鲜食果桑新品种‘粤椹143’的选育

王振江1,2,唐翠明1,2,戴凡炜1,2,肖更生1,林 森1,李智毅1,罗国庆1*

1广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,广州 510610;2农业农村部华南都市农业重点实验室,广州 510610)

摘 要‘粤椹143’是从广东桑种(Morus atropurpurea Roxb.)资源母本‘塘10’和父本‘航诱18’杂交后代群体中经秋水仙碱诱导筛选变异单株而育成的果桑新品种。该品种生长势较强,树形稍开展,主枝发条数多,花芽易形成,花芽萌发率96.2%~99.6%,单芽坐果数4~9粒。成熟桑果长圆筒形,果形端正整齐,商品果率高;单果较大,平均单果质量7.8 g,成熟后不易落果,适宜鲜食开发。品质优,平均出汁率76.4%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为12.2%,总酸含量为3.8 g·kg-1,花色苷含量为1.2 mg·g-1。在广州地区种植3月中旬桑果盛熟,持续采收期30~35 d。1年生嫁接苗当年春季种植第2年即可挂果,第3年即可进入丰产期,产量27 000 kg·hm-2以上。耐寒性较差,适宜在长江流域以南地区种植。

关键词鲜食果桑;新品种;‘粤椹143’

桑果为桑科植物桑(Morus alba L.)的成熟果穗,属浆果类。桑果以其独特的口味,丰富的营养和含有较高的活性物质而日益受到人们的喜爱,成为第三代水果的代表,目前已被国家卫生部列入“既是食品又是药品”名单[1-2]。除鲜食外,桑果被加工开发成桑果汁、桑果酒、桑果酱、桑果红色素、桑果醋等多种产品,桑果产业初具规模,并呈现出良好的多元化发展势头[3]。我国果桑品种选育研究的起步较晚,育成的品种较少,种植品种更为单一,目前全国种植面积最大的品种是‘粤椹大10’,该品种成熟桑果皮薄汁多,果实较软,且成熟后易落果,不宜采摘鲜食用开发,多以加工为主[3-4]。因此,广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所从2005 年开始进行优质鲜食用果桑新品种的选育工作,历经13 a(年)的选育研究,筛选选育出了早熟、大果、果形端正整齐且成熟后不易落果的优质高产鲜食用桑果新品种‘粤椹143’(图1),并于2018 年获得国家植物新品种权保护。

图1 鲜食果桑新品种‘粤椹143’
Fig.1 A new table mulberry cultivar‘Yueshen143’

1 选育经过

2005 年春季2 月初以广东桑资源‘塘10’为母本,‘航诱11’为父本进行人工授粉杂交并采种育苗。3月底收获杂交种子,当年5月底进行播种培育杂交实生苗,并于幼苗期利用浓度为0.1%的秋水仙碱液连续处理3 d,筛选表型变异植株,当年秋季定植于杂种圃,株行距1.5 m×3.0 m。2007—2008年连续2 a进行优良单株选择,综合2 a 的调查结果初步筛选出182 个单果大、产量高、风味较好的单株,编号为1~182 号。2008 年12 月份对初步筛选出的182 个单株进行嫁接扩繁,2010—2011 年性状调查后发现编号为143 号的单株生长势较强,主枝发条数多,成熟桑果果形端正整齐,单果较大,果实较硬,且成熟后不易落果,风味酸甜可口,初选为优株。2011 年秋季进行扩繁试种,2013—2015 年期间连续多年观察,该品系果实性状及栽培性状与母树性状较为一致,表现稳定,确定为终选优系,命名为‘粤椹143’。2016 年1 月申请农业部国家植物新品种权保护,2018 年1 月通过农业农村部品种保护办公室审查登记,授予植物新品种权(CNA20160061.4)。

2 主要性状

2.1 植物学特征

参照桑树种质资源描述规范和数据标准[5],该品种生长势较强,形稍开展,主枝发条数多,侧枝萌发力强。枝条皮色灰褐,节间直,平均节距5.2 cm;叶序为絮乱叶序;皮孔较密,小,圆形。冬芽形状为卵圆形,颜色棕褐色,芽着生状态腹离,副芽大而多。幼叶花色苷显色弱,顶端叶着生姿态斜上,叶柄着生姿态上举;植株叶片形状全叶,心脏形,深绿色,叶尖长尾状,叶缘粗圆齿,叶基深心形;叶面平展,光滑,光泽性强,叶柄细长。

2.2 果实特征及经济性状

‘粤椹143’成熟桑果长圆筒形,果形端正整齐,商品性较好。成熟桑果单果较大,平均单果质量7.8 g,桑果纵径4.2~6.0 cm,横径1.3~1.7 cm。成熟桑果呈黑色,果实含种子较多,果实较硬,风味酸甜,鲜果平均出汁率76.4%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为12.2%,总酸含量为3.8 g·kg-1,花色苷含量为1.2 mg·g-1(表1)。

表1 ‘粤椹143’与主栽品种‘粤椹大10’果实主要经济性状比较
Table 1 Comparison of key fruit economic characters between‘Yueshen 143’and‘Yueshen Da 10’

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2.3 生长结果习性

‘粤椹143’花芽分化易形成,花芽萌发率96.2%~99.6%;丰产、稳产性均好。挂果以一年生结果枝为主,单芽坐果数4~9粒,平均单芽坐果数6.5个,自然坐果率高,成熟后不易落果,不需药剂保花果和疏果。1 a(年)生嫁接苗当年春季种植第2 年即可挂果,第3 年即可进入丰产期,产量27 000 kg·hm-2以上。采用多头芽接改造旧有桑园,第2 年能恢复50%产量,第3年即可恢复全盛期产量。

2.4 物候期

‘粤椹143’属广东桑种,属早生早熟品种,在广州地区种植,发芽期1月中下旬,盛花期2月上旬,桑果始熟期3 月上旬,盛熟期3 月中旬,桑果发育期45~50 d,成熟桑果持续采收期30~35 d。

2.5 抗逆性与栽培适应性

‘粤椹143’开花期遇雨水多的年份桑果易感菌核病,易受微型虫危害,耐寒性较弱,适宜在长江流域以南地区种植。

3 栽培技术要点

3.1 计划密植

‘粤椹143’生长势较强,种植密度视土壤条件而定,在平原地区行距3.0~4.0 m,株距1.2~1.5 m,每666.7 m2种植120~180株为宜,在丘陵等山地可适当密植。种植时深度以覆土盖过嫁接苗穗条,种植5~7 d后在距地面约2 cm处剪低苗干,使发壮芽。

3.2 树形培养

栽植当年至第2年是树形培养期,每株培养1条主干,主干高80~100 cm,在主干上保留3~4条主枝,主枝长20~30 cm,每条主枝再培养2~3条副主枝,副主枝长15~20 cm,从副主枝上长出的枝条为挂果枝条,单株挂果枝条数控制在20~30 条。在主枝和副主枝定枝时应选留壮枝并注意分布均匀,形成向四周舒展的树形。

3.3 枝条修剪

每年在桑果收获期结束后,将上年的1 年生挂果枝条剪留2~3个芽,在新芽长至20 cm时及时除去弱小枝条,选留壮枝作为下一年的挂果枝条。

3.4 肥培管理

秋冬季在桑树进入休眠期后施冬肥,以有机肥为主;在春季桑树冬芽萌发脱苞至雀口期增施催芽肥,以磷钾肥为主;在夏季剪枝后发芽前增施发枝肥,以磷钾肥为主。施肥时在离桑树主干约20 cm处开施肥穴,施肥后覆土。

3.5 菌核病防治

果桑的主要病害为菌核病,可在开始开花至青果期,交替使用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500~800 倍液、70%甲基托布津粉剂800~1000 倍液和40%菌核净可湿性粉剂800~1200 倍液,对花、叶、果、枝和地表进行全面喷洒,每隔5~7 d 喷1 次,直至开花结束时停止喷药。必要时也可在桑树开花前用农用薄膜覆盖地面,可有效隔离病原菌子囊孢子侵染桑花。

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Breeding report of a new table mulberry cultivar‘Yueshen143’

WANG Zhenjiang1, 2, TANG Cuiming1, 2, DAI Fanwei1, 2, XIAO Gengsheng1, LIN Sen1, LI Zhiyi1, LUO Guoqing1*

(1Sericulture & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, Guangdong, China;2Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510610, Guangdong,China)

Abstract‘Yueshen143’(Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) is a new table mulberry cultivar selected from the seedling progenies of‘Tang10’בHangyou18’at experimental field of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences.In late March 2005,mature fruit of‘Tang10’בHangyou18’in the experimental field were harvested and cleaned in room.The seeds were extracted and immediately stratified using the mosit sand in the 4 ℃refrigerator. In late May, sowing and culture of seedlings in the greenhouse.The seedlings were polyploidy induction by treating the tips of caudices with colchicines, and screen phenotypic variant.In late September,the phenotypic variant seedlings were transplanted and planted in the experimental field.By the spring of 2007,most mulberry seedlings started to fruition.Based on evaluation of main economic characters of fruits over 2 years,182 seedlings ware picked out and numbered as M1-M182.In late December 2008,M1-M182 seedlings were grafting and propagation,Among them,M143 was initially selected in 2010 for its big berry,high uniformity,good taste,uneasily shedding ripening fruits and excellent eating quality. From 2011, it was evaluated again and selected as the final line.After several years of observation,it was finally released as‘Yueshen143’in 2015.This cultivar is strong growth potential with open tree gesture. The main fruit braches are the annual branches and the short fruit branches.It’s easy to form lateral flower buds on new shoots.Usually 4-9 fruits come out of every flower bud, and average 6.5 fruits per flower bud. The long and cylindrical ripening fruit are black,and with average fruit mass 7.8 g.It has pleasant sweet and little sour taste,a rich flavor and fine quality.‘Yueshen143’have very little malformed fruit and contains 76.4% juice productivity, 12.2%soluble solids, 3.8 g·kg-1 titratable acid, 1.2 mg·g-1 anthocyanin.The fruits are hard and have excellent storage and transportation capacity.‘Yueshen143’is an excellent early-ripening mulberry cultivar,suitable for planting in the south of the Yangtze River area of China. In Guangzhou,‘Yueshen143’germination period in mid-late January, full-bloom period in early February. The fruit matures while it turns black in early Mar, and full- ripening period in mid-March.The fruit development time about 45-50 d,and harvest period is about 30-35 days.‘Yueshen143’can bear fruits next year after planted, with the yield more than 27 000 kg·hm-2 in the 3rd year after planting.It is with poor cold tolerance and suitable to be planted in south of the Yangtze River area. The China Plant Variety Protection application for‘Yueshen143’was submitted in January, 2016, and gained authorization since January, 2018 (Grant No.CNA20160061.4).

Key words:Table mulberry;New cultivar;‘Yueshen143’

中图分类号S663.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:1009-9980(2021)02-0296-04

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20200291

收稿日期:2020-08-14接受日期:2020-11-04

基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2019YFD1001200);国家蚕桑产业技术体系建设项目(CARS-18-SYZ13);广东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队建设项目(2019KJ124);广东省农业科学院学科团队建设项目(201624TD);广东省科技创新战略专项资金(20190001)

作者简介:王振江,男,副研究员,主要从事桑树种质资源与遗传育种研究。Tel:020-87236511,E-mail:wzhjiang@126.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence.Tel:020-87236473,E-mail:guo_qingl@sina.com