lingjun1*,GAO Shenghua1,ZHU Shaokun1,QIAO Jun2
(1Liaoning Institute of Pomology,Xiongyue 115009,Liaoning,China;2Liaoning Agricultural Vocational and Technical College,Xiongyue 115009,Liaoning,China)

Abstract:Yuexiu Seedless is a medium-early-season, table grape with excellent appearance.The seeding was derived from a cross between Red Globe and Centennial Seedless in 2001 at experimental field.It was initially selected in 2006 for its bright colors and seedless flesh.Through artificial hybridization pollination,1558 hybrid seeds were got.After regional adaptability testing at three sites(including Fuxin City, Beizhen County, Neimeng province) over four years from 2010 to 2014, it was finally selected in 2015 and was awarded and registered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China in 2021.The registration number is GPD grape(2021)210008.Yuexiu Seedless belongs to Eurasian species, the vigor of plant is not very strong.The color of dorsal and ventral side of internodes is green with red stripes.Young leaves are green with yellow spots,upper and lower surfaces with white fluff.The mature leaves are pentagonal in shape,large,18.42 cm in length,18.27 cm in width,fivelobed.The leaf surface is flat, and the upper and lower surfaces are smooth and hairless.The mature branches are yellow-brown with an average internode length of 10.3 cm and the nodes greater than 7 nodes.The tendrils are intermittent.The flower is hermaphrodite.The fruit clusters are conical,medium in size and neat with the length of 22.6 cm and the width of 14.5 cm.The average cluster weight is 484.1 g and the biggest one is 697.8 g.The color of berry is red-violet and the shape is long elliptic,the average weight is 4.7 g and the biggest one reaches 7.3 g.The flesh is crisp and sweet.It is a seedless variety.The contents of soluble solids,total acid,total sugar was 18.1%,0.44%,17.36%.In the Xiongyue area of Liaoning province,the beginning date of bud-burst is at end-April,and flowering at the early-June,starts to color in early and mid-July,and fully matures at mid-to-late August.It takes about 115-125 d from germination to harvest and belongs to a medium-early maturing variety.The germination rate was 62.5%,the average fruiting shoot rate was 72.7%.This variety can fruit in the second year and with high yield potential, but the yield is too high the fruit color is not good.Plants are easy to cultivate because of thestrong adaptability and resistance to disease.It is suitable for cultivation in Xiongyue and similar areas.

Key words:Table grape;New cultivar;Yuexiu Seedless;Seedless

中图分类号:S663.1

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2022)01-0141-03

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20210363

收稿日期:2021-08-09

接受日期:2021-09-13

基金项目:农业农村部现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-29-6);农业攻关及产业化项目(2020JH2/10200019);农业种质资源发掘、创制与利用专项(2021GR2904)

作者简介:马丽,女,副研究员,博士,主要从事葡萄资源与育种工作。Tel:0417-7039795,E-mail:43845590@qq.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:0417-7033406,E-mail:zglnykslj@163.com