种质资源评价挖掘和创新利用是现代农业的重要特征。新疆是苹果等多种落叶果树起源演化中心,种质资源极为丰富。近几年来,围绕新疆红肉苹果和‘红富士’以及‘库尔勒香梨’资源评价挖掘和创新利用,在育种理论创新、育种方法突破、新种质创造以及三者共同作用推动苹果和梨产业升级方面取得了重要进展[1-2]。
“医食同源,吃营养,吃健康”已经成为人们的共识[3]。苹果耐贮性好,供应周期长,果实含有较高比例的、人体比较容易吸收的游离多酚,具有很好的抗氧化、抗肿瘤、预防心脑血管疾病及保肝等作用,营养保健价值高,有“一天一苹果,医生远离我”的美誉,世界上相当多的国家都将其列为主要消费果品而大力推荐[4]。
苹果是我国落叶果树的第一大水果,苹果野生种数量、栽培面积与产量均占世界的50%以上,是世界上最大的苹果资源、生产和消费国,年产总值达2 100 亿元,是增加农民收入的支柱产业[5]。但我国苹果产业缺乏鲜食品质优良、易着色可免套袋的高类黄酮苹果(红肉)等特色多样化品种,缺乏对新疆野苹果资源的挖掘利用,育种周期长;主栽品种‘红富士’着色等性状有待改良,传统芽变选种缺乏科学性;缺乏针对老果园更新、主产区干旱瘠薄、劳动力成本高等问题的配套技术,阻碍了新品种的快速推广应用。上述问题制约了我国苹果产业品种结构优化调整及提质增效。因此,以‘红富士’及新疆红肉苹果资源评价挖掘与创新利用为研究重点,以高类黄酮(红肉与红皮)为主线,采用“理论与技术创新并重及良种良法配套”的研究思路,取得了“理论、技术、品种和产品”的系统创新成果[6]。
1.1.1 栽培苹果起源演化 栽培苹果的起源演化倍受关注,相关研究大体上分为三个阶段,2009 年以前国内外的研究认为,新疆地区的塞威士苹果(Malus sieversii)、欧洲森林苹果(M.sylvestris)及东方苹果(M. orientalis)均可能是栽培苹果的祖先种,而2010年的苹果全基因组测序证实了塞威士苹果(M.sieversii)是栽培苹果的祖先种,2017 年的苹果基因组重测序研究发现,在新疆野苹果和西洋栽培苹果2个种漫长的进化历程中,QTL gwa_w1和多个miRNA172对果实增大起到了关键作用,进一步明确了塞威士苹果(M.sieversii)就是世界栽培苹果的祖先种[7-9]。
1.1.2 新疆野苹果生存现状及遗传多样性评价与核心种质构建 新疆野苹果(M.sieversii)是伊犁野果林的建群种,也是世界栽培苹果的祖先种;经过60年(1959—2018年)的跟踪调查,新疆野苹果资源的遗传多样性遭到严重破坏,生存现状受到严重威胁;1959 年野苹果林面积曾达9 300 hm2,2005 年不足1 800 hm2,野苹果林面积急剧减少;2005 年调查发现,新疆野苹果果实形态多样性极为丰富,具有栽培苹果的典型特征;2018 年8 月,笔者应中央电视台“影响世界的中国植物——新疆野苹果”纪录片摄制组的邀请,来到新疆伊犁巩留县莫合新疆野苹果林进行现场拍摄。工作之余,对野果林的生存现状进行调查发现,与2005 年相比,不仅野苹果的株数大约减少60%以上,已很难见到成方连片的野果林,而且不同单株的果实大小、颜色基本一致,均为小型绿果,果实形态多样性极差。
研究发现,农田开垦、过度放牧、繁育体系正被破坏、乱砍乱伐、苹果小吉丁虫的传播与蔓延及生态系统的退化是导致新疆野苹果资源濒临灭绝的主要原因[10];为加强资源的保护与利用,开展了群体遗传结构分析与原生境保护[11-12]、核心种质构建与异地建圃保存[13-15]、离体器官建库保存[16]及挥发性物质、糖、酸和酚类化合物组分遗传多样性评价与利用保存的研究[17-20],旨在建立新疆野苹果资源多层次的保护保存技术体系。研究结果表明,新疆野苹果果实酚类化合物和有机酸含量极显著地高于栽培品种,特有香气成分多。因此,从新疆红肉苹果杂种后代中能够选育出酚类化合物含量高、糖酸比适当、鲜食品质优良、香味独特的高类黄酮(红肉)苹果新品种。
1.1.3 杂种分离群体构建及高类黄酮苹果优异种质CSR6R6 的创制 研究发现,新疆红肉苹果[Malus sieversii f. neidzwetzkyana (Dieck)Langenf]Ms-MYB10转录因子不受组织器官、发育时期及环境等因素的影响,具有组成型表达特性,没有时空特异性,但属ACS1-1/-1 纯合的乙烯敏感型(红肉、绵肉)[21];苹果果实属于呼吸跃变型,但不同的品种之间存在显著差异,而‘红富士’属ACS1-2/-2 纯合的乙烯迟钝型(白肉、脆肉);为此,率先构建了新疆红肉苹果与‘红富士’苹果品种杂种F1分离群体[22];揭示了苹果高类黄酮形成的分子机制,正调控转录因子MYB12 能够与bHLH3/33 互作调控黄烷醇的合成,而MYB22能够直接与FLS启动子结合促进黄酮醇合成,提出了全红肉表型、R6:MsMYB10分子标记及花青苷、黄烷醇和黄酮醇含量与基因表达量检测三结合的高效筛选方法,创制出高类黄酮苹果优异种质CSR6R6(ZL201611138572.1),该种质果肉全红,类黄酮含量为2.51 mg·g-1,抗氧化能力是白肉苹果品种的7倍[23-26]。
1.1.4 发明了苹果优质高效育种技术 在优质品种亲本溯源分析及基因结构分析的基础上,发明了“果树多种源品质育种法”(ZL2015 10428448.8)和“一种易着色苹果品种培育法(ZL201510890141.X)”,实现了易着色(红皮)、红肉、脆肉、高类黄酮等多个品质性状的有效聚合[27];在新疆红肉苹果与‘红富士’F1分离群体性状遗传变异研究的基础上,发明了一选亲本、一早播种、二选F1优株二早杂交、三选F2红肉株系、一促花芽分化缩童期的“三选两早一促苹果育种法”(ZL 2013 1 0205419.6),育种年限由传统方法的20年缩短至15年[28]。
1.1.5 利用CSR6R6创建了离体研究平台 用离体培养体系研究类黄酮代谢,具有培养条件可控、生长周期短以及便于通过转基因技术进行基因敲除和超表达以进行功能验证等优势。为此,从高类黄酮苹果优异种质CSR6R6 叶片诱导出红色愈伤组织,创建了离体培养研究平台。利用该平台,初步研究了糖代谢机制,并探讨了我国西部黄土高原紫外线以及低温、激素和N 信号调控苹果花青苷合成的分子机理,为苹果区划及品质性状的栽培调控提供了科学依据。在此基础上,创建了诱导培养、继代培养和增强培养技术体系,提出了“利用组织培养法生产苹果类黄酮”的发明专利,为利用组织培养法进行苹果类黄酮的工业化生产提供了技术支撑[29-51]。
1.1.6 利用CSR6R6 创新育成了红肉苹果新品种利用多项发明专利技术及CSR6R6与‘红富士’等苹果品种杂种F2分离群体,杂交育成了‘幸红’(品种权号为CNA20180157.7,良种编号为鲁S-SV-MD-010-2019)、‘福红’(品种权号为CNA20180156.8,良种编号为鲁S-SV-MD-008-2018)、‘美红’(品种权号为CNA20180160.2,良种编号为鲁S-SV-MD-010-2018)和‘满红’(品种权号为CNA20180159.5,良种编号为鲁S-SV-MD-009-2018)4 个高类黄酮(红肉)苹果新品种,填补了我国红肉苹果品种的空白[52-56]。
省力化是未来果业发展方向。育成的4个红肉苹果新品种均易成花,早果性和丰产性强,易着色,可免套袋[57];4 个品种果肉花青苷含量分别为10.3、28.2、76.6和152.4 mg·kg-1,但采用同样的测定方法,‘红富士’及‘嘎拉’等白肉苹果品种的果肉花青苷几乎检测不到;果肉维生素C 含量分别为1.1、2.7、3.6和4.9 mg·100 g-1,而对照‘嘎拉’仅为0.7 mg·100g-1。因此,4个品种均具有较高的营养保健价值;鲜食型的‘幸红’‘福红’和‘美红’均肉质细脆,酸甜适口,鲜食品质优良,明显优于瑞士的红色之爱(Redlove)系列品种,尤其是‘美红’,果肉全红,果肉花青苷含量高达76.6 mg·kg-1,鲜食与营养品质优良,市场前景广阔,助力健康中国(图1)[52]。
图1 高类黄酮(红肉)苹果新品种果实特征
Fig.1 The characteristics of high flavonoid(red flesh)apple variety
1.2.1 以‘红富士’为主的品种结构使我国成为世界上最大的苹果生产国和消费国 以‘红富士’为主的品种结构使我国成为世界上最大的苹果生产国和消费国。根据‘红富士’苹果品种特性及其近几年芽变选种和芽变机理的研究结果,结合我国经济社会发展水平、消费习惯和市场需求,经综合分析研究,认为‘红富士’在我国苹果产业独占鳌头(占比约70%)是我国成为世界上最大的苹果生产国和消费国的主导因素,而‘红富士’在我国苹果产业独占鳌头有3个原因:一是通过持续多代的芽变选种,‘红富士’的果实着色、风味品质及生长结果习性等性状得到有效改良,使‘红富士’苹果“好看、好吃、好卖、好管”,推动了我国苹果产业的高速发展[58-59];二是‘红富士’的红色和短枝芽变属表观遗传,其晚熟和耐贮这2个性状始终没有改变[60-68];三是以优质、晚熟、耐贮‘红富士’苹果品种为主的品种结构是保障我国鲜食苹果消费市场周年供应最经济有效的技术途径,而美国和法国等资本主义发达国家,利用优质、中熟、不耐贮的‘元帅系’和‘金帅’等主栽品种实现了周年供应。因此,‘红富士’在我国苹果产业独占鳌头是我国及日本苹果人共同创造的中国特色;没有‘红富士’的育种、引种和持续多代的芽变选种,就没有中国的苹果产业(图2,图3)[2,59]。
图2 我国‘红富士’苹果的持续多代芽变选种[59]
Fig.2 The continuous multi-generation bud variety selection of‘Red Fuji’apples in our country[59]
图3 ‘长富2’(第2 代)和‘烟富3’(第3 代)及其红色芽变新品种‘龙富’(第5 代)和‘元富红’(第4 代)苹果
Fig.3 The pictures of‘Changfu 2’(2nd generation)and‘Yanfu 3’(3rd generation)and their new red bud varieties‘Longfu’(5th generation)and‘Yuanfuhong’(4th generation)apples
1.2.2 发明了常规与分子技术相结合的苹果持续多代芽变选种技术 研究发现,‘长富2’的红色芽变品种‘烟富3’和‘烟富8’MYB1 启动子甲基化水平与果皮花青苷含量显著负相关,并进一步揭示了苹果红色芽变DNA 甲基化差异及花青苷合成的分子机制:苹果AGO4s 识别MYB1 启动子的ATATCAGA 序列并招募DRM2s 对MYB1 启动子进行CHH 甲基化修饰,MYB1 进而调控花青苷结构基因及转运蛋白GSTF6,影响花青苷的合成。在此基础上,提出了基于MYB1 启动子甲基化水平检测的苹果红色芽变早期分子鉴定技术,发明了常规与分子技术相结合的苹果持续多代芽变选种技术(ZL201710092300.0)。该技术实现了对苹果红色变异的早期、快速、准确鉴定,提高了苹果芽变选种效率和准确度,育种年限缩短2~3 a(年),为进一步有效利用苹果芽变选种的群众性、重演性及稳定性三大特点进行“优中选优”提供了技术支撑[59,69-71]。
1.2.3 提出了我国苹果品种结构优化调整方案未来很长一段时间,‘红富士’占我国苹果产业1/2天下的格局不会改变。因此,一方面应进一步加大‘龙富’‘威海金’及“幸福美满”等特色多样化新品种的示范推广应用力度,加快我国苹果品种结构优化调整步伐,努力构建以‘龙富’和‘元富红’等‘红富士’红色芽变新品种为主(55%)、由‘幸红’‘福红’‘美红’‘满红’‘威海金’‘王林’‘寒富’‘秦脆’‘蜜脆’‘瑞雪’‘福丽’‘华硕’及‘鲁丽’等特色多样化新品种组成的苹果品种结构,推动中国苹果产业提质增效,助力精准脱贫,保障周年供应(图4)[59,72-74]。
图4 构建以‘红富士’红色芽变新品种为主、由特色多样化新品种组成的中国苹果产业品种结构
Fig.4 A new variety structure of apple industry in China was constructed,which was mainly composed of new varieties of‘Red Fuji’and diversified characteristics
1.3.1 发明了苹果重茬障碍绿色防控技术 我国苹果主产区老龄果园亟需更新,受土地资源限制,新品种推广面临重茬栽培。为此,明确了镰孢菌属是引起我国苹果连作障碍的主要病原菌,根皮苷等酚酸类物质显著促进镰孢菌生长,发明了以“冬前开沟、捡除残根、穴施菌肥(发酵流体)、葱树混作”为核心的苹果重茬障碍绿色防控技术,为特色多样化苹果新品种的大面积推广应用提供了技术支撑[75-86]。
1.3.2 发明了宽行高干栽培模式及早果丰产栽培技术 针对我国苹果主产区大多干旱瘠薄,发明了中国原产抗性实生砧木、‘龙富’等优质短枝品种与快速整形方法三位一体的中国式宽行高干无支架省力高效栽培模式,充分发挥了‘龙富’等品种的优良特性,为果园生草化、机械化、无袋轻简化提供了保障,并实现了节本和提质增效[58,87]。
1.3.3 果园生草地力培肥技术 要提高果实品质,首先必须提高土壤品质[27]。而中国果树产业新旧动能转换的卡脖子问题就是“果园基础地力差”;为此,解析了果园生草之所以没能在我国有效推广应用的主客观原因,提出了“给果园小草一点阳光,苹果更灿烂”的现代果园管理理念;明确了1 a 生豆科植物长柔毛野豌豆(Vicia villosa Roth.)作为果园生草草种的6 个特点,发明了长柔毛野豌豆与自然生草多年交互生长的果园生草新模式,取得了“培肥、节水、省力”的显著效果。目前,已在山东、陕西、甘肃、湖北及四川等我国水果主产区大面积推广应用[88-96]。
1.3.4 高类黄酮苹果酒加工技术 针对鲜食加工兼用型高类黄酮苹果新品种‘满红’,发明了高类黄酮苹果加工新设备、新产品和新工艺,延长了产业链[97]。提出并实施了“集成示范、技术培训、技术转让、网络媒体和科普文章”等有机结合的推广模式,有力推动了新品种、新技术、新模式的大面积推广应用,取得了显著经济、社会和生态效益。
梨是世界性主要水果之一,也是中国落叶果树的第二大水果,栽培面积与总产量均占世界的50%以上,是世界上最大的梨资源、生产和消费国[98]。如何进一步发挥梨产业在精准扶贫及高端水果市场周年供应中的作用,受到果业界的广泛关注[99]。
梨果消费市场多年来持续低迷,呈现“内销不旺,外销不畅”的产能过剩现象,而造成这种差异的根本原因是品种结构[99]。
世界梨属植物有基本种20个,原产中国的东方梨有13个种,其中包括砂梨、秋子梨、白梨和新疆梨等栽培种,种质资源极为丰富[100-101];经过人们长期的的栽培与系统选育,选育出‘砀山酥’梨、‘鸭梨’、‘库尔勒香梨’、‘京白梨’和‘南果梨’等众多地方名产品种;近十几年来,我国梨育种尤其是优质早熟梨新品种选育研究取得了突破性进展,成就斐然,早、中、晚熟梨的比例已由1994 年的7∶23∶70 调整到2006 年的20∶28∶52,近20 年育成的早熟品种比例接近50%,出现了多个优质高效发展的案例,形成了由地方名产品种和优质早中熟品种组成的多样化品种结构[102];但占30%的‘砀山酥’梨和‘鸭梨’等主栽品种均“晚熟而不优质”(风味淡、石细胞多),果农和经销商的盈利空间均有限,不能满足高端消费市场的需求,挫伤了消费者的消费积极性,是我国梨果消费市场多年来持续低迷的根本原因。因此,要在总体上推动中国梨产业的高效发展,必须在继承中创新,开展‘砀山酥’梨等地方名产品种的品质改良及品种结构优化调整[103]。
新疆‘库尔勒香梨’是东、西方梨的杂种[104],具有肉质细、耐贮藏的显著优点,不足之处是果个小、果心大;研究发现,‘库尔勒香梨’优质、耐贮的特性遗传能力很强,是梨品质育种不可或缺的重要亲本资源[105]。
2.2.1 ‘山农酥’梨新品种的创制 利用前期创建的具有普适性的苹果优质高效育种技术,以遗传背景复杂、含有‘库尔勒香梨’基因且具有新疆梨、沙梨、西洋梨及白梨等4个种血缘的‘新梨7号’为母本,以晚熟、耐贮藏的白梨系统地方名产品种‘砀山酥’梨为父本,杂交育成了优质、耐贮、极晚熟梨新品种‘山农酥’,平均单果质量460 g,果心小、果个大;质地细密、酥脆,可溶性固形物含量14.8%,品质优;果实切开24小时不褐变,抗氧化;常温下存放2个月仍保持酥脆品质,耐贮藏。果实发育期180 d,极晚熟,综合品质性状优良,已经成为更新换代品种,解决了中国梨产业“晚熟而不优质”的问题。目前,通过校企联合的方式,已在山东菏泽、聊城、济宁、临沂、泰安、莱芜及淄博等地示范推广666.7 hm2,提出并实施了可复制的“胶东苹果,鲁西酥梨”水果产业振兴齐鲁样板(图5)[106]。
图5 优质、耐贮、极晚熟梨新品种‘山农酥’
Fig.5 A new pear variety‘Shannongsu’with high quality,storability and extremely late ripening
2.2.2 ‘红香酥’梨新品种的创制‘红香酥’梨是中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所用‘库尔勒香梨’作母本、郑州鹅梨作父本,采取人工杂交培育而成的红皮梨新品种。其平均单果质量220 g,最大489 g。果实纺锤形或长卵圆形,果形指数1.27,部分果实萼端稍突起。果面洁净、光滑,果皮绿黄色,向阳面2/3果面鲜红色。果肉白色,肉质致密细脆,石细胞较少,汁多,味香甜,可溶性固形物含量13.5%,总糖含量91.72 g·kg-1,总酸含量0.94 g·kg-1,维生素C 含量73.92 mg·kg-1(以鲜质量计),品质上等。果实较耐贮运,冷藏条件下可贮藏至翌年3—4 月;目前,‘红香酥’梨已在河南、河北、山西、陕西及北京等地推广3.33 万hm2,受到市场和消费者的普遍欢迎(图6)[107]。
图6 优质、耐贮、晚熟梨新品种‘红香酥’
Fig.6 A new high-quality,storable,late-ripening pear variety‘Hongxiangsu’
2.2.3 ‘玉露香’梨新品种的创制‘玉露香’梨是山西省农科院果树研究所以‘库尔勒香梨’为母本、‘雪花梨’为父本杂交育成的优质中晚熟梨新品种。从1974 年杂交、历经29 年,于2003 年通过山西省农作物品种审定委员会审定。其平均单果质量236.8 g,最大果质量450 g;果实近球形,阳面着红晕,采收时果皮黄绿色,贮后呈黄色。果皮薄,果心小;果肉白色,酥脆多汁,石细胞极少,味甜可口;可溶性固形物含量12.5%~15.2%,糖酸比68.22~95.31∶1,品质上等。果实耐贮藏,在自然土窑洞内可贮4~6个月,恒温冷库可贮藏6~8 个月。目前,在山西、陕西、北京和河北等地推广约3.33 万hm2,受到市场和消费者的追捧和欢迎(图7)[108]。
图7 优质、耐贮、中晚熟梨新品种‘玉露香’
Fig.7 A new high-quality,storable,mid-late ripening pear variety‘Yuluxiang’
借鉴中国苹果产业优质高效发展经验,根据我国梨栽培区域生态多样化的特点和消费习惯的不同,建议今后逐步缩小‘砀山酥’梨、‘鸭梨’和‘南果梨’等地方品种的栽培面积,同时进一步加大‘红香酥’‘玉露香’和‘山农酥’梨等晚熟新品种的推广应用力度,努力构建以优质、耐贮、晚熟梨品种为主(30%以上)、优质早、中熟品种配套、协同发展的多样化品种结构,提振消费者的消费信心,撬动中国梨产业优质高效发展(图8)。
图8 构建以优质、耐贮、晚熟梨新品种为主且由特色多样化品种组成的中国梨产业品种结构
Fig.8 Constructing a variety structure of China's pear industry with high-quality,storable,and late-ripening pear varieties as the mainstay,composed of distinctive and diverse varieties
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Fruit industry upgrading supported by new germplasm creation: Case study on the utilization of germplasm resources of red-fleshed apple and‘Kuerlexiangli’pear and the sports selection of‘Red Fuji’